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Computer Genrations

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9 views

Computer Genrations

Uploaded by

gillw237
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name :

Waseem Masih

Section :
BSCS ( Boy-I )

Roll No :
O1F24UBSCS119
Generation’s of Computer

1. Vacuum Tubes (1940s - 1950s) :


The first generation of computers
used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Vacuum tubes
were large, fragile, and generated a lot of heat.
 Characteristics :
i. Very large machines.
ii. Slow processing speed.
iii. High power consumption.
iv. Required human operators to run.
v. Input/output was through punched cards and paper tapes.
 Example :
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer).

2. Transistors (1950s - 1960s) :


The second generation of computers
used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, faster, more
reliable, and consumed less power.
 Characteristics :
i. Smaller and faster than first-generation machines.
ii. More reliable and generated less heat.
iii. Stored programs in memory instead of being manually programmed
with punch cards.
iv. Input/output devices like keyboards and printers became more
common.
 Example :
IBM 7090, PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor).
3. Integrated Circuits (ICs) (1960s - 1970s) :
The third generation
saw the development of integrated circuits (ICs), which allowed many transistors
to be placed on a single chip, making computers even smaller and more efficient.

 Characteristics :
i. Smaller, faster, and more reliable than previous generations.
ii. Increased memory and storage capabilities.
iii. Use of high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and
COBOL.
iv. Use of operating systems for better resource management.
v. Introduction of peripherals like hard drives, monitors, and mice.
 Example :
IBM 360, DEC VAX.

4. Microprocessors (1970s - 1990s) :


The fourth generation is
defined by the microprocessor, where all the components of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU) were integrated onto a single chip.
 Characteristics :
i. Extremely powerful and compact computers.
ii. Introduction of personal computers (PCs).
iii. Widespread use of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), such as Windows.
iv. Computers became affordable for home and small business use.
v. Development of networking and the rise of the internet.
 Example :
Intel 4004 microprocessor, Apple II, IBM PC.

5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Quantum Computing


(1990s - Present) :
The fifth generation focuses on artificial
intelligence (AI), machine learning, and quantum computing. It involves
systems that can learn, reason, and make decisions.
 Characteristics :
i. Advanced computing with AI capabilities, including natural language
processing and speech recognition.
ii. Development of parallel processing and multi-core processors.
iii. Use of supercomputers and quantum computing to solve complex
problems.
iv. The internet of things (IoT), where devices are connected and
communicate with each other.
v. Introduction of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).
 Example :
IBM Watson, Google's Quantum AI, modern smartphones,
supercomputers like Fugaku.

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