See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/322132546

Control Strategies in AC Microgrid: A Brief Review

Conference Paper · March 2018

DOI: 10.1109/IREC.2018.8362575

CITATIONS READS

23 1,691

4 authors:

Asma Alfergani Khalid Ateea Alfaitori

University of Benghazi University of Benghazi
29 PUBLICATIONS 154 CITATIONS 11 PUBLICATIONS 107 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Ashraf Khalil Nagi Buaossa

Technical University of Denmark college of electrical & electronics technology,Libya,Benghazi
134 PUBLICATIONS 795 CITATIONS 18 PUBLICATIONS 41 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Investigating Novel Method for Estimating the Maximum Allowable Delay Bound in Networked Control System View project

The Impact of the Communication Delay on the Load Frequency Control Stability in Smart-Grid View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ashraf Khalil on 23 October 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

The 9th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC 2018)

Control Strategies in AC Microgrid: A Brief Review

Asma Alfergani1, Khalid Ateea Alfaitori2, Ashraf Khalil1*, Nagi Buaossa3
1
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya,
[email protected], [email protected]
2
Electronics & Communication Technology Department, College of Electrical & Electronic Technology, Benghazi, Libya,
[email protected]
3
Electrical System Technology Department, College of Electrical & Electronic Technology, Benghazi, Libya,
[email protected]

Abstract— Increasing energy demand led to shifting the focus to The classification of the control strategies is based on
the use of the renewable and sustainable energy sources. hierarchical control as in Fig.1. In [1], the various MG control
Microgrids (MGs), mainly inverter based, is gaining more strategies are categorized into four levels: 1) the converter
importance as they can accommodate various types of renewable output control, which is responsible to shape the output current
energy effectively. Their control is one of the most challenging and control the power flow. Therefore, the converter output
research areas. In the last few years, many control strategies have
control system is categorized in the internal control loop
been developed. In this paper, the control strategies for AC
Microgrids based on hierarchical structures are introduced in (current controller) and external control loop, 2) the power-
different aspects. The control strategies in AC microgrid can be sharing control that performs the power-sharing between
classified into three layers: firstly inner and outer control layer multiple parallel converters. The power-sharing methods are
that controls the output current and manages the output active categorized based on their dependency on communication
and reactive power of renewable energy sources (RESs), links, 3) the MG supervisory (secondary) control, which deals
secondly, power sharing control layer that adjusts the amplitude with parameter regulations internal to the MG and provides
and frequency of the voltage reference values and provides these low levels set points. These control strategies can be
reference values to inner and outer loops, finally supervisory categorized into two groups: decentralized control
control layer that restores voltage and frequency with controls
implemented using local parameters, and centralized control
the output active and reactive power between utility grid and
MG, this control layer can be classified depending on operating depends on the communication links to send control commands
mode into two levels: 1. MG supervisory control level or from MG supervisory control to lower level controllers. and 4)
secondary control level, 2. Grid supervisory control level or the grid supervisory (tertiary), which manages the power flow
tertiary level. between MG and the main grid. For more details on the
aforementioned control levels in the MG control system, the
Keywords—AC microgrid; centralized, control strategies, reader can refer to [1].
decentralized, droop, master-slave, review, survey,

I. INTRODUCTION
The need to increase access to electricity has played a
significant role in economic and technical growth within
international development. In this respect, renewable energy
sources have become more important in recent years for
supplementing traditional fossil energy resources for power
generation. A Microgrid (MG) is a discrete energy system
consisting of renewable energy sources and loads capable of
operating in parallel with, or independently from, the main
grid. In order to optimize the efficiency of renewable energy
sources, they are connected in a form of AC and DC MGs. The
AC MGs are feasible with both renewable and non-renewable
Fig. 1. Four Levels of AC microgrid Control Strategies
energy sources. They are involved in many areas of
applications such as in remote areas, commercial buildings and Most of the renewable energy sources are usually equipped
as backups for power supply and improve the efficiency and with DC/AC inverters which form a system of parallel
reliability of the existing power system infrastructure. inverters, The prominent features that affect the parallel
Distributed energy sources, as well as energy storage operation of inverters are load sharing capability, voltage
systems are interfaced with MGs through power electronic harmonic distortions, line impedance, active power filtering.
inverters. Control systems of the power electronic inverters in Research work on control of parallel inverters evolved in the
MGs play a key role in ensuring the perfect performance of early 1980s for the uninterruptible power supply application
MGs. and protracted with the emergence of microgrid technology

