FLUID DYNAMICS

FIRST SEMESTER

SANOAR MOLLA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR RAMMOHAN COLLEGE
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PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS ON FLUID DYNAMICS

9.1.1. Water stands at a height ′𝒉′ in a large open tank. Whose side walls are vertical. A hole is made in one of
the walls at a depth ′𝒙′ below the water surface. Find out the horizontal distance 𝒅 from the wall at
which the emerging stream of water strikes the ground. What should be the value of 𝒙? Which makes 𝒅
maximum?

Ans: Let 𝑣 be the velocity of efflux at the hole which is made at a distance 𝑥 below the water surface.
∴ 𝑣 = √2𝑔𝑥
Let, 𝑡 be the time taken by the water jet to strike the ground at a distance 𝑑 from the tank.
1
2
𝑔𝑡 2 = (ℎ − 𝑥)
2(ℎ−𝑥)
∴𝑡=√ 𝑔

Then the horizontal distance 𝑑 is given by

2(ℎ−𝑥)
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡 = √2𝑔𝑥 √ 𝑔
= √4𝑥(ℎ − 𝑥)

∴ 𝑑2 = 4𝑥(ℎ − 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
Or, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 [4𝑥(ℎ − 𝑥)]
𝑑
Or, 2𝑑 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) = 4ℎ − 8𝑥
𝑑 2(ℎ−2𝑥) 2(ℎ−2𝑥)
∴ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑) = 𝑑
=
√4(ℎ−𝑥)𝑥

Now, if 𝑑 is maximum then,

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𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑑) =0
∴ ℎ − 2𝑥 = 0
ℎ
∴ 𝑥 = 2 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.2. A vessel of area of cross-section A has a liquid to a height
𝒉. There is a hole at the bottom of the vessel. The cross-
sectional area of the hole is ′𝒂′ . Calculate the time
required to empty the vessel. (Co-efficient of contraction
is 𝒌).
Ans: Now we have the volume of liquid flowing out of the hole is
= 𝐾𝑎√2𝑔ℎ
𝑔 being the acceleration due to gravity and ℎ be the height of
the liquid at any instant of time.
Let at time 𝑡 = 𝑇, the vessel become empty i.e. , ℎ = 0.
𝑑ℎ
Now, we have 𝐾𝑎√2𝑔ℎ = −𝐴 𝑑𝑡 [∴ 𝐴 −area of cross-
section]
The negative sign appears because as ′𝑡′ increases ℎ
decreases.
𝑑ℎ 𝐾𝑎
Or, =− √2𝑔 𝑑𝑡
√ℎ 𝐴
Now, at time 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = ℎ.
0 𝑇
𝑑ℎ 𝑘𝑎
∴∫ = −√2𝑔 . ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√ℏ 𝐴
ℎ 0
𝐾𝑎
Or, [2√ℎ]0ℎ = − 𝐴 √2𝑔 𝑇
2𝐴√ℎ 𝐴 2ℎ
∴𝑇=  𝑇= √𝑔 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 𝐾𝑎

9.1.3. Water flowing in a horizontal tube of non-uniform pore has a velocity 100cm/sec. at a point where the
𝟕
pressure is 𝟏𝟗 𝒕𝒉 of 1 atm. Findout the velocity at other point where the pressure is half of the pressure
at the first point.
Ans : Let 𝑣1 be the velocity, where the pressure in 𝑝1 and 𝑣2 be the velocity where the pressure is 𝑝2 .
Now, 𝑣1 = 100 cm/sec.
7 7
𝑝1 = 19 × 1 atm = 19 × 76 × 13.6 × 981 dyne/cm²
1 7
∴ 𝑝2 = 2 × 19 × 76 × 13.6 × 981 dyne/cm²
𝑣2 =?
𝑓 = density of water = 1 gm/c.c.
From Bernoulli’s theorem, we get
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
2
+ 𝑓
= 2
+ 𝑓
2𝑝1 2𝑝2
Or, 𝑣12 + 𝑓
= 𝑣22 + 𝑓
2𝑝1 2𝑝2
∴ 𝑣22 = 𝑣12 + 𝑓
− 𝑓
1
1 7 2
2𝑝1 2𝑝2 2 2 × 19
× 76 × 13.6 × 981 1 7 76 × 13.6 × 981
∴ 𝑣2 = [𝑣12 + − ] = [(100)2 + −2× × × ]
𝑓 𝑓 1 2 19 1

= 611.28 cm/sec. (Ans.)

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9.1.4. Water flows through a pipe line of varying cross-section. If the pressure of water equals to 5cm of Hg at
a point where the velocity of flow is 25 cm/sec, calculate the pressure where the velocity is 40 cm/sec.
Ans : Let 𝑣1 be the velocity where the pressure is 𝑝1 and 𝑣2 be the velocity where the pressure is 𝑝2 , 𝜎 density of
water, 𝑓 = 1 gm/cc.
From Bernoulli’s Theorem, we get
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
2
+ 𝑓
= 2
+ 𝑓

Here, 𝑣1 =25 cm/sec.

