Microbiology

VIRUSES
BT-112

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM ZUKHRA

 GROUP#3
BISMAH RAHIM KHAN
AREEHA SHAHID
LAIBA REHMAN KHATTAK
TAIBA ZULFIQAR
MARYAM MAJID
RABAIL BIBI
 Table Of Contents
Effects of viruses on human
01 Viruses basic characteristics 05 health

Prevention and control of

02 History or discovery of viruses 06 viral infections through
vaccines

Types of vaccine and thier

03 Virus structure 07 mechanism of action

04 Viral replication cycle 08 Emerging viral diseases

Challenges in combating
09 viral infections
INTRODUCTION
VIRUSES ARE EVRYWHERE!
These microscopic entities, much smaller than bacteria, are the most
abundant biological entity on Earth. Despite their simplicity – lacking
the machinery of a true cell – they possess the remarkable ability to
invade living organisms and cause disease.Viruses exhibit a wide
spectrum of effects, ranging from causing common colds to
triggering global pandemics. This presentation delves into the world
of viruses, exploring how they work, how they impact us, and how
we can combat them.
Viruses are on boderline of living and non-living organisms as they have dual
characteristics

Living Characteristics Non-Living Characteristics

1. Viruses occur in different varieties or strains. 1. They lack cellular structure which are basis of
2. They have their own genetic material in the life.
form of either DNA or RNA. 2. They do not have their own metabolic activity.
3. They reproduce using the metabolic 3. They do not respire.
machinery of the host cell they infect. 4. They can be crystalized and stored in bottles
4. They infect organisms and cause diseases. 5. Viruses behaves as nonliving, inert infectious
5. They get destroyed by ultravoilet rays. particles outside the host.
 HISTORY

1892 1898 1939 1796

Tobacco Mosaic Virus Term "virus" coined First electron Edward Jenner conducts
(TMV) was discovered by Martinus micrograph first successful smallpox
by Ivanovski Beijerinck of a virus vaccination using cowpox
virus
 HISTORY

1884 1935 1953

Chamberland's W.M.Stanley Yellow fever
Porcelain Filter crystallized vaccine was
Discovery TMV developed
STRUCTURE
A COMPLETE VIRAL PARTICAL IS CALLED VIRION. CAPSID
IT CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS
i.e, CORE AND COAT. COAT
ENVELOP
VIRUS
PARTICLE
GENOME
CORE

CORE
PROTIENS
 core
IT IS THE INNER PART OF THE VIRION
WHICH CONSIST OF VIRAL GENOME AND VARIOUS PROTIENS (ENZYMES)

GENOME CORE PROTIENS

It is the genetic It include one or more
material, that is either enzymes that facilitate
DNA or RNA, and may the virus in its mode of
be single stranded or action within host cell.
double sranded.
 COAT
IT IS THE OUTER COVERING OF THE VIRAL PARTICLE
WHICH CONSIST OF CAPSID AND ENVELOP

CAPSID ENVELOP GLYCOPROTIEN

SPIKES
It is the A few viruses have an
The viral envelop is often
protective coat additional lipoprotien covered with
of protien envelop around the GLYCOPROTIEN SPIKES
surrounding the capsid. that help them to
core. recongnize the host cell.
CAPSOMERS
Capsid is composed of identical repeating subunits called
capsomers.Which protects the genetic material of virus
The number of capsomers is specific to a particular kind of virus.
For example:Herpes virus has 162 capsomers while Adenovirus
contains 252 capsomers.
VIRAL REPLICATION CYCLE
ATTACHMENT
The viral protiens on the virus outer layer
interact with specific receptors on the surface
of host cell. This interaction determines which
types of cells the virus can infect.

PENETRATION
The process of attachment to a specific receptor can induce
conformational changes in viral capsid proteins, or the lipid
envelope, that results in the fusion of viral and cellular
membranes. Some DNA viruses can also enter the host cell
through receptor-mediated endocytes

UNCOAT
The viral capsid is removed and degraded by
viral enzymes or viral host enzymes releasing
the viral genomic nucleic acid
 VIRAL REPLICATION CYCLE
REPLICATION
Viral replication involves copying the viral genome and making
proteins. The viral genome is copied and transcribed, producing
viral mRNAs. These mRNAs are translated to make proteins, which
assemble new viral particles. This process varies between DNA
and RNA viruses.