978-1-5386-0998-9/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

during the past decade. Although tremendous efforts to 2. Outer (Voltage) Control Loop
investigate the controller performance concerned with different The outer voltage loop produces the reference current for the
applications were put forth in the literature there are certain inner current loop by tracking the voltage and holding it at
knowledge gaps that can improve the performance indices of given reference points, that are provided by higher control
the control better [2]. The main goal of the controller in the layers and depending on the operating mode of the VSI [1], [5].
parallel inverters in the Microgrid is to achieve perfect current
sharing and maintain the Microgrid stability. Additionally, the B. Power sharing control (Primary Layer)
controller must achieve synchronization and guarantee that the To adjust the amplitude and frequency of the voltage set
frequency and the voltage are within the predefined range. points the power-sharing control layer must be added. Where
The active load sharing techniques are the first of control the deviation in voltage and frequency can be calculated from
strategy kind that needs communication link for the control of the higher control layer. This control layer may be classified
parallel inverter. Classification of active load sharing control of based on the communication or communication less as shown
parallel inverters are the current accretion and current in Fig. 3 [1], [4].
distribution control which are communication-based control
strategies and the droop control which does not require
communication. The current accretion method constitutes
centralized current control and master-slave control [3].
This paper discusses the various control levels, which
includes inverter output control with inner and outer loops,
power-sharing control between parallel inverters and the
control which responsible on the power flow between MG and
utility grid with two operating modes of MG (grid-connected Fig. 3. Classification of Power Sharing Control Strategies
and islanding mode). Based on the classification listed in [1]
and [4], the control levels of AC MG can be divided into three 1. Centralized Control Strategy
Layers: I. Inner and outer control loops (Zero Layer). II. Power In centralized current control, the centralized controller
sharing control (Primary Layer). III. Supervisory control layer collects all the information and then issue the commands to the
which can be categorized into two control levels: 1. Microgrid system. However, In this method all the inverters work as
supervisory control level or secondary control level. 2. Grid current sources and the voltage is controlled in the central
supervisory control level or tertiary level, this control level controller. The control task can be divided into global control
appears only when MG operates in Grid-Connected mode. (Voltage Control) and local control (The Current Controller) as
shown in Fig. 4. In Fig.4 all the inverters share the error
II. INVERTER OUTPUT CONTROL AND POWER SHARING
voltage VE and the current reference is.
CONTROL
The output voltage is the controlling variable used to
A. Zero Layer (Inner & Outer Control Loops) manipulate the output current and the output current is the
controlled variable. The voltage controller maintains the output
The voltage source inverters (VSIs) are mostly used to
voltage by generating the voltage error. The current controller
connect the renewable energy sources (RESs) with the grid.
is to keep the difference between the reference current and the
The control system of the output of this inverter typically
utilizes inner or current control loop that controls the output output current small. In [6] and [7], the central limit control
current and outer or voltage control loop that manages the (CLC) scheme is discussed. In CLC mode, all the modules
output active and reactive power of RESs as shown in Fig. 2 should have the same configuration and each module tracks the
[1], [4], [5]. average current to achieve equal current distribution.

1. Inner (Current) Control Loop

In the two operating modes, the inner current control loop must
be activated and the set point for this loop is provided by the
outer control loop. So the output current of VSI is regulated in
natural (abc), stationary (αβ) and synchronous (dq) frames by
using inner control loop [1], [5].

