ReactOS

ReactOS is a free and open-source operating

ReactOS
system for i586/amd64 personal computers
intended to be binary-compatible with computer
programs and device drivers developed for
Windows Server 2003 and later versions of
Microsoft Windows.[7][8] ReactOS has been noted
as a potential open-source drop-in replacement for
Windows[9][10][11] and for its information on
undocumented Windows APIs.[12]

ReactOS has been in development since 1996. As of

February 2025, it is still considered feature-
incomplete alpha software, and is therefore
recommended by the developers only for evaluation
and testing purposes.[13][14] However, many
Windows applications are working, such as Adobe
ReactOS 0.4.14 desktop[1][2]
Reader 9.3, GIMP 2.6, and LibreOffice 5.4.[15][16]
Developer Community contributors
ReactOS is primarily written in C, with some The ReactOS developers
elements, such as ReactOS File Explorer, written in Written in C, C++[3]
C++. The project partially implements Windows
OS family Windows NT-like
API functionality and has been ported to the
Working state Alpha
AMD64 processor architecture.[17] ReactOS, as part
of the FOSS ecosystem, re-uses and collaborates Source model Open-source[4]
with many other FOSS projects,[18][19] most notably Initial release (partial) 1998
the Wine project, which presents a Windows Latest preview 0.4.14[5][1][2] / 16 December
compatibility layer for Unix-like operating systems. 2021[5]
Repository github.com/reactos/reactos

History (https://github.com/reactos/re
actos)
Marketing target Personal computing

Early development Update method CD-ROM ISO image, QEMU

image, VirtualBox image,
Around 1996, a group of free and open-source
VMware image, or source
software developers started a project called
code[6]
FreeWin95 to implement a clone of Windows 95.
The project stalled in discussions on the design of Platforms IA-32, x86-64
the system. Kernel type Hybrid (designed to be
compatible with Windows NT
family)
Influenced by Microsoft Windows
While FreeWin95 had started out with high Default Graphical (ReactOS
expectations, there still had not been any builds user interface Explorer)
released to the public by the end of 1997. As a result, License GPL-2.0-or-later[a]
the project members, led by then coordinator Jason
Official website www.reactos.org (https://ww
Filby, joined together to revive the project. The
w.reactos.org)
revived project sought to duplicate the functionality
of Windows NT.[20] In creating the new project, a
new name, ReactOS, was chosen. The project began
development in February 1998 by creating the basis for a new
NT kernel and basic drivers.[21][22] The name ReactOS was
coined during an IRC chat. While the term "OS" stood for
operating system, the term "react" referred to the group's
dissatisfaction with – and reaction to – Microsoft's
monopolistic position.[10] ReactOS 0.4.14 running the Firefox
web browser
In 2002, the ReactOS Foundation was established in Moscow
with Maxim Osowski and Aleksey Bragin as executive officers
and Vladimir Bragin, Saveliy Tretiakov and Alexey Ivanov on the board of directors.[23] In 2015,
the foundation was liquidated.[24]

Internal audit
In order to avoid copyright prosecution, ReactOS had to be expressly completely distinct and non-
derivative from Windows, a goal that needed very careful work.[25] A claim was made on 17
January 2006 by developer Hartmut Birr on the ReactOS developers mailing list (ros-dev) that
ReactOS contained code derived from disassembling Microsoft Windows.[26] The code that Birr
disputed involved the function BadStack in syscall.S,[27] as well as other unspecified items.[28]
Comparing this function to disassembled binaries from Windows XP, Birr argued that the
BadStack function was simply copy-pasted from Windows XP, given that they were identical. Alex
Ionescu, the author of the code, asserted that while the Windows XP binary in question was indeed
disassembled and studied, the code was not merely copy-pasted, but reimplemented; the reason
why the functions were identical, Ionescu claimed, was because there was only one possible way to
implement the function.[29]

On 27 January 2006, the developers responsible for maintaining the ReactOS code repository
disabled access after a meeting was held to discuss the allegations. When approached by
NewsForge, Microsoft declined to comment on the incident. Since ReactOS is a free and open-
source software development project, the claim triggered a negative reaction from the free software
community: in particular, Wine barred several inactive developers from providing contributions
and formal high level cooperation between the two projects remained difficult as of 2006.[30]

