BITS 1213 : OPERATING SYSTEMS

NAME : MUHAMAD HAFIZE B MASUTI MATRIC NUMBER : B031110445 COURSE : BITI TITLE : REVIEW LECTURER S NAME : NURUL AZMAH ZAKARIA

Review 1) Explain basic elements of a computer. CPU Main memory

i/o module

System bus

a) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The ALU is the digital circuit that is able to perform different types of functions, such as Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication etc. b) Control Unit: The control unit is the part of CPU (central processing unit) or other devices that performs the duty to direct its operations c) Central processing unit (CPU):is the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. d) Memory: The memory is another very important element of the computer without memory the computer can't operate in today's modern age it is called the RAM (Random Access Memory) when ever we give some instruction to the computer it passes through RAM to the Processor and the processor processes it and send it back. The main reason behind memory is that it is faster in communication with the processor then the other memory devices such as hard disk etc. e) Input/output devices: The input and output devices is another important element for example the processor is the input device and it gives its output to the monitor etc for output. There is another very important point the basic elements are considered as CPU (central Processing Unit), I/O devices, and Memory actually the CPU is the composition of different other elements such as ALU, Control Unit, Registers which is another type of memory. f) System bus : A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, anaddress bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation

2) Describe basic introduction cycle, use diagram to aid your answer.

3) What is interrupts? Describe classes of interrupts that you know. Interrupt is an event that alters the sequence in which the processor executes instructions. y Supervisor calls or SVC interrupts o These interrupts occur when the program issues an SVC to request a particular system service. An SVC interrupts the program being executed and passes control to the supervisor so that it can perform the service. I/O interrupts o These interrupts occur when the channel subsystem signals a change of status, such as an input/output (I/O) operation completing, an error occurring, or an I/O device such as a printer has become ready for work. External interrupts o These interrupts can indicate any of several events, such as a time interval expiring, the operator pressing the interrupt key on the console, or the processor receiving a signal from another processor. Restart interrupts o These interrupts occur when the operator selects the restart function at the console or when a restart SIGP (signal processor) instruction is received from another processor. Program interrupts o These interrupts are caused by program errors (for example, the program attempts to perform an invalid operation), page faults (the program references a page that is not in central storage), or requests to monitor an event. Machine check interrupts o These interrupts are caused by machine malfunctions. o When an interrupt occurs, the hardware saves pertinent information about the program that was interrupted and, if possible, disables the processor for further interrupts of the same type. The hardware then routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler routine.

4) Describe the memory hierarchy The hierarchical arrangement of memory storage in current computer architectures is called the memory hierarchy. It is designed to take advantage of memory locality in computer programs. Each level of the hierarchy is of higher speed and lower latency, and is of smaller size, than lower levels y y y y y Processor registers -fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle), only hundreds of bytes in size Level 1 (L1) cache often accessed in just a few cycles, usually tens of kilobytes Level 2 (L2) cache higher latency than L1 by 2 to 10, often 512 KiB or more Level 3 (L3) cache higher latency than L2, often several MB Main memory (DRAM) may take hundreds of cycles, but can be multiple gigabytes. Access times may not be uniform.

5) What is the principle of cache? Caches lead to performance improvements because of two basic principles y The principle of spatial locality o Instruction exercute sequentially The principle of temporal locality o Loops

6) Draw a diagram to show the relation of cache memory with CPU and main memory.

fetch CPU MEMORY(RAM)

load/read

7) Explain in brief what do you understand with these technique. a. Programmed I/O Programmed I/O (PIO) refers to data transfers initiated by a CPU under driver software control to access registers or memory on a device. The CPU issues a command then waits for I/O operations to be complete. As the CPU is faster than the I/O module, the problem with programmed I/O is that the CPU has to wait a long time for the I/O module of concern to be ready for either reception or transmission of data. The CPU, while waiting, must repeatedly check the status of the I/O module, and this process is known as Polling.

b. Interrupt-driven IO data transfer to or from the managed hardware might be delayed for any reason, the driver writer should implement buffering. Data buffers help to detach data transmission and reception from the write and read system calls, and overall system performance benefits.

c. Direct memory access (DMA) DMA is a method of transferring data from the computer's RAM to another part of the computer without processing it using the CPU. While most data that is input or output from your computer is processed by the CPU, some data does not require processing, or can be processed by another device. In these situations, DMA can save processing time and is a more efficient way to move data from the computer's memory to other devices.