Measured Measured
Voltage Current
Microgrid Sources
Modulators

Voltage Current
Primary Control Controller Controller

Inner & outer control loops

Fig. 4. The centralized control strategy [3]
Fig. 2. Inner and outer control loops [4] The main advantages of centralized current control are that
the current sharing is perfect even during the transient,
different power rating inverters can be connected without 4. Droop Control
changing the control structure, and voltage regulation. The Droop control has got wide acceptance because of the
main disadvantages of the centralized control strategy are the absence of the communication requirements between the
single point of failure, the high bandwidth communication link inverters. The main idea is to regulate the voltage and the
requirement and slow response. Additionally, it is difficult to frequency by regulating the reactive and the active power
handle nonlinear loads [8] [9] [10]. The massive risk of failure respectively which can be sensed locally.
of entire system due to malfunction of any one module in
centralized controlled to the concept of master-slave control.

2. Master-Slave Control
The master-slave control is variant to centralized control
where ‘N’ number of inverter modules are paralleled, one of
the inverters acts as a master and the rest inverters acts as a
slave. The structure of “master-slave” control is illustrated in
Fig. 5. As shown in the Fig.5, the voltage is controlled in the
master controller and the currents are controlled in the slaves
controllers which contain current controllers and have to track
the master’s reference current in order to achieve equal current
distribution [11] [12] [13] [14]. In this control strategy, there is Fig. 5. Control structure of the master-slave control [3]
a transfer of information between the master controller and the
slaves controllers. In order to reduce the complexity and the The Droop control method has many desirable features such
cost while increasing the reliability, the control signals are as expandability, modularity, redundancy, and flexibility.
exchanged through communication networks. Master-Slave There are as well, some drawbacks such as slow transient
control strategy gives a good load sharing and synchronization. response and possibility of circulating currents. As the
The system is not redundant since it presents a single point of interconnections are neglected the overall system stability is
failure. If the master unit fails, the whole system will fail. In questionable. The droop control of parallel inverters facilitates
order to overcome this drawback, several researchers have the microgrid to operate in both grid-connected and islanded
improved the master-slave control method. In [15], the rotating mode. The microgrid continues to supply power to the local
priority window, providing a random selection of the master, is load at times of utility failure. The parameters like regulated
proposed to increase the reliability. An auto master-slave voltage, accurate active and reactive power sharing, and
control strategy is proposed in [16], which is a variant of the stability form the performance indices of the distribution
master-slave control. The control circuitry contains an active system. Hence the droop strategy is widely preferred to
power share bus and a reactive power share communication investigate the performance indices, in connection with
bus interconnecting all the paralleled units. The inverter with microgrid. The origin of droop control strategy depends on the
the highest output power becomes the master inverter, which principle of synchronous generators in which the voltage and
drives the power bus. Also, its power is the reference for the frequency experience a droop with changing the load. The
other inverters. The master-slave control in [17] considers the classification of droop strategy is as shown in Fig. 8, for more
utility interface as master control at the common coupling point detailed the reader can refer to [18]. In [19] it has been
