Computer

Hardware
Computer Unit,
University of Jaffna

1
2
 HARDWARE
Physical parts
System unit, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse, etc.
Parts inside the computer case,
such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard, video card, and many
others.
3 Physically touch.
 Structure of a Computer

4
 Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
⚫ Processes instructions
⚫ Performs calculations
⚫ Manages the flow of information
Control Unit:- compnents are controlled
and perform data processing operations.
ALU :- Arithmetic and Logical Unit,
• performs the arithmetic and logical
operations.
• addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division.
5 • equal, greater than, less than, greater
 Cache Memory
Mother Board

CPU

RAM

Registers

6
 Model (Intel) Model (Motorola) Year Speed (MHz)
(roughly)

8088 8
8086 68000 4–8
80186 68010 16
80286 68020 1982 20
80386DX 68030 1986 40
80486dx4 68040 1990 66 – 75
Pentium MMX Power PC 1997 166/200
Pentium II Power PC G3/G4 1997 350 – 450
Pentium III 2000 1200
Pentium IV 2001 1800 - 2000
7
 List of Intel Processors
Intel Processor Clock Speed
Pentium MMX 166 MHz – 200 MHz
Pentium II 350 MHz – 450 MHz
Pentium III 1200 MHz
Pentium IV 1800 MHz – 2000 MHz
Intel Pentium Dual 1.33GHz-2.93GHz
Core

Intel Core 1.06GHz-2.33GHz

Intel Core 2 1.06 GHz -3.33 GHz
Intel Core i3 (2 Cores) 2.4 GHz- 3.06 GHz
Intel Core i5 (4 Cores) 1.06 GHz -3.46 GHz
Intel Core i7 (6 or 8 1.6 GHz -3.33 GHz
8 Cores)
 BUS
⚫ Transfer data
⚫ Transfer address
⚫ Transfer control
signals

9
 The System ⚫ The main part
Unit ⚫ Case or chassis
⚫ Motherboard
⚫ Power supply
unit
⚫ Hard disk drives
⚫ CD/DVD drives
⚫ Ports -
connectors to
connect input,
10
output and
 Types of System Units
Notebook
Desktop

Personal Digital
Assistant

11
 Mother Board
Also called the "system board," it is the main printed circuit
board in an electronic device, which contains sockets that accept
additional boards.

12
 Motherboards of various sizes

13
 Components on the motherboard
Microprocessor (CPU)- Central processing unit
interprets and carries out instructions given by
software.

CPU
socket

CPU

14
RETURN
 Popular CPUs
Intel Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD)
Pentium IV
Pentium III

Pentium MMX

Cyrix Motorola (Apple)

15
 Memory

RAM

■ Memory is a term for a device that enables the computer to

retain (store) information.

16
 Categorisation of Computer Storage
devices

Type of Devices
medium
Semiconductor RAM, ROM, Flash
Magnetic Hard disk, Tape, Floppy
disk
Optical CD, DVD, Blu-ray
Type of Access Devices
Random access RAM, CMOS
Direct Access Hard disk, Floppy disk
Sequential Access Magnetic Tape
17
 Categorisation of Computer Storage
devices

Type of Meaning Devices

operation
Read only Information is stored BIOS
memory (ROM) permanently, cannot be
changed
Read and Write Data can be read, erased, RAM, CMOS,
written any number of Flash, Hard
times disk, Magnetic
Tape, Floppy
disk

18
 Categorisation of Semiconductor based
storage
Type of Meaning Devices
memory
Volatile Contents of the memory will be lost when there RAM, CMOS
is no power
Non-volatile Information is retained without power BIOS

Type of Meaning Devices

Memory
DRAM Dynamic RAM Main memory (RAM)
SRAM Static RAM - Cache memory
Fastest
Flash EEPROM Flash Drive, Memory
Memory Cards
19
 Categorisation of Semiconductor based
storage

Type of SRAM Meaning

Synchronous Dynamic RAM is synchronized with the motherboard's
Random Access speed. In other words, the speed of the RAM
Memory(SDRAM) matched the speed of the motherboard.

DDR SDRAM Double Data Rate SDRAM

Type of SDRAM No. of pins

SDRAM (DDR SDRAM) 168
DDR 184
DDR2 240
DDR3 240
DDR4 288
20
 Memory hierarchy

21
 Types of ROM
⚫ PROM
⚫ EPROM
⚫ EEPROM

22
 BIOS Chip
⚫ Basic input output system
⚫ So ware for booting
⚫ Performs the POST (power
on self test)

23
24
 Expansion Slots

ISA
Peripheral Component
Interconnect PCI
25
 Accelerated Graphics
Port

26
 Expansion Card
An expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in
computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a
computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system.

Typical Expansion Cards:

Video Cards
Sound Cards
Modem Cards
Network Interface
Cards (NIC)

27
 Expansion Cards

Video Sound
A video card generates the A sound card lets a
images displayed on the computer play and record
monitor. high-quality sound.

Modem (Internal) Networking

A modem card lets A network interface card
computers exchange lets connected computers
information through share information and
telephone lines. equipment.
28
29
Ports

⚫ Ports are sockets that allow

you to plug in device
connectors to access the
common electrical bus on
the motherboard.
⚫ Ports are usually found on
the back of the system unit,
but newer styles also have
some of them
conveniently located on
the front.
⚫ Ports allow specific types
of connectors (which
partly reflects changing
technology as well as
various kinds of
technology).
31
Types of Ports
Click on a port below to view information about it.
Click again to remove the text.

Sound
PS/2
Universal
Serial
Parallel
VGA
Game connector–
port
port–
port–
card
port–
Serial
(mouse
(keyboard
connectors–
Data
A Data
connector
Bus
Aflows
port)–
15
flows
(USB)–
port)–
pin
inAlso
Special
for
through
connector
a Special
series
Allows
high
called
serial
speed
eight
of
up
serial
jacks,
used
pulses,
to
port
wires
access
127
port
for
they
to
one
devices
monitors
allowing
connect
to
for
accept
after
connect
graphics-intensive
toanother
stereo
mouse.
the
bekeyboard.
transfer
connected
mini-plugs.
one bit
of eight
at
at aa
time.ofslow
time;
bits
interaction.
Microphone,
datadata
simultaneously;
line-in,
transfer
line-out,
rate.faster
and speaker
than serialconnectors
ports. are used.

32
33
34
35
Figure 11A: PATA connectors and cable, a Hard disk
connected with data and power cable

Figure 11B: SATA Cable and connectors, a Hard disk

connected Other
with typesdata
to look upand
and readpower
about: cable
 Power Supply

A power supply changes normal

household electricity into one
electricity that a computer can use.
A computer power supply typically is designed
to convert 110-240 V AC power from the
mains, to several low-voltage DC power
outputs for the internal components of the
computer

37