𝑣2 = 40 cm/sec.
𝑝1 =5 cm of Hg = 5 × 13.6 × 981 dyne/cm²
𝑣12 𝑣22 𝑝1 𝑝2
Or, 2
− 2
+ 𝑓
= 𝑓
1 1
Or, 𝑝2 = 2 𝑓(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 ) + 𝑝1 = 2 {(25)2 − (40)2 } + (5 × 13.6 × 981)
= 66220.5 dyne/cm² = 4.963 Cm of Hg. (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.5. A pipe full of running water. At
a certain point A it tapers from a
diameter of 60cm to a diameter
of 20 cm at B. The pressure
difference between A and B is
100 cm of water. Calculate the
rate of flow of water through the
tube.
Ans : Let the cross-sectional area of A and B be 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 respectively and 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 be the velocities at A and B.
Pressure at A is 𝑝1
Pressure at B is 𝑝2
∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 100 cm of water = 100 × 1 × 981 dyne/cm² ... (1)
𝜋𝑑12 𝜋 ×(60)²
Now, we have 𝑎1 = 4
= 4
= 900𝜋 Cm²
Where , 𝑑1 is the diameter of A.
Similarly, when 𝑑2 is the diameter of B, we have
𝜋𝑑22 𝜋 ×(20)²
𝑎2 = 4
= 4
= 100𝜋 Cm²
From the equation of continuity, we have 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2
𝑎 𝑣
∴ 𝑎1 = 𝑣2  𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2
2 1
𝑎1 900 𝜋𝑐𝑚²
Again, 𝑎2
= 100 𝜋𝐶𝑚² = 9
𝑣
∴ 𝑣2 = 9
1

∴ 𝑣2 = 9𝑣1
Density of water 𝑓 = 1 gm/c.c.
Now, from Bernoulli’s Theorem, we have
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ = +
2 𝑓 2 𝑓
𝑣12 𝑝1 −𝑝2 (9𝑣1 )2
Or , 2
+ 𝑓
= 2
81𝑣12 −𝑣12 100×981
Or, 2
= 1
[from (1)]
100×981×2
Or, 𝑣1 = √ 1×80
= 49.52 Cm/Sec.

Volume of water flowing per second is 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 900𝜋 × 49.52 C.C./Sec.

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= 1.40 × 105 C.C./Sec. (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.6. A pitot tube is fitted in a main of diameter 15 cm and difference in pressure in gauge is 4 cm of water
column. Find the volume of water passing through the main is 1 min.
Ans : Here the pressure 𝑝 = ℎ𝑓𝑔.
= 4 × 1 × 981 dyne/Cm² = 4 × 981 dyne/Cm²
Let 𝑣 be the velocity of flow and a be the cross-section of the tube.
𝜋𝑑12
𝑎=
4
𝑑1 = diameter of the tube 15 𝑐𝑚.
𝜋×152
∴𝑎= 𝐶𝑚²
4

And 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 981 × 4 = 88.58 Cm/Sec.

𝜋×152
Now, volume of liquid flowing in one min.= 60 × 88.58 ×
4
= 9.39 × 105 CC/min (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.7. If a cylindrical vessel of cross-sectional area A is filled up to a height 𝒉 and orifice of the area ′𝒂′ at its
𝒉
side, Findout the time required for the free surface of the level to fall down at 𝟐.
Ans: Let the velocity of the liquid be 𝑣, when the free surface
of the liquid falls down to ℎ above the orifice then we
considering the co-efficient of contraction 𝑘 , the
volume of water escaping in time 𝑑𝑡 is 𝑘𝑎√2𝑔ℎ𝑑𝑡.
[where, 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ] and this will be equal to – 𝐴𝑑ℎ.
𝐴 𝑑ℎ
Or, 𝑑𝑡 = − .
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 √ℏ
ℎ
Now, at time, 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = ℎ. at time 𝑡 = 𝑡, ℎ = .
2
𝑡 ℎ/2
𝐴 𝑑ℎ
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 √ℎ
0 ℎ
ℎ
𝐴
∴𝑡=− [2ℎ1/2 ]ℎ2
𝐾𝑎 √2𝑔
1
1
2𝐴 ℎ 2
Or, 𝑡 = − [( ) − ℎ2 ]
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 2
1
2𝐴 1
Or, 𝑡 = − [ − 1] ℎ2
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 √2
1 1
2𝐴ℎ 2 1 2𝐴ℎ 2
Or, 𝑡 = [1 − ] = 𝐾𝑎 (√2 − 1) (Ans. )
𝐾𝑎√2𝑔 √2 √𝑔
9.1.8. Water flows along a horizontal tube where the cross-section is not constant. The pressure is 1cm of Hg
where the velocity is 35 cm/sec. Calculate the pressure at a point where the velocity is 65 cm/sec.
Ans: Let 𝑝1 be the pressure where the velocity is 𝑣1 and 𝑝2 be the pressure where the velocity is 𝑣2 .
Here, 𝑝1 = 1 cm of Hg = 1 × 13.6 × 981 dyne/Cm²
𝑣1 = 35 cm/sec.
𝑣2 = 65 cm/sec.
𝑝2 =?
From Bernoulli’s Theorem, we get,
1 2 𝑝1 1 𝑝1 −𝑣22
𝑣 + = 𝑣12 + = 𝑝2 [∴ 𝑓 = 1gm/cc]
2 1 𝑓 2 2

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𝑣12 𝑝1 −𝑣22
∴ 2
+ 2
= 𝑝2
1
Or, 𝑝2 = 2 [(35)2 − (65)2 ] + (1 × 13.6 × 981)
Or, 𝑝2 = 11841.6 dyne/Cm² = 0.8875 Cm of Hg. (Ans. )
9.1.9. If the diameters of a pipe are 10cm and 6cm at the points where a venturimeter is connected and the
pressures at the points are shown to differ by 5cm of water column. Calculate the volume of water
flowing through the pipe per second.
Ans : We know that the volume of water flowing per second is given by
2𝑔ℎ
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑎√𝐴2 −𝑎²
𝜋𝑑12 (10)2
Here, 𝐴 = =𝜋× = 25𝜋 𝐶𝑚²
4 4
𝜋𝑑22 𝜋×(6)²
∴𝑎= 4
= 4
= 9𝜋 𝐶𝑚²
Where, 𝐴 and 𝑎 one the cross-sectional area at the two point of the pipe where the pressure difference is 5cm
of water.
∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 5𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑔ℎ = 5 × 981 dyne/Cm²
2×98×5
∴ 𝑣 = 25 𝜋 × 9𝜋√(25𝜋)2−(9𝜋)² = 3001.70 cc/Sec. (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )

9.1.10. A tube having its two limbs bent at right angles to each other is held with its end dipping in a stream
and opposite to the direction of flow. If the speed of the stream be 6 miles/hr. Calculate the height to
which water rises in the vertical limb of the tube.
Ans: Velocity throught he tube, 𝑣=
6 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠/ℎ𝑟.
6×1760×3
∴𝑣= ft/sec.
3600
∴ 𝑣 = 8.8 ft/sec.
Clearly the flow of water will be stopped
by the tube dipping in the stream and
facing the flow so that the loss of kinetic
1
energy per unit mass = 2 𝑣².
Hence we can write
1 𝑝 ℎ𝑓𝑔
2
𝑣² =𝑓= 𝑓
= ℎ𝑔.
Where, ℎ is the required height
𝑣2 (8.8)2
∴ ℎ = 2𝑔 = 2×32
= 1.21 ft. (𝐴𝑛𝑠.)
9.1.11. A water main of internal diameter 𝟖′ is feel by a pipe of internal diameter 2 inch which delivers water
at the rate of 1cft/sec. If the pressure of water in the pipe be 50lb-wt/sq inch. Find out the pressure at
the main.
Ans: Let 𝑝1 be the pressure and 𝑣1 be the velocity in the main. 𝑝2 be the pressure and 𝑣2 be the velocity in the pipe.
𝜋×(4)² 16𝜋
Cross-section area of the main = 4
𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 16𝜋 sq. inch. = 12×12 sq. ft = 𝜋/9 sq. ft.
Cross-section area of the pipe is –
𝜋 ×2² 𝜋 𝜋
= 4
= 𝜋 sq. Inch. = 12×12 sq. ft = 144 sq. ft.
Density of water = 62.5 lb/cft.
Rate of flow of water = 1 cft/sec.
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Now the velocity of flow=
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

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From this we can write
1
𝑣1 = = 9/𝜋 ft/sec.
𝜋/9
1 144
And 𝑣2 = 𝜋 = 𝜋
ft/sec.
144
1
K.E. per unit volume (i.e. per 1 cft of water) in the main is 2 𝑓𝑣12 .
1 9 2
= × 62.5 × ( ) = 256.64 ft. poundal.
2 𝜋
K.E. per unit volume in the pipe
1 1 144 2
= 2 𝑓𝑣22 = 2 × 62.5 × ( 𝜋
) = 65656.12 ft. poundal.
Pressure in the main 𝑝1 lb/wt/sq. inch = 𝑝1 × 32 × 144 Poundal/ft²
Pressure in the pipe as given = 50 lb wt/sq. inch = 50 × 32 × 144 Poundal/ft²
Now, from Bernoulli’s theorem,
1 1
2
𝑓𝑣12 + 𝑝1 = 2 𝑓𝑣22 + 𝑝2
1 1
𝑝1 = − 𝑓(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) + 𝑝2 = 65656.12 − 256.46 + (50 × 32 × 144)
2𝑓𝑣22 2
295799.66
= 295799.66 Poundal/ft² = 32×12×12 lb wt/sq. inch = 64.19 lb wt./sq. inch.
9.1.12. A vertical tube of 4mm diameter at the bottom has water passing through it. If the pressure be
atmospheric at the bottom where water emerges at the rate of 800gm/min, what is the pressure at a
point in the tube 25cm above the bottom whose diameter is 3mm?
𝜋𝑑12 𝜋 ×(0.4)²
Ans: Cross-sectional area at the bottom 𝑎1 = 4
= 4
= 0.04 𝜋 Cm²
Let 𝑣1 be the velocity of water here mass of water flowing per min.= 80 gm.
∴ Volume of water per second through the bottom is
800
= 60×1 C.C.= 13.33 𝐶. 𝐶.
Density of water = 1 gm/c.c.
Now we conclude, 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 13.33 C.C./S.
13.33
∴ 𝑣1 = 0.04𝜋 Cm./Sec. 𝑣1 = 106.07 Cm/Sec.
𝑝1 = 1 atm = 76 × 13.6 × 981 dyne/Cm²
Velocity of water at a point in the tube 25 cm above the bottom where the diameter is 3mm is 𝑣2 and the
pressure is 𝑝2 .
13.33
∴ 𝑣2 = 0.3 2
= 188.58 Cm/Sec.
𝜋×( )
2

Now, from Bernoulli’s theorem

1 𝑝1 1 𝑝2
𝑔ℎ + 𝑣12 + = 𝑣22 + 𝑔ℎ +
2 𝑓 2 𝑓
1 2 1 1𝑔𝑚
Or, 𝑣 − 2 𝑣22 + 𝑝1 = 𝑝2
2 1
[𝑓 = 𝑐.𝑐.
]
1
∴ 𝑝2 = 2 {106.07)2 − (188.58)²} + 76 × 13.6 × 981 = 981 × 25
6
= 0.977 × 10 dyne/Cm² = 73.23 Cm of Hg (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.13. Two tubes with small aperture at the lower ends are held vertically with their lower ends dipping in a
pipe carrying water, such that the aperture of one faces the flow and that of the other has its plane
parallel to the direction of flow of water, which rises in the former to a height 10 cm above than the
later. Calculate velocity of flow in the pipe. If the pipe has a diameter of 20cm, find out the volume of
water flowing along the pipe per min.
Ans : Let 𝑣 be the velocity of flow along the pipe. We have then

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1
2
𝑓𝑣 2 = ℎ𝑓𝑔

Or, 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2 × 981 × 10 = 140.07 Cm/Sec.