with the utility and the energy gateways, allows plug-and-play mentioned that the phase angle is used to control the active
integration of distributed energy resources and ensures efficient power in the angle droop control; however, a communication
and reliable operation of the Microgrid in every operating line is required to determine the phase angle reference. For
condition. more details reader can refer to [20]. The main advantages of
conventional droop control are avoided communication, good
3. Distributed Control power-sharing, different power sharing, high reliability,
A distributed control strategy can only be applied in expandability and modularity, the low bandwidth is enough.
balanced systems. The voltage controller controls the output The main disadvantages of the Droop control strategy are
voltage by setting the average current demands [3]. In power-sharing attained at an expense of voltage regulation and
current/power sharing control method the average unit current slow response [18].
can be determined by measuring the total load current and
dividing this current by the number of units in the system. Fig. III. SUPERVISORY CONTROL LAYER
6 shows a control block diagram of the distributed control The variation in the demand and fluctuations the output
scheme. The current sharing is good even during the transient. power of RESs leads to unplanned situations in MG. So to
Furthermore, the circulating currents are minimized and the restore voltage and frequency, and to control the output active
low bandwidth communication link is required. Current and reactive power between main grid and microgrid the
distribution control scheme can be classified as shown in Fig. supervisory control layer should be added. MGs can be
7, for more detailed the reader can refer to [18]. operated with low (LV) voltage and as distribution networks in
medium voltage (MV), and may be connected with the main
grid (grid-connected mode) or isolated from the main grid distributed or decentralized controller. The second type
(islanding-mode). Therefore the control strategy that is used depends on the communication link and mostly referred as
should be supporting these modes [1], [4]. Thus can be centralized controllers [1], [21], [22].
classified this control layer depending on operating mode into
two levels: 1) MG supervisory control level or secondary 1. Centralized controller
control level. 2) Grid supervisory control level or tertiary level. This controller is used to guarantee reliable operation of
MG. In a fixed infrastructure and isolated MGs with demand-
supply balances, the centralized controllers are more
convenient. The concept of this controller has been applied to
MG in the last years for restoration the nominal value of the
frequency and voltage, while it was used for years to control
the frequency in large utility power system [1], [21], [22]. The
block diagram of centralized secondary control level is shown
in Fig. 9.(a).
A central secondary controller has been implemented in
[23] to manage unbalanced voltage at the point of common
coupling (PCC) in islanding mode, which sends a proper
control signal to the local controller of each DG unit. In [24]
the development of the reactive power sharing technique with
improvement frequency droop technique for real power sharing
has been presented. To guarantee the reliability of MG a central
Fig. 6. Control structure of the distributed control
controller is proposed in [25]. The flexibility, expandability
and consequently are increasing by using this controller. A
Neural Network (NN) is used for the central controller at the
point of common coupling in [26] and an economic evaluation
of MG has been presented. And the number of scenarios to be
considered in the NN training must be increased. In [21] the
master controller for economic optimization of the MG is
proposed. And A extensive review of economic optimization of
MGs through secondary controllers are presented.

