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Chapter -1-odbms concepts

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) utilizes objects to implement real-world entities and aims to bind data with functions to enhance security and maintainability. Key concepts of OOP include classes, objects, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, which together facilitate code reusability and flexibility. The four main pillars of OOP are encapsulation, inheritance, data abstraction, and polymorphism.

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15 views3 pages

Chapter -1-odbms concepts

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) utilizes objects to implement real-world entities and aims to bind data with functions to enhance security and maintainability. Key concepts of OOP include classes, objects, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, which together facilitate code reusability and flexibility. The four main pillars of OOP are encapsulation, inheritance, data abstraction, and polymorphism.

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Woldeab Bisrat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

2 Overview of Object Oriented Programming Principles

As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages that use objects in
programming. Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like inheritance,
hiding, polymorphism, etc. in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data and the
functions that operate on them so that no other part of the code can access this data except that function.

OOPs Concepts:

 Class
 Objects
 Data Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic Binding
 Message Passing

1. Class:

A class is a user-defined data type. It consists of data members and member functions, which can be
accessed and used by creating an instance of that class. It represents the set of properties or methods that
are common to all objects of one type. A class is like a blueprint for an object.

For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars with different names and brands but
all of them will share some common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage
range, etc. So here, Car is the class, and wheels, speed limits, mileage are their properties.

2. Object:

It is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents the real-life entities. An Object is an
instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an
object is created) memory is allocated. An object has an identity, state, and behavior. Each object contains
data and code to manipulate the data. Objects can interact without having to know details of each other’s
data or code, it is sufficient to know the type of message accepted and type of response returned by the
objects.
For example “Dog” is a real-life Object, which has some characteristics like color, Breed, Bark, Sleep,
and Eats.

Object

3. Data Abstraction:

Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important features of object-oriented programming. Data
abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the outside world, hiding the
background details or implementation. Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only
knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the speed of the car or applying brakes will stop the car,
but he does not know about how on pressing the accelerator the speed is increasing, he does not know
about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of the accelerator, brakes, etc. in the car. This
is what abstraction is.

4. Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single unit. It is the mechanism that binds
together code and the data it manipulates. In Encapsulation, the variables or data of a class are hidden
from any other class and can be accessed only through any member function of their class in which they
are declared. As in encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, so it is also known
as data-hiding.

Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there are different sections like the accounts
section, finance section, sales section, etc. The finance section handles all the financial transactions and
keeps records of all the data related to finance. Similarly, the sales section handles all the sales-related
activities and keeps records of all the sales. Now there may arise a situation when for some reason an
official from the finance section needs all the data about sales in a particular month. In this case, he is not
allowed to directly access the data of the sales section. He will first have to contact some other officer in
the sales section and then request him to give the particular data. This is what encapsulation is. Here the
data of the sales section and the employees that can manipulate them are wrapped under a single name
“sales section”.

5. Inheritance:

Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming). The capability of a class to


derive properties and characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. When we write a class, we
inherit properties from other classes. So when we create a class, we do not need to write all the properties
and functions again and again, as these can be inherited from another class that possesses it. Inheritance
allows the user to reuse the code whenever possible and reduce its redundancy.

6. Polymorphism:

The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, we can define polymorphism as the
ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form. For example, a person at the same time can
have different characteristics. Like a man at the same time is a father, a husband, an employee. So the
same person possess different behavior in different situations. This is called polymorphism.

Why do we need object-oriented programming?

 To make the development and maintenance of projects more effortless.


 To provide the feature of data hiding that is good for security concerns.
 We can solve real-world problems if we are using object-oriented programming.
 It ensures code reusability.
 It provide flexibility

Noted: OOP has 4 pillars. Those are Encapsulation, inheritance, Data abstraction and polymorphism.

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