Volume of water flowing per minute is
20 2
𝑣 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 × 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 × ( 2 ) × 140.67 × 60
= 26.4 × 105 C.C. (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.14. A cylinder can be filled with water to a height of 40cm has on its sides two small holes of equal area one
at the height of 10cm and other at the height of 30cm. At initial time, calculate the ratio of mass of water
flowing per second through the lower hole to that of the upper hole.
Ans: Mass of water flowing through the hole ′𝐴′ is,
𝑚𝐴 = 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔(ℎ − 10)𝑓 × 𝑔
= 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔(40 − 10)𝑓 g
Mass of water flowing through the hole 𝐵 is,
𝑚𝐵 = 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔(ℎ − 30)𝑓 𝑔.
= 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔(40 − 30)𝑓 𝑔.
Where,
𝐾 Co-efficient of contraction.
𝑎1  Cross-sectional area for both the holes.
𝑓 density of water.
ℎ height at which water is maintained before
comingout of the hole.
𝑚 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔×30𝑓.𝑔
∴ 𝑚𝐴 =
𝐵 𝐾𝑎1 √2𝑔×10𝑓.𝑔
𝑚𝐴
∴ 𝑚𝐵
= √3 (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.15. Water is flowing out from a vessel of cross-
sectional area 𝑨 having a small circular hole
of area 𝜶 in its thin horizontal base. Show that
the rate of which the height 𝒉 of water in the
vessel decreases is given by
𝒅𝒉 𝜶
− 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑨 √𝟐𝒈𝒉 [NBU-94]
Ans: Let ℎ be the height of the water column before
any water escapes out through the hole of cross-
sectional area 𝛼. Let 𝑣 be the velocity of efflux.
Then 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ. Volume of water flowing out
per sec = 𝛼√2𝑔ℎ
Let in a small time 𝑑𝑡 the height of the water
column is decreased by 𝑑ℎ. The volume of water
flows out in time 𝑑𝑡 through the orifice =
𝛼√2𝑔ℎ 𝑑𝑡 . And this should be equal to 𝐴𝑑ℎ,
where 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the free surface and the negative sign occurs because as time increases
from zero to 𝑑𝑡, the height of the water column decreases.
Here, −𝐴𝑑ℎ = 𝛼√2𝑔ℎ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝛼
∴ 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝐴 √2𝑔ℎ
𝑑ℎ 𝛼
Or , − 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴 √2𝑔ℎ

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This is the required expression (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.16. A horizontal tube has a different cross-sectional area at two points 𝒑𝟏 and 𝒑𝟐 . 𝒂𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 be the cross-
sectional areas of 𝒑𝟏 and 𝒑𝟐 . Two manometer tube are fixed at 𝑷 and 𝑸 through which a liquid of
density 𝒅 flows and the difference in pressure of the manometer limbs is 𝜹𝒑. Find out the rate of flow of
liquid through the tube.
Ans : Here cross-sectional area of 𝑝1 is 𝑎1 and that of 𝑝2 is 𝑎2 . Then we have from Bernoulli’s Theorem. (Since the
tube is horizontal). We have,
1 2 𝑝1 1 𝑝2
𝑣 + = 𝑣22 +
2 1 𝑑 2 𝑑
Where, 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are the velocities at 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 point and 𝑑 is the density of the liquid. 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 denotes the
pressure at the point 𝑃 and Q..
1
∴ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 2 𝑑(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
1
Or, 𝛿𝑝 = 2 𝑑(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 ) ...(1)
But from the equation of continuity
𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 𝑣2
𝑎1 𝑣1
∴ 𝑣2 = 𝑎2

Putting the values of 𝑣2 in equation (1) we get.

1 𝑎1 𝑣1 2
𝛿𝑝 = 2 𝑑 [( 𝑎2
) − 𝑣12 ]
2𝛿𝑝𝑎 2
∴ 𝑣12 = 𝑑(𝑎2−𝑎22)
1 2

2𝛿𝑝
∴ 𝑣1 = 𝑎2 √(𝑎2−𝑎2)𝑑
1 2

The rate of flow of the liquid is 𝑎1 𝑣1

2𝛿𝑝
∴ 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 √(𝑎2−𝑎2)𝑑
1 2

By putting, 𝛿𝑝 = ℎ𝑑𝑔
2ℎ𝑑𝑔 2ℎ𝑔
∴ 𝑎1 𝑣1 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 √ = 𝑎1 𝑎2 √ (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
(𝑎12 −𝑎22 )𝑑 (𝑎12 −𝑎22 )

9.1.17. A railway engine is fitted with a tube whose one end is inside a reservoir of water between the rails. The
other end of the tube is 4m above the surface of water in the reservoir. Find out the rate at which the
water rushes oil of the upper end, if the engine is moving with a speed of 108 Km/hr.
Ans: Let 𝑣1 be the required speed of water. 𝑣2 be the speed of the engine.
𝑣2 = 108 Km/hr = 30 m/sec.
ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 4𝑚
1 1
Now, we have from Bernoulli’s theorem 2 𝑣12 + 𝑔ℎ1 = 2 𝑣22 + 𝑔ℎ2
1
Or, 𝑔(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) = 2 (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
Or, 𝑣12 = 2𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 𝑣22
∴ 𝑣1 = √2𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) + 𝑣22
∴ 𝑣1 = √2 × 9.8 × 4 + 30² = 28.66 m/sec. (𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.18. A capillary tube 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m in diameter and 0.2 meter is length is fitted horizontally to a vessel kept full of
alcohol of density 𝟎. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎³ Kg/m³. The depth of the centre of the capillary tube below the surface of
alcohol is 𝟎. 𝟑 meter. Calculate the volume of alcohol that flows in 5 minutes. [given, coefficient of
viscosity of alcohol is 0.0012 NS/m²].
Ans: Here, the radius of the capillary tube,