2. Decentralized controller
Fig. 7. Current distribution method classification
To highest possible independence for different distributed
energy resource (DER) units and to solve energy management
problem of MG a decentralized controller should be used. The
compensate of droop performance may be achieved by several
controllers. The centralized manner of the secondary level of
MG considered as the main controller but for frequency and
voltage restoration in a distributed technique the distributed
control strategies such as multiagent system (MAS) can be
implemented [1], [21], [22]. The block diagram of
decentralized secondary control level is shown in Fig. 9.(b).
Main grid Main grid

Island
Fig. 8. Droop control strategy classification Island Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
A. MG supervisory Control Level (Secondary Level): Master Unit

The universal controllability of the MG can be achieved by Secondary Control Master Unit

using secondary control level. For the economical operation,

DG1 DG2 DGk
reliable and secure of MGs in both modes (Islanding and Grid-
DG1 DG2 DGk
Connected) secondary control level or MG Energy Primary
Control
Primary
Control
Primary
Control
Management System (EMS) is mostly used. In islanding Primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary
Control Control Control Control Control Control
operating mode the secondary control is the highest
hierarchical level in MGs with low-bandwidth communication (a) (b)
link and slower control loops compared to primary control Fig. 9. (a) Centralized secondary control level [4], (b) Decentralized
[21], [22]. According to the architecture of this controller, the secondary control level
secondary level can be categorized into two main types. The To remove a trade-off between the regulations of the output
first one depends on local measurement and can be referred as voltage frequency and amplitude a robust droop controller is
proposed in [27]. This controller provides a good power- economical befits of an MG a multi-agent system (MAS) based
sharing and completely independent of deviation of output hierarchical hybrid control is proposed in [36]. This controller
voltage or frequency. In [28] a distributed control strategy has consists of energy management agent as an upper level, several
been proposed to restore both voltage and frequency to their coordinated control agents as a middle level and many unit
reference values with accurate real power-sharing. A central control agents in lower level. According to what was presented
controller is no needed in this method, where the voltage and and as explained in [37], [38], [39] the integrated control
frequency control design can be separated and implemented strategies refer to hierarchical structures which usually consist
on the local DGs. Thus to coordinate primary layer controller of primary, secondary, and tertiary control. The primary control
low bandwidth communication links are required. Adaptive stabilizes the voltage and frequency and offers the plug-and-
voltage droop control is presented in [29] to improve reactive play capability for distributed generations DGs. The secondary
power sharing. The voltage droop slope is tuned by using control, as a centralized controller, compensates for the voltage
communication links instead of controlling the output voltage and frequency deviations to enhance the power quality.
directly. To achieve accurate reactive power sharing an Tertiary control considers the optimal power flowing of the
improved droop control strategy has been proposed in [30], whole MGs or interaction with main grid [40].
which includes two operations to improve the reactive power
sharing by periodically changes the voltage bias of the
imitation droop characteristics curve and to restore the rated
value of the output voltage. Low bandwidth communication
links are required in these methods. To operate in islanded and
grid-connected modes with the ability to inject the desired
active and reactive power to the grid for a large range of grid
impedance values, the adaptive droop controllers are
implemented in [31]. In this method, the estimation of the grid
parameters can be used to control the flow of active and
reactive power independently.
The distributed secondary control is proposed in [32] to
restore voltage and frequency of an MG with ensuring reactive
power sharing. Every DG unit in this method has a local
controller and communication system. Thus low bandwidth
communication links are required with taking into Fig. 10. The hierarchical control strategy [4]
consideration the communication delay. To provide
IV. CONCLUSION
intelligence of complex tasks and to design the algorithm with
more facilities of the management a multiagent system is This paper presents an overview of different control strategies
presented in [33] for control an MG to restoration the output on AC microgrid. This paper provides a detailed description of
voltage and frequency in distributed strategy. In [34] two the power-sharing control strategy level which responsible on
control methods have been proposed to achieve active power the power flow between MG and utility grid with two operating