In a statement on its website, ReactOS cited differing legal definitions of what constitutes clean-
room reverse engineering as a cause for the conflict.[31] To avoid potential litigation, companies
sometimes enact a policy where reimplementation based on disassembled code must be written by
someone other than the person having disassembled and examined the original code.[32][33]
ReactOS clarified its Intellectual Property Policy Statement requirements on clean room reverse
engineering to avoid potential infringement of United States law. An internal source code audit
was conducted to ensure that only clean room reverse engineering was used, and all developers
were made to sign an agreement committing them to comply with the project's policies on reverse
engineering.[30] Contributors to its development were not affected by these events and all access to
the software development tools was restored shortly afterward. In September 2007, with the audit
nearing completion, the audit status was removed from the ReactOS homepage. Though the audit
was completed, specific details were not made public, as it was only an internal effort to ensure
compliance with the project's own policies.[34]

Also, the 2004 leaked Windows source code[35] was not seen as legal risk for ReactOS, as the trade
secret was considered indefensible in court due to broad spread.[36]

Axel Rietschin, who is a kernel engineer at Microsoft, claimed that he recognized some specific bits
in the ReactOS kernel that are unlikely to result from a clean room reimplementation. He suggests
that the project took source code from the Windows Research Kernel, which was licensed to
universities and has been leaked multiple times. Internal data structures and variable names have
the exact same name in both ReactOS and the research kernel.[37]

Google Summer of Code participation

Starting in 2006,[38] the ReactOS project participated in several Google Summers of Code. For
example, in the GSoC 2011,[39] ReactOS mentored a student project which integrated lwIP into the
network stack.[40]

Lobbying for support in Russia

Between 2007 and 2015, Russian ReactOS contributors representing the ReactOS Foundation
made efforts at lobbying the Russian federal government. As of April 2019, these efforts have not
yielded government support for ReactOS, and the Russia-based ReactOS Foundation has been
dissolved since November 2015.[24]

In 2007, then State Duma member and chairman of

Russian Center of Free Technologies, Viktor Alksnis met
with project coordinator Aleksey Bragin, who gave a
presentation and demonstration of the project, showing
ReactOS running with Total Commander and Mozilla
Firefox.[41]
In 2011, a demonstration was given to then president
Dmitry Medvedev during a visit to a high school in
Verhnerusskoe, Stavropol, attended by one of the
development team members.[42] Former ReactOS project coordinator
On 31 July 2012, Vladimir Putin was also given a Aleksey Bragin (left) showing
demonstration during his visit as President of Russia to ReactOS to Viktor Alksnis
Seliger Youth Forum, attended by Marat Karatov, one of the
development team members.[43]
On 1 April 2015, Bragin attended an expert meeting of the Russian Ministry of Communications
on reducing Russia's dependency from proprietary software imports. Its minutes name the
"creation of an open source operating system based on ReactOS for PCs, laptops and other
mobile devices", as well as the "creation of an open source operating system for servers based
on ReactOS",[44][45][46][47] placing it second among three named proposals.
Funding campaigns
On 1 May 2012, a €30,000 funding campaign was started to finance additional development
projects.[48][49] At the end of the year, approximately 50% of the funding goal was achieved and it
was decided to continue the funding campaign without deadlines.[50] The money went to ReactOS
Deutschland e. V.. As the tax law in Germany for this form of a registered voluntary association
(Eingetragener Verein) makes it problematic to pay developers directly;[51] indirect possibilities
like stipends were evaluated.

Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project

When ReactOS was awarded as Project of the Month on SourceForge in June 2013, a crowdfunding
campaign on Kickstarter was announced in an interview with the project's coordinator, Aleksey
Bragin.[52] On 23 December 2013 the announced project was revealed as a Kickstarter campaign
with the goal of US$120,000 was started.[53][54] The Thorium Core Cloud Desktop dubbed cloud
computing service would use ReactOS as core and could allow the use of Windows compatible
applications from mobile devices (like smartphones, tablets), workstations, or any other connected
device. On 21 February 2014, fundraising ended short of the target amount, with $48,965 of
$120,000 raised, resulting in no transferred money.[55]

ReactOS Community Edition

In April 2014, the ReactOS project announced an Indiegogo campaign to launch ReactOS
Community Edition, a version of ReactOS based on the 0.4 release. The flexible funding campaign
had a goal of $50,000 with additional stretch goals beyond that.[56] Development of ReactOS
Community Edition would be community-centric, with ReactOS users voting and funding to decide
which software and hardware drivers the project will aim to support.[57][58] On 1 June 2014, the
flexible crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo ended, raising $25,141 for the development of the
community edition,[59][60] and the voting process to support hardware and software was started
shortly thereafter.[61]

ReactOS Hackfest
The ReactOS project organized a hackfest from 7 to 12 August
2015, in the German city of Aachen.[62][63][64] The Hackfest
resulted in many features being added to ReactOS.

The second hackfest was organized by the ReactOS project from

14 to 18 August 2017, in the German city of Cologne.[65]
First video of printing from ReactOS
The third and fourth hackfests were organized by the ReactOS
project from 16 to 21 August 2018 and from 15 to 20 August
2019 in Berlin respectively.[66][67]

Release history
System Release
Release information
version date

0.3.0 2006-08-27[68] First version to officially support networking

0.3.1 2007-03-10[69] Program manager included, start of kernel rewrite

0.3.2 skipped Branch created but never released[70]

0.3.3 2007-09-12[70] Kernel and win32k improvements

0.3.4 2008-01-22[71] Registry support rewrite, remote desktop client and Plug and Play

0.3.5 2008-06-30[72] Bug fixes only

0.3.6 2008-08-06[73] RTL support

0.3.7 2008-11-04[74] Improved x86-64; MSVC, new stacks

0.3.8 2009-02-04 Introduced PSEH and multi-partition HDD support in live CD

0.3.9 2009-04-26[75] 24 MB minimum RAM, faster hyperspace mapping, initial sound support

Initial SATA support, USB keyboard/mouse support, Paint clone, initial

0.3.10 2009-07-05[76]
MSVC.[77][78]

Kdcom rewrite; Chinese/Korean fonts; compatibility updates; sound system

0.3.11 2009-12-16[79] improvements
Trap handler rewrite; timer and message handling rewrite; NMI support; SxS
0.3.12 2010-10-20[80]
support; partial EMS support[81]

0.3.13 2011-03-22[82] Heap manager rewrite, improved SATA support, fixed graphics issues[83]
ACPI enabled by default, WiFi support (unencrypted and WEP), theme support,
0.3.14 [84] new TCP/IP driver (LwIP), MSVC compatibility, Scatter/Gather DMA operations
2012-02-07
supported, shell32 rewrite[85]

USB support for mice, keyboard, and storage devices; rewritten session
management; AHCI support with updated UniATA driver; alternate ReactOS
Memory Management Module has taken over all memory management
0.3.15 2013-05-30[86] responsibilities except for sections; preliminary support for debugging ReactOS
components using WinDbg; improvements based on results from the AutoHotkey
application functionality test suite; Bugfixes based on running Driver Verifier on
several bundled drivers[87]
CSRSS rewrite; theme support improved; network card driver for the RTL8139,
0.3.16[88] 2014-02-06[89]
allowing ReactOS to support newer versions of QEMU out of the box[90]

0.3.17[91] 2014-11-05[92] Inclusion of an NTVDM; font improvements;[93][94] bug fixes[95]

Improved USB support, new file explorer shell and theming, improved VirtualBox
0.4.0[96] 2016-02-16[97] and Virtual PC support, ext2 read/write support, NTFS read support and improved
networking support
Improved Activation Context, Btrfs support, improved Shell, USB bug fixes,
0.4.1[98] 2016-05-17[99] support for Virtual Machine Shared Folders

2016-08- Improved Btrfs and extended file system support, ReiserFS and UFS/FFS,
0.4.2
16[100] introduced .NET Framework 2.0 and 4.0 support, Shell fixes and improvements