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1
𝑅 = 2 × 10−3 m.
𝑙 = length of the capillary tube = 0.2 𝑚.
𝑓 = density of alcohol = 0.8 × 10³ Kg/m³
ɳ = viscosity of alcohol = 0.012 NS/m².
Depth of the centre of the capillary tube, ℎ = 0.3 meter.
𝜋𝑃𝑅4
We know, ɳ = = Coefficient of viscosity of alcohol.
8𝑣𝑙
∴ Pressure, 𝑝 = ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝜋ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑅4
∴ ɳ=
8𝑣𝑙
1 4
−3
𝜋ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑅 4 𝜋 × 0.3 × 0.8 × 10³ × 9.8 × (2 × 10 )
∴𝑣= = = 2.405 × 10−7 m³/sec.
8ɳ𝑙 8 × 0.0012 × 2
∴ Volume of alcohol flows in 5 minutes = 2.405 × 10−7 × 300 = 7.216 × 10−5 m³(𝐴𝑛𝑠. )
9.1.19. The radius of a water pipe decreases from 10 to 5 cm. If the average velocity in the wider portion is 4
m/s, find the average velocity in the narrower region.
Ans: From continuity equation
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1 𝑣1 𝜋𝑟12 𝑣1 102 × 4
∴ 𝑣2 = = = = 16m/s
𝐴2 𝜋𝑟22 52
9.1.20. Verify if the continuity equation for steady incompressible flow is satisfied for the following velocity
components:
𝒗𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙² − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛², 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙² − 𝟔𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚², 𝒗𝒛 = −𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 + 𝟐𝒚²
Ans: 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑥² − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧²
𝑣𝑦 = 2𝑥² − 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦²
𝑣𝑧 = −2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦²
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
∴ 𝜕𝑥
= 6𝑥 − 𝑦; 𝜕𝑦
= −6𝑥 + 2𝑦; 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑦
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝑧
∇ .𝑣 = 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑧
= (6𝑥 − 𝑦) + (−6𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 𝑦 = 0

Thus the continuity equation for steady incompressible flow is satisfied.

9.1.21. Air streams horizontally across an aeroplane wing of area 4m²., weighing 300 kg. The air speed is 70 and
55 m/s over the top surface and the bottom surface, respectively. Find (a) the lift on the wind; (b) the net
force on it.
Ans: Pressure difference across the wing
1
∆𝑝 = 2 𝜌(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 )
1
= 2 × 1.293 × (702 − 552 ) = 1212Pa
(a) Lift = (pressure difference) (area)
= 1212 × 4 = 4848N
(b) Net force = Life – Weight of plane
= 4848 − (300 × 9.8)
= 1908 N in the upward direction

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9.1.22. A venture meter has a pipe diameter of 20cm and a throat diameter of 10cm. If the water pressure in
the pipe is 60,000 Pa and in the throat is 45,000 Pa, calculate the rate of flow of water in m³/s.
1 𝐴2
Ans: ∆𝑃 = 2 𝜌𝑣 2 (𝑎2 − 1)
𝐴 𝜋𝑅2 10 2
𝑎
= 𝜋𝑟 2
= (5) = 4
1
60,000 − 45,000 = × 1000 × 15𝑣²
2

Or 𝑣 = 1,414 m/s (throat)

Rate of flow of water
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 = (1.414)(𝜋 × 0.01)2 = 0.0444 m³/s
9.1.23. Apitot tube which is used to determine the speed of an aircraft relative to air is mounted on the wing of
a plane. The tube contains alcohol of density 810 kg/m³ and registers a level difference of 15.0 cm.
Assuming that the density of air at NTP is 1.293 kg/m³, find the plane’s speed in km/h relative to the air.
2𝑔ℎ𝜌′ 2×9.8×0.15×810
Ans: 𝑣=√ 𝜌
=√ 1.293
= 42.9 m/s= 154.5 kh/h

9.1.24. A garden sprinkler has 80 small holes each 2.5 mm² in area. If water is supplied at the rate of 𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦³/𝐬, find the average velocity of the spray.
Ans: Total area of the holes
𝐴 = 80 × 2.5 × 10−6 m² = 2 × 10−4m²
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑄 2×10−3
𝑣 = 𝐴 = 2×10−4 = 10m/s
9.1.25. For steady, incompressible flow which of the following values of velocity components are possible?
(a) 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒗𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙
(b) 𝒗𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒗𝒚 == 𝟔𝒙𝒚
Ans: (a) 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑣𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
𝜕𝑥
= 3𝑦; 𝜕𝑦
= 5𝑥
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
+ = 3𝑦 + 5𝑥 ≠ 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Therefore, steady incompressible flow is not possible.

(b) 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑣𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
𝜕𝑥
= 6𝑥; 𝜕𝑦
= −6𝑥
𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑦
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 0

Thus, steady incompressible flow is possible.