sharing by angle droop control instead conventional frequency modes of MG (grid-connected and islanding mode), and the
droop control. supervisory control layer can be used in case there is variation
in the demand and fluctuations. Also, a review of hierarchical
B. Grid supervisory control level ( Tertiary Level) structures of MG control system was provided in this paper.
To regulate the frequency and amplitude of the output voltage The aim of this research is to provide a detailed and thorough
when the MG is in grid-connected mode a tertiary control level review of different control strategies of AC MGs which is very
should be used. A tertiary level is the slowest and highest level important in the development of smart MGs. Finally, the
of the control hierarchical, where the set points of the integrated control strategies of AC microgrids are briefly
secondary level are provided by this level. A centralized discussed.
control strategy is mostly used in grid supervisory control
level. Thus the communication links are required to keep the REFERENCES
tertiary level controllers in connect. This control level is not [1] S. M. Kaviri, M. Pahlevani, P. Jain and A. Bakhshai, "A review of AC
required when an MG operates in island mode [1], [4], [35]. microgrid control methods," in 2017 IEEE 8th International Symposium
The block diagram of hierarchical control strategies when an on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG),
Florianopolis, Brazil, 2017.
MG operates in grid-connected mode is shown in Fig. 10.
[2] S. K. Khadem, S. Khan, M. Basu and M. F. Conlon, "Parallel operation
The actual active and reactive power can be compared with of inverters and active power filters in distributed generation system—a
active power reference and reactive power references by sensed review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, p. 5155–5168, 15
active and reactive power through the solid state switch as September 2011.
explained in [35]. From load demand and the output power of [3] M. Prodanovic, T. C. Green and H. Mansir, "Survey of control methods
renewable energy sources (REs), the flow of active power for three-phase inverters in parallel connection," IEE Conference
Publication, no. 475, pp. 472-477, 2000.
between the main grid and an MG can be estimated as
presented in [25]. To maintain secure voltages and increase [4] Palizban, Omid, and Kimmo Kauhaniemi. "Hierarchical control
 structure in microgrids with distributed generation: Island and grid- [23] Savaghebi, Mehdi, Alireza Jalilian, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M.
connected mode." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44 Guerrero. "Secondary control scheme for voltage unbalance
(2015): 797-813. compensation in an islanded droop-controlled microgrid." IEEE
[5] Khalil, Ashraf, Khalid Ateea Alfaitori, and Ahmed Elbarsha. "Stability Transactions on Smart Grid 3, no. 2 (2012): 797-807.
analysis of parallel-inverters in microgrid." In Automation and [24] Sao, Charles K., and Peter W. Lehn. "Autonomous load sharing of
Computing (ICAC), 2014 20th International Conference on, pp. 110- voltage source converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 20,
115. IEEE, 2014. no. 2 (2005): 1009-1016.
[6] T. F. Wu, K. Siri and J. Banda, "The central-limit control and impact of [25] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez and J. Matas, "Hierarchical control of
cable resistance in current distribution for parallel-connected DC-DC droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids—A general approach toward
converters," in Proc. 25th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., standardization," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., p. 158–172, Jan. 2011.
Taipei, Taiwan, 1994, pp. 694–702. [26] Pilo, F., G. Pisano, and G. G. Soma. "Neural implementation of
[7] J. Banda and K. Siri, "Improved central-limit control for parallel microgrid central controllers." In Industrial Informatics, 2007 5th
operation of DC-DC power converters," in Proc. 26th Annu. IEEE IEEE International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 1177-1182. IEEE, 2007.
Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Atlanta, GA, USA, 1995, pp. 1104–1110. [27] Zeng, Yu, and Qing-Chang Zhong. "A droop controller achieving
[8] T. Kawabata and S. Higashino, "Parallel operation of voltage source proportional power sharing without output voltage amplitude or
inverters," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, pp. 281 - 287, frequency deviation." In Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
Mar/Apr 1988. (ECCE), 2014 IEEE, pp. 2322-2327. IEEE, 2014.
[9] T. Kawabata, N. Sashida, Y. Yamamoto, K. Ogasawara and Y. [28] Guo, Fanghong, Changyun Wen, Jianfeng Mao, and Yong-Duan Song.
Yamasaki, "Parallel processing inverter system," IEEE Transactions on "Distributed secondary voltage and frequency restoration control of
Power Electronics, pp. 442 - 450, Jul 1991. droop-controlled inverter-based microgrids." IEEE Transactions on
[10] J. Thunes, R. Kerkman, D. Schlegel and T. Rowan, "Current regulator Industrial Electronics 62, no. 7 (2015): 4355-4364.
instabilities on parallel voltage-source inverters," IEEE Transactions on [29] Mahmood, Hisham, Dennis Michaelson, and Jin Jiang. "Reactive