0.4.3 2016-11-16[101] New Winsock library, initial sections support, usual bug fixes

2017-02-
0.4.4 Initial print stack support, minor font fixes, usual improvements and bug fixes
16[102]
2017-05- Improved rendering of fonts and font metrics, major fixes in kernel and drivers,
0.4.5
18[103] Microsoft Office 2010 tested as functioning

2017-09- Several fixes for dual-boot issues, improved theming support, NFS driver added,
0.4.6
01[104] several kernel and filesystem fixes
 System Release
Release information
version date

2017-12- Improved version of the applications manager RAPPS, implementation of the

0.4.7 "Quick-Launch" toolbar in the explorer; various bug fixes in the filesystem drivers,
06[105] improvements in the RDBSS/RXCE and NFS support.

2018-04- Balloon notifications, notification tray, shell autocompletion, a new NTFS driver,
0.4.8
14[106] crash dump reporting and experimental support for NT6+ software.

2018-07-
0.4.9 ReactOS is (again) self-hosting.
23[107]

0.4.10 2018-11-06[108] Supports BTRFS booting.

2019-03- Drivers for battery management (its icon is located in the taskbar, in the bottom
0.4.11 right of the screen, next to the clock). Support for updating an existing ReactOS
04[109] installation. Improved SATA support.

Kernel improvements, window-snapping feature, font improvements, Intel e1000

0.4.12 2019-09-23[110] NIC driver, user-mode DLLs, new themes.
New USB stack, FAT driver from FreeLoader optimized, new software introduced:
0.4.13 2020-04-09[111] Accessibility Utility Manager.

"Send To" feature and Shell improvements, NEC PC-9800 boot support, ICMP
0.4.14 2021-12-16[5] improvements, Kernel improvements, NetKVM VirtIO bringup, miscellaneous
changes & improvements

0.4.15[112] — Support for x64 and UEFI, combines live CD and boot CD into a single GUI setup

0.4.16 — Current development version.

Support for reading and writing the NTFS filesystem, support for the Windows
0.5.0[113] — Driver Model (including video card support), improvements to the printing
subsystem and the DirectX Core.

Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version
Future version

Features

Programs
ReactOS Explorer (File Explorer)
ReactOS Applications Manager
Accessories
Calculator
ReactOS 0.4.14 desktop: left Start
Command Prompt Menu and right ReactOS's own File
Notepad Explorer
Paint
WordPad
Magnifier
On-Screen Keyboard
Remote Desktop Connection
Multimedia Player (Media Player)
Sound Recorder
Volume Control
 Character Map
Clipboard Viewer
FontSub
Keyboard Layout Switcher
ReactX Diagnostic (DxDiag)
Registry Editor
SnapShot
New shell in ReactOS (v0.4.0 and
Task Manager
newer)
Administrative Tools
Device Manager
Event Viewer
Service Manager (Windows service)
System Configuration (MSConfig)
Games
Solitaire (Microsoft Solitaire)
Spider Solitaire (Microsoft Spider Solitaire) Command Prompt, Spider Solitaire,
WineMine (Microsoft Minesweeper) Calculator and WineMine

Commands
The following is a non-exhaustive list of commands that are
supported by the ReactOS Command Prompt.[114][115][116]

? delete label screen

alias delay memory set
assoc dir md setlocal Device Manager in ReactOS 0.4.14
at dirs mkdir shift
attrib doskey mklink shutdown[119]
beep echo mode sort
cacls[117] echos more start
call echoerr move taskkill
cat echoserr path tee
cd endlocal pause time
chdir eventcreate popd timeout
chcp erase prompt timer
The ReactOS reg command
choice exit pushd title
clip find rd touch
cls for rmdir tree
color free reg type
comp fsutil rem uptime
copy goto ren ver
ctty help rename verify
date history replace vol
dbgprint hostname sc[118] whoami
del if schtasks xcopy
On-going national language development
Presently, ReactOS has active development in: Czech, English, Dutch, Finnish, French, German,
Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Norwegian, Polish,
Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Ukrainian.