9.1.26. If the speed of flow past the lower surface of the wing of an aeroplane is 100 m/s, what speed of flow
over the upper surface would give a pressure difference of 1000 Pa? Assume an air density of 1.293
kg/m³.
1
Ans: ∆𝑃 = 2 𝜌(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 )

2∆𝑃 2×1000
𝑣1 = √ 𝜌
+ 𝑣22 = √ 1.293
+ 100² = 107.45 m/s

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P a g e | 11
9.1.27. A venture meter has a pipe diamerer of 4cm and a throat diameter of 2 cm. The velocity of water in the
pipe section is 10cm/s. Find (a) the pressure drop; (b) the velocity in the throat.
Ans: (a) 𝑄 = 𝑣𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐴
𝐴 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐷 2 42
∴ 𝑣𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑑2
= 10 × 22 = 40 m/s
1 𝐴2
(b) ∆𝑝 = 2 𝜌𝑣 2 (𝑎2 − 1)
1 𝐷4
= 2 × 1000 × 40² (𝑑4 − 1) = 12 × 106 Pa

9.1.28. Water is observed to flow through a capillary of diameter 1.0 mm with a speed of 3 m/s. Viscosity of
water in CGS units is
(a) 0.018 at 0°C
(b) 0.008 at 30°C
(c) 0.004 at 70°C
Calculate the Reynold’s number and test at which of these three temperatures is the flow likely to be
streamlined. Assume that for Reynold’s number 𝑹 < 2200 flow is steady.
𝜌𝐷𝑣
Ans: Reynold’s number = 
, where 𝜌 is density, 𝐷 diameter, 𝑣 velocity and  coefficient of viscosity.
1×0.1×300
(a) 𝑅 = = 1667
0.018

Flow is steady because 𝑅 < 2200

1×0.1×300
(b) 𝑅 = 0.008
= 3750
Flow is turbulent because 𝑅 > 2200
1×0.1×300
(c) 𝑅 = 0.004
× 7500

Flow is turbulent because 𝑅 > 2200

9.1.29. A horizontal tube AB of length 𝑳, open at A
and closed at B, is filled with an ideal fluid.
The end B has a small orifice. The tube is set in
rotation in the horizontal plane with angular
velocity 𝝎 abut a vertical axis passing through
A, in figure. Show that the efflux velocity of
𝟐𝑳
the fluid is given by 𝒗 = 𝝎𝒍√ 𝒍 − 𝟏 where 𝒍 is
the length of the fluid.
Ans: Consider a mass element 𝑑𝑚 of the fluid at
distance 𝑥 from the vertical axis. The centrifugal
force on 𝑑𝑚 is
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝑣

𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝜔2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝜔² ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑣2 𝜔2
2
= 2
𝑥²|𝐿𝐿−1

2𝐿
∴ 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑙√ 𝑙 − 1

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P a g e | 12
9.1.30. A pitot tube, in figure, is mounted along the axis
of a gas pipeline of cross-sectional area 𝑨 .
Calculate the rate of flow of the gas across the
section of the pipe if 𝒉 is the difference in the
liquid column and 𝝆𝑳 and 𝝆𝒈 are the densities
of the liquid and the gas, respectively.
Ans: Applying Bernoulli’s equation to points A and B,
1
𝑃𝐴 + 2 𝜌𝑔 𝑣² = 𝑃𝐵 … (1)
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝐿𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝐵 … (2)
Comparing (1) and (2)
1
𝑃𝐴 + 2 𝜌𝑔 𝑣² = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝐿𝑔ℎ
2𝑔ℎ𝜌𝐿
𝑣=√ 𝜌𝑔

9.1.31. Water flows in a horizontal pipe of varying cross-section. Two manometer tubes fixed on the pipe in
figure, at sections 𝑨𝟏 and 𝑨𝟐 indicate a difference ∆𝒉 in the water columns. Calculate the rate of flow of
water in the pipe.
Ans: Apply Bernoulli’s equation at the sections 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 :
1 1
𝑃1 + 2 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + 2 𝜌𝑣22 … (1)
1
∴ 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = ∆𝑝 = ∆ℎ𝜌𝑔 = 2 𝜌(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 )

∴ 2𝑔∆ℎ = 𝑣12 − 𝑣22 … (2)

𝑄 = 𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2 … (3)
𝑣1 𝐴1
𝑣2 = … (4)
𝐴2

Using (4) in (2)

(𝐴22 −𝐴21 )
2𝑔∆ℎ = 𝑣12
𝐴22

2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑣1 = 𝐴2 √𝐴2 −𝐴2
2 1

2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 √𝐴2 −𝐴2
2 1

9.1.32. A cylinder filled with

water of volume 𝑽 is fitted
with a piston and is
placed horizontally. There
is a small hole of cross-
sectional area 𝒔 at the
other end of the cylinder,
𝒔 being much smaller
than the cross-sectional
area of the piston (in
figure). Show that the work to be done by a constant force acting on the piston to squeeze all water from
the cylinder in time 𝒕 is given by
𝟏 𝝆𝑽𝟑
𝑾 = 𝟐 𝒔𝟐𝒕𝟐
where 𝝆 is the density of water. Neglect friction and viscosity.
Ans: Volume of water flowing out per second

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P a g e | 13
𝑄 = 𝑠𝑣 … (1)
Where 𝑣 is the speed and 𝑠 is the cross-sectional area.
Volume flowing out
𝑉 = 𝑄𝑡 = 𝑠𝑣𝑡 … (2)
1 𝐹 𝐹𝐿 𝑊
𝜌𝑣² =𝑃= = = … (3)
2 𝐴 𝐴𝐿 𝑉

Where 𝐿 is the length of the cylinder and 𝑊 is the work done.