Industry Applications, pp. 70 - 77, Jan/Feb 1999. power sharing in islanded microgrids using adaptive voltage droop
[11] A. Ashiebi, A. Khalil and J. Wang, "Networked control of parallel control." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6, no. 6 (2015): 3052-3060.
DC/DC converters over CAN bus," in 2016 IEEE International [30] Han, Hua, Yao Liu, Yao Sun, Mei Su, and Josep M. Guerrero. "An
Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), wollongong, improved droop control strategy for reactive power sharing in islanded
NSW, 2016. microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 30, no. 6 (2015):
[12] A. Khalil, O. Mohamed and J. Wang, "Networked control of parallel 3133-3141.
DC/DC buck converters," in 2015 IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied [31] Vasquez, Juan C., Josep M. Guerrero, Alvaro Luna, Pedro Rodríguez,
Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies (AEECT), and Remus Teodorescu. "Adaptive droop control applied to voltage-
Amman, 2015. source inverters operating in grid-connected and islanded
[13] A. Khalil, K. A. Alfaitori and A. Asheibi, "Modeling and control of PV/ modes." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 56, no. 10
Wind Microgrid," in 2016 7th International Renewable Energy (2009): 4088-4096.
Congress (IREC), Hammamet, Tunisia, 2016. [32] Shafiee, Qobad, Josep M. Guerrero, and Juan C. Vasquez. "Distributed
[14] A. Alfergani and A. Khalil, "Modeling and control of master- slave secondary control for islanded microgrids—A novel approach." IEEE
microgrid with communication delay," in 2017 8th International Transactions on power electronics 29, no. 2 (2014): 1018-1031.
Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Amman, 2017. [33] Dimeas, Aris L., and Nikos D. Hatziargyriou. "Operation of a
[15] F. Petruzziello, P. D. Ziogas and G. Joos, "A novel approach to multiagent system for microgrid control." IEEE Transactions on Power
paralleling of power converter units with true redundancy," in Proc. systems 20, no. 3 (2005): 1447-1455.
21st Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., San Antonio, TX, USA, p. [34] Majumder, Ritwik, Gerard Ledwich, Arindam Ghosh, Saikat
808–813, 1990. Chakrabarti, and Firuz Zare. "Droop control of converter-interfaced
[16] Y. Pei, G. Jiang and X. Yang, "Auto-master-slave control technique of microsources in rural distributed generation." IEEE Transactions on
parallel inverters in distributed AC power systems and UPS," in Power Delivery 25, no. 4 (2010): 2768-2778.
Proc.35th Annu. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., Aachen, Germany, [35] Khongkhachat, Somkiart, and Surin Khomfoi. "Hierarchical control
2004, pp. 2050–2053. strategies in AC microgrids." In Electrical Engineering/Electronics,
[17] T. Caldognetto and T. Paolo, "Microgrids operation based on master Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-
slave cooperative control," IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power CON), 2015 12th International Conference on, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2015.
Electron.,vol. 2, no. 4, p. 1081–1088, Dec. 2014. [36] Dou, Chun-Xia, and Bin Liu. "Multi-agent based hierarchical hybrid
[18] P. Monica and M. Kowsalya, "Control strategies of parallel operated control for smart microgrid." IEEE transactions on smart grid 4, no. 2
inverters in renewable energy application: A review," Renewable and (2013): 771-778
Sustainable Energy Reviews, p. 885–901, 28 June 2016. [37] T. L. Vandoorn, J. D. M. D. Kooning and B. Meersman, "Review of
[19] M. A. Hossain, H. R. Pota, W. Issa and M. J. Hossain, "Overview of AC primary control strategies for islanded microgrids with power-
Microgrid Controls with Inverter-Interfaced Generations," Energies, pp. electronic interfaces," Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, p. 613–628, Mar.
1-27, 30 August 2017. 2013.
[20] H. Han, X. Hou, J. Yang, J. Wu, M. Su and J. M. Guerrero, "Review of [38] J. M. Guerrero, P. Loh and M. Chandorkar, "Advanced control
Power Sharing Control Strategies for Islanding Operation of AC architectures for intelligent microgrids—Part I: Decentralized and
Microgrids," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, 2015.
hierarchical control," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., p. 1254–1262, Apr.
[21] Olivares, Daniel E., Ali Mehrizi-Sani, Amir H. Etemadi, Claudio A. 2013.
Cañizares, Reza Iravani, Mehrdad Kazerani, Amir H. Hajimiragha et al.
"Trends in microgrid control." IEEE Transactions on smart grid 5, no. 4 [39] A. Bidram and A. Davoudi, "Hierarchical structure of microgrids
(2014): 1905-1919. control system," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, p. 1963–1976, Dec. 2012.
[22] Vandoorn, Tine L., Juan C. Vasquez, Jeroen De Kooning, Josep M. [40] P. Arboleya, D. Diaz and J. M. Guerrero, "An improved control
Guerrero, and Lieven Vandevelde. "Microgrids: Hierarchical control scheme based in droop characteristic for microgrid converters," in
and an overview of the control and reserve management
Proc. Elect. Power Syst. Res., Tokyo, Japan, 2010.
strategies." IEEE industrial electronics magazine7, no. 4 (2013): 42-55.

View publication stats