Development

ReactOS core development

ReactOS is primarily written in C, with some elements, such as ReactOS Explorer and the sound
stack, written in C++. The project compiles using both MinGW and Microsoft Visual Studio, and
contributes to the development of the build systems used through the submission of patches to its
components.[120]

The developers aim to make the kernel and usermode application programming interface (API)
more compatible with Windows NT version 5.2 (Windows Server 2003) and to add support for
more applications and hardware, with plans to target newer versions of Windows as development
matures.[121] DirectX support is undertaken through ReactX, an in-house implementation. 2D and
OpenGL 3D hardware-accelerated rendering is done natively, while other drawing functionality
such as Direct3D is redirected to OpenGL as a stopgap solution, mostly using Wine's code such as
WineD3D.[17][122]

The development progress is influenced by the size of the development team and the level of
experience among them. As an estimate of the effort required to implement Windows 7, Microsoft
employed 1,000 or so developers, organized into 25 teams, with each team averaging 40
developers.[123] As of 2 September 2011, in the ReactOS entry in Ohloh, the page followed through
the "Very large, active development team" link lists 33 developers who have contributed over a 12-
month period and a cumulative total of 104 present and former users who have contributed code to
the project via Apache Subversion since its inception.[124] In his presentation at Hackmeeting
2009 in Milan, ReactOS developer Michele C. noted that most of the developers learn about
Windows architecture while working on ReactOS and have no prior knowledge.[125]

While ReactOS targets mainly the x86/AMD64 PC platform,[126] an effort to port to the ARM
architecture was at one point "under way",[17] while it did not produce much functionality and was
abandoned[127] along with a port to PowerPC, that is no longer actively maintained.[13] Support for
the Xbox and the NEC PC-9800, a variant IA-32 architecture, was added through the use of an
architecture-specific HAL.[125][111][5] Improved 64-bit support for ReactOS is "being worked on",
however, development seems to be going slowly.[128]

Collaboration and reuse

While ReactOS has the aim to build a Windows-compatible kernel as open-source software, much
of the surrounding required functionality to create a complete OS is already available in the greater
open-source ecosystem. When available and possible, ReactOS therefore builds on and
collaborates with already existing open-source projects.[18] Conversely, projects like Wine,[19] and
formerly Captive NTFS[129] and Longene re-use the open-source ReactOS code-base as well.[130]
Hardware driver stack
On the hardware driver side, for instance the UniATA project provides Serial ATA drivers for
ReactOS.[14][131] The project has also experimented with using the FullFAT library in its rewrite of
its FAT Installable File System.[132] ReactOS makes use of the USB stack from Haiku both as a
reference and as a foundation for its USB support.[133][134] Mesa 3D provides OpenGL
rendering.[14][120]

Networking
ReactOS's network stack is built on the TCP portion of OSKit's port of the network stack in
FreeBSD, along with an internally developed implementation for packet-oriented protocols like
IP.[135] Later, lwIP was integrated into the ReactOS network stack.[40]

Wine cooperation
The ReactOS and the Wine projects share the goal
to run binary Windows software natively and can
therefore share many dependencies and
development. [19][136] ReactOS uses portions of the
Wine project so that it can benefit from Wine's
progress in implementing the Win32 API.[136]
While Wine's NTDLL, USER32, KERNEL32,
GDI32, and ADVAPI32 components cannot be used
directly by ReactOS due to architectural differences,
code snippets of them and other parts can be shared A simplified architecture diagram of ReactOS,
between both projects. The kernel is developed by with Wine dependencies indicated by the Wine
logo. White boxes denote third-party binary
ReactOS separately as Wine relies here on existing
software. Green boxes are "userland"
Unix-like kernels.[120][125] components, red are kernel components.