1 𝜌𝑉 3
∴ 𝑊 = 2 𝑠2 𝑡 2 … (4)
Where we have used (2).
9.1.33. A cylindrical vessel with water is rotated about its vertical axis with a constant angular velocity 𝝎. Show
that
𝟏
(a) the water pressure distribution along its radius is given by 𝑷 = 𝑷𝟎 + 𝝆𝝎²𝒓², where 𝝆 is the density
𝟐
of water and 𝑷𝟎 is the pressure at the central point.
(b) Show that the figure of revolution of water is a paraboloid.
Ans: (a) The components of 𝑚𝜔²𝑟 parallel to the 𝑥-axis and 𝑧-axis are 𝑚𝜔²𝑥 and 𝑚𝜔²𝑧, respectively. Taking 𝑦 in
the upward direction.
𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌(𝜔2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑧𝑑𝑧 − 𝑔𝑑𝑦) … (1)
In the 𝑥 − 𝑧-plane, 𝑦 = constant. Hence 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Integrating (1)
𝜌𝜔²𝑥² 𝜌𝜔2 𝑧 2
𝑝= + +𝐶
2 2

Where 𝐶 is the constant of integration.

𝜌𝜔2
𝑝= (𝑥 2 + 𝑧2) + 𝐶
2
1
= 𝜔²𝑟² + 𝐶
2
𝑝 = 𝑝0 at 𝑟 = 0, then 𝐶 = 𝑝0
1
∴ 𝑝 = 𝑝0 + 2 𝜌𝜔²𝑟²
(b) Particle at P is in equilibrium under centrifugal force and gravity, in figure. Let PM be tangent at 𝑃(𝑟, 𝑦)
making an angle 𝜃 with the 𝑟-axis. PN is normal at P. If 𝑁 is the normal reaction
𝑁 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑁 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟
𝜔2 𝑟
∴ tan 𝜃 =
𝑔
𝑑𝑦 𝜔2 𝑟
∴ =
𝑑𝑟 𝑔
𝜔2
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟 + 𝑐
𝑔
𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑦= +𝐶
2𝑔
𝑦 = 0, 𝑟 = 0, 𝑐 = 0

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P a g e | 14
1 𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑦=2 𝑔

Figure of revolution of the curve is a paraboloid.

9.1.34. A manometer is fixed to a water tap. When the valve is closed the manometer shows the reading of
𝟑. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa. When the valve is open the reading becomes 𝟑. 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa. Find the speed of water.
Ans: Using Bernoulli’s equation
1 1
𝑃2 + 2 𝜌𝑣22 = 𝑃1 + 2 𝜌𝑣12
1
3.1 × 105 + 2 × 1000 𝑣22 = 3.5 × 105 + 0
𝑣2 = 8.94 m/s
9.1.35. A water container is filled up to a height 𝑯. A small hole is punched at the side wall at a depth 𝒉 below
the water surface. Show (a) that the distance from the foot of the wall at which the stream strikes the
floor is 𝟐√𝒉(𝑯 − 𝒉); (b) the second hole through which the second stream has the same range must be
punched at a depth 𝑯 − 𝒉.
Ans: (a) Use Bernoulli’s equation at two points A and B at height ℎ𝐴 and ℎ𝐵 , respectively, in figure.
𝜌𝑣 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐵 + … (1)
2

Where 𝑃 is the atomospheric pressure, 𝜌 is the density of water and 𝑣 is the efflux velocity.
Calling ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 = ℎ … (2)
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ … (3)
Using simple kinematics, the range

2(𝐻−ℎ)
𝑅 = 𝑣𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ√
𝑔

𝑅 = 2√ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ) … (4)
(b) In (4) 𝑅 is unchanged if we replace ℎ by 𝐻 − ℎ. Therefore, the second hole must be punched at a depth
𝐻 − ℎ to get the same range.
9.1.36. In problem (7.1.17) show that the hole must be punched at a depth 𝒉 = 𝑯/𝟐 for maximum range and
that this maximum distance is 𝑯.
Ans: From problem (7.1.17)
𝑅 = 2√ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ) … (1)
𝑑𝑅 𝐻
Maximum range is obtained by setting 𝑑ℎ = 0 and holding 𝐻 as constant. This gives ℎ = 2
and substituting
this value in (1), we get 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻.
9.1.37. A large tank is filled with water at the rate of 70 cm³/s. A hole of cross-section 0.25 cm² is punched at
the bottom of the tank. Find the maximum height to which the tank can be filled.
Ans: For the water level to remain stationary volume efflux = rate of filling = 𝑥
𝑣𝐴 = (√2𝑔ℎ)𝐴 = 𝑥 = 70 cm³/s
𝑥2 (70)2
ℎ = 2𝑔𝐴2 = 2×980×(0.25)² = 40 cm

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9.1.38. A tank of cross-sectional area 𝑨 is filled with water up to a height 𝒉𝟏 . Water leaks out from a small hole
of area ′𝒂′ at the bottom. Find the time taken for the water level to decrease from 𝒉𝟏 to 𝒉𝟐 .
Ans: Let the water level be at a height 𝑥 at any instant. The efflux velocity will be 𝑣 = √2𝑔𝑥. As the water flows
out, the level of water comes down, in figure.
Volume flux, 𝑄 = 𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎√2𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Volume flux is also equal to 𝑄 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
We then have 𝑎√2𝑔𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
ℎ1
𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 2
𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ = √ [√ℎ1 − √ℎ2 ]
𝑎√2𝑔 √𝑥 𝑎 𝑔
ℎ2

9.1.39. A large tank is filled with water. The total pressure at the bottom is 3.0 atm. If a small hole is punched
at the bottom what is the velocity of efflux?
Ans: Pressure at the bottom due to water column = (3 − 1) atm = 2 × 105 Pa.
𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑃 2×105 200
∴ ℎ = 𝜌𝑔 = 1000g
= g

200
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ = √2g g
= 20 m/s

Second Method
Apply Bernoulli’s equation
1 1
𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2

Where the left side refers to the point inside the tank and right side to a point outside the tank.
1
(3 × 105 ) + 0 = (1 × 105 ) + (2 × 1000𝑣22 )

