ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL POWER & CONTROL

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 CONTROL DEVICES
I. PUSH-BUTTON
❑ A simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or
a process.
❑ A push-button station is a device that provides control of a motor
through a motor starter by pressing a button, which opens or closes
contacts .

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Push Button connections

❑ Push buttons can be either Normally Open (NO) or

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II. Indicator Light
❑ An indicator light (sometimes referred to as a pilot light) is a
small electric light used to indicate a specific condition of a
circuit. for example, a green light might be used to indicate a
motor is running. the letter in the center of the indicator light
symbol indicates the color of the light.

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PILOT LIGHTS

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III. Selector switches
❑ Selector switches, as can be seen in figure below are usually
"maintained" contact position, with three and sometimes two selector
positions. selector switch positions are made by turning the operator
knob - not pushing it.

Figure below(A) is a single-break contact arrangement,

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IV. Float Switches
❑ A float switch is a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank.
The switch may be used to control a pump, as an indicator, an alarm, or to
control other devices.
❑ Afloat switch is used when a pump motor must be started and stopped
according to changes in the water (or other liquid) level in a tank or sump.
❑The operation of a float switch is controlled by the upward or downward
movement of a float placed in a water tank.

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V. Flow Switches
❑ A flow switch is a device, which can be inserted in a pipe so that when liquid
or air flows against a part of the device called a paddle, a switch is activated.
❑ Flow Switch Sensors with an electrical contact output at a specific flow rate
have different types of switches, which are paddle, thermal, piezo, and
shuttle/piston.
❑ This switch either closes or opens a set of electrical contacts. The contacts
may be connected to energize motor starter coils, relays, or indicating lights.

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VI. Limit Switches
❑ A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists of an actuator
mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact with the
actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or break an electrical connection.

❑ Limit switches are used as pilot devices in the control circuits of magnetic starters to
start, stop, speed up, slow down or reverse electric motors.

❑ Limit switches may be used either as control devices for regular operation or as
emergency switches to prevent the improper functioning of machinery.

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VII. Solenoid Valves
❑ A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve.
❑ The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid.
❑ They are used to control the flow of fluids such as oil, water, air, and
other gases.
❑ Many valves are manually operated, but electrically operated valves
are most often used in industry because they can be placed close to the
devices they operate, thus minimizing the amount of piping required.

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VIII. Temperature Switches
❑ Temperature switches are designed to provide automatic control of
temperature regulating equipment. industrial temperature controllers
are used for applications where the temperature to be controlled is
higher than the normal or ambient temperature.
❑ In general, the applications of temperature control are more
concerned with the temperature regulation of liquids than of gases. this
is a result of the relatively greater conductivity between the bulb and a
liquid, as compared to the conductivity between the bulb and a gas
(such as air).
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IX. Emergency stop
The three most common types of emergency stops
• Push pull: the operator is pushed in and locks into stop; released by
pulling back. Indicated by the circle symbol on the head.
• Twist release : the operator is pushed in and locks into stop, released by
twisting . indicated by the circular arrows on the head.
• Key release : the operator is pushed in and locks into position to stop;
released only with a key.
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Push pull Key release

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X. Timing Relays
❑ A timing relay is similar to a control relay, except that certain
of its contacts are designed to operate at a preset time interval,
or time lag, after the coil is energized, or deenergized.
❑ Many industrial control applications require timing relays
that can provide dependable service and are easily adjustable
over the timing ranges.

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XI. Phase Failure Relays
❑ If two phases of the supply to a three-phase induction motor are
interchanged, the motor will reverse its direction of rotation. This action
is called phase reversal.
❑ In the operation of elevators and in many industrial applications, phase
reversal may result in serious damage to the equipment and injury to
people using the equipment.

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❑ Legend plates: are the labels that are installed around a push button
and identify its purpose.

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❑ Legend plates

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