Separately, the experimental Arwinss branch was

created as an alternative means to improve USER32 and GDI32 support through an alternative
implementation of the Win32 API. Whereas ReactOS's original Win32 subsystem was closely
modeled after its equivalent in Windows, Arwinss combines the architecture of that subsystem
with the corresponding implementation in Wine. To this end, Arwinss uses Wine's GDI32 and
USER32 libraries with few changes to take fuller advantage of Wine's existing software
compatibility. Arwinss also allows the user to optionally use a remote X server instead of a local
display.[137]

Other
The Tango Desktop Project initiative provides open-source design guidelines and resources (as
icons) for applications on desktop environments. FreeType is an open-source software
development library, used to render text on to bitmaps and provides support for other font-related
operations.[14] The KernelEx project is a Windows-API extension and compatibility layer project,
which provides open-source implementations of some Windows-APIs.[138] Other contributing
projects are MinGW, SYSLINUX, adns, ICU, GraphApp, Ext2, GNU FreeFont, DejaVu fonts, and
Liberation fonts.[139][140][141]
Forks
Forks based on ReactOS exist:

Ekush OS (2004)[142][143][144]

Reception
Various people have acknowledged ReactOS and the implications of having a viable open-source
drop-in replacement for Windows.[10] A 2004 article and interview of the German weekly
magazine Der Spiegel describes ReactOS as directed at Windows users who want to renounce use
of proprietary commercial software without having to switch to Linux.[10] DistroWatch, a Linux
distribution's monitoring Web site, also lists ReactOS and describes it as "a free and open-source
operating system based on the best design principles found in the Windows NT architecture."[145]

In his column for Free Software Magazine, David Sugar noted in 2006 that ReactOS would allow
the use of applications depending on older versions of Windows whose APIs have been deprecated.
He also recognized its potential to expand the total deployed base of free software, and as a
resource for developers wanting to know undocumented Windows APIs in the course of writing
portable applications.[12] PC Magazine columnist John C. Dvorak remarked in 2008 that the
Windows NT architecture had remained largely unchanged, making it an ideal candidate for
cloning, and believed that ReactOS could be "a bigger threat than Linux to Microsoft's
dominance".[11] In response to Dvorak's column, ZDNet technology journalist Dana Blankenhorn
noted in 2008 that a lack of corporate sponsors and partners had rendered the project harmless to
Microsoft.[146][147] Echoing this, Thom Holwerda of OSNews in 2009 categorized ReactOS under a
family of hobby operating systems maintained only by small groups of developers working in their
spare time, lacking the financial support of more mainstream operating systems and the legacy of
formerly mainstream ones such as RISC OS.[148]

In October 2015, a Network World review of ReactOS v0.3.17 noted "It's just like running Windows
2000" and praised the application package manager, a feature the original Windows is
missing.[149]

In August 2018, Jesse Smith from DistroWatch Weekly reviewed ReactOS v0.4.9, reporting that it
suffered from limited hardware support and that it tended to lock up under load. He concluded: "
[it] should be used with caution and probably not as a main, day-to-day operating system"[150]

Awards
The ReactOS Project won on the annual Seliger Youth Forum "The Best Presentation" award with
100,000 Russian rubles ($2700) in 2011, attended by Alexander Rechitskiy, one of the
development team members.[151]

ReactOS was a featured project on SourceForge for the weeks beginning on 27 February 2012, 25
April 2013,[152] and several others. It was Project of the Month on SourceForge for June 2013[153]
and February 2019.[154]
See also
Free and open-
source software
portal

Binary-code compatibility
coLinux, a project allowing Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in
parallel on the same machine
FreeDOS, a clone of MS-DOS
eComStation and ArcaOS, two independent proprietary continuations of OS/2 (source code
licensed from IBM), which IBM co-created with Microsoft and shares some design elements
with MS-DOS and Windows
Haiku, a clone of BeOS
Longene, a hybrid operating system kernel intended to be binary-compatible with both the
Microsoft Windows and Linux ecosystems
NDISwrapper, a re-creation of Windows NT kernel parts inside the Linux Kernel to allow the
use of Windows drivers in Linux
Wine, a compatibility layer that runs Microsoft Windows applications on Unix-like operating
systems
List of alternative shells for Windows
Timelines of: Intel / Microsoft / Microsoft Windows / other operating systems (List)
Comparison of operating systems

Notes
a. GPL-2.0-or-later with parts under LGPL and BSD licenses

References
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2. ReactOS (https://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=reactos) at DistroWatch
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wendmac.com/2014/reactos-a-windows-compatible-alternative-os/). lowendmac.com.
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External links
Official website (https://reactos.org)

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