∴ 𝑣2 = 20m/s
9.1.40. Two tanks with a large opening are filled with a liquid. A hole of cross-sectional area 𝑨𝟏 is punched in
tank 1 and another of cross-sectional area 𝑨𝟐 in tank 2 at depths 𝒉𝟏 and 𝒉𝟐 , respectively. If 𝑨𝟏 = 𝟐𝑨𝟐
𝒉
nd the volume flux is identical, then what should be the ratio 𝒉𝟏 ?
𝟐

Ans: 𝑄 = 𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2
(√2𝑔ℎ1 )(2𝐴2 ) = (√2𝑔ℎ2 )𝐴2
ℎ 1
∴ ℎ1 = 4
2

9.1.41. A wide container with a small orifice in the bottom is filled with water and kerosene. If the water
column measures 60cm and kerosene column 40cm, calculate the efflux velocity of water. Take the
specific gravity of water as 1.0 and kerosene as 0.8 nd neglect viscosity.
Ans: Apply Bernoulli’s equation to a point just outside the hole and a point at the top of the kerosene surface. If 𝑃 is
the atmospheric pressure, ℎ1 and ℎ2 the heights of water and kerosene columns, respectively, 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 the
respective densities,
1
𝑃 + 2 𝜌1 𝑣12 = 𝑃 + ℎ1 𝜌1 𝑔 + ℎ2 𝜌2 𝑔

ℎ2 𝜌2
∴ 𝑣1 = √2𝑔 (ℎ1 + )
𝜌1

Substituting ℎ1 = 60 cm, ℎ2 = 40 cm, 𝜌1 = 1, 𝜌2 = 0.8 and 𝑔 = 980, we find 𝑣1 = 425 cm/s or 4.25 m/s.

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9.1.42. A wide vessel filled with water is punched with two holes on the opposite side each with cross-sectional
area of 1.0cm². If the difference in height of the holes is 51 cm, calculate the resultant force of reaction
of the water flowing out of the vessel.
Ans: Volume efflux at A and B, in figure.
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑣𝐴 𝑆
𝑄𝐵 = 𝑣𝐵 𝑆
(Mass efflux)𝐴 = 𝜌𝑣𝐴 𝑆
(Mass efflux)𝐵 = 𝜌𝑣𝐵 𝑆
Force 𝐹𝐴 = (rate of change of momentum)𝐴
= 𝜌𝑣𝐴 𝑆𝑣𝐴 = 𝜌𝑆𝑣𝐴2
= 𝜌𝑆(2𝑔ℎ) = 2𝜌𝑆𝑔ℎ
𝐹𝐵 = 2𝜌𝑆𝑔(ℎ + ∆ℎ)
(𝐹𝐵 − 𝐹𝐴 ) = 2𝜌𝑆𝑔∆ℎ
(Because the vector force is in the opposite direction)
= 2 × 1000 × 1.0 × 10−4 ಏ9.8 × 0.51 = 1.0 N
9.1.43. Water is conveyed through a tube 8 cm in diameter and 4 km in length at the rate of 1201/min.
Calculate the pressure required to maintain the flow. Coefficient of viscosity of water,  = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 sI
units. 1 atm = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 Pa.
Ans: Volume of liquid flowing per second
𝜋𝑟 4 𝑃
𝑉=
8𝑙
8𝑙𝑉 8×0.001×4000×0.002
𝑃= 𝜋𝑟 4
= 3.14×(0.04)4
= 0.0796 × 105 Pa
𝑃 0.0796×105
Pressure head ℎ = = = 0.8m
𝜌𝑔 1000×9.8

9.1.44. Two capillary tubes AB and BC are joined end to end at B. AB is 16cm long and of diameter 0.4cm. BC
is 4cm long and of diameter 0.2 cm. The composite tube is held horizontally as in Poiseuille’s
experiment, with A connected to a vessel of water giving a constant head of 3 cm and C open to air.
Calculate the pressure difference between B and C.
8𝑙1 𝑄 8𝑞 0.16 8𝑄(0.01)
Ans: 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 4
= 𝜋 (2× 10−3 )4
= 𝜋×10−12
… (1)
8𝑄 ×(0.04)
𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃0 = 𝜋×10−12
… (2)
Adding (1) and (2)
8𝑄 ×(0.05)
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃0 = 𝜋×10−12
… (3)
Dividing (2) by (3)
𝑃𝐵 −𝑃0
= 0.8
𝑃𝐴 −𝑃0

∴ 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃0 = 0.8 × (𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃0 ) = 0.8 × 3 = 2.4 cm of water.

9.1.45. Two raindrops fall through air with terminal velocity of 𝒗𝑻 cm/s. If the drops coalesce what will be the
new terminal velocity?
Ans: The terminal velocity 𝑣𝑇 is given by
2 (𝜌1 −𝜌2 )
𝑣𝑇 = 𝑟²𝑔 … (1)
8 

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P a g e | 17
where 𝑟 is the radius of the drop, 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 are the densities of the drop and air, respectively, 𝑔 is the gravity
and  is the coefficient of viscosity. If the new radius is 𝑟′ and the new terminal velocity 𝑣𝑇′ , then
𝑣𝑇′ 𝑟 ′2
𝑣𝑇
= 𝑟2
… (2)

Under the assumption that the drops are incompressible, the volume remains constant:
4𝜋 4𝜋 3
(𝑟 ′ )3 =2× 𝑟
3 3
1
∴ 𝑟 ′ = 23 𝑟 … (3)
Using (3) in (2)
2 1
𝑣𝑇′ = 23 𝑣𝑇 = 43 𝑣𝑇
.

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