ASSEMBLY
As Within the host cell, newly created viral genomes,
structural proteins, and enzymes assemble to form new viral
particles. This process varies depending on the virus

Maturation and Release

During the final stage of viral replication, the
newly synthesized viruses are releases from the
host cell either through budding or lysis of the
host cell
 EFFECTS OF VIRUSES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Disease spectrum
Viruses are responsible for a wide range of
illnesses in humans, from the familiar
nuisance of the common cold to challenging
conditions like influenza and life-threatening
diseases like HIV/AIDS.

Mental Health
Viral infections can impact mental health, leading to
anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), particularly during severe cases or
epidemics.

Autoimmune Diseases
In some cases, viral infections can trigger
autoimmune disorders. This happens when the
immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in
the body. Examples include type 1 diabetes and
rheumatoid arthritis
 EFFECTS OF VIRUSES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Cancer Development
Certain viruses, like HPV, are linked to an
increased risk of developing specific
cancers, such as cervical cancer.

Birth Defects and Pregnancy Complications

Some viruses, like Zika, can be transmitted from
mother to child during pregnancy, causing birth
defects or developmental issues in the baby. Viral
infections can also increase the risk of miscarriage
or premature birth

Direct vs. Indirect Effects

Viruses directly damage cells, causing symptoms like
fever and inflammation, and organ dysfunction. The
body's response (immune system activation) can also
lead to indirect effects like fatigue, aches, and appetite
loss.
 CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTIONS THROUGH
VACCINES

Immunological Training: Durable Immune Response: Herd Immunity Effect:

Vaccines introduce a weakened Following this training, the Vaccination benefits extend
or inactive form of a virus, or immune system retains memory of beyond individual protection.
specific viral components, to the the virus. If a future encounter When a significant portion of the
body. This controlled exposure with the real virus occurs, the population is vaccinated, herd
acts as a training exercise for immune system can respond immunity is established. This
the immune system, allowing it quickly and effectively, potentially creates a barrier that hinders
to recognize and develop preventing infection entirely or viral spread, even safeguarding
defenses against the actual virus significantly reducing its those who cannot be vaccinated
seriousness. due to medical reasons.
 CONTROL OF VIRAL INFECTIONS THROUGH
VACCINES

Reduced Disease Burden: Protection and long-lasting Vaccination Schedule: Vaccines

By preventing viral infections, immunity: Vaccines are amazing at are typically administered
vaccines help reduce the overall stopping viruses! They're super according to a recommended
burden of disease on healthcare effective, with some offering over schedule to ensure optimal
systems, decreasing 90% protection. Plus, they give you protection. boosters shots are
hospitalizations, medical long-lasting immunity, keeping you additional shots of vaccines that
healthy for years to come. So get act as reminder for strenghtning
expenses, and the need for
vaccinated and stay protected. immunity memory.
intensive care
 VACCINE EVOLUTION

Conventional vaccines Modern vaccines

are typically made from weakened or utilize advanced biotechnological
inactivated forms of the disease-causing methods. Developed with cutting-edge
germ, using traditional methods. They technologies like genetic engineering,
stimulate the immune system to they precisely target specific antigens
recognize and fight specific antigens or genetic sequences of the pathogen,
from the pathogen, providing protection exemplified by mRNA vaccines (e.g.,
against diseases like measles,influenza, Pfizer-BioNTech) and protein subunit
and polio etc. vaccines.
TYPES OF VACCINE AND THIER
MECHANISM OF ACTION
TYPES OF VACCINE AND THIER
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Emerging disease is a term used to describe the
appearance of a previously unrecognized
infection in a particular host species, or a
previously known infection that has expanded
into a new place.
Below are some examples of emerging viral
diseases:
1. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
2. Zika Virus Infection
3. COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2)
4. Nipah Virus Infection
Caused by: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus.
Symptoms: Fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss
of taste or smell, sore throat.
Transmission: Mainly through respiratory droplets, close
contact with infected individuals, or touching contaminated
surfaces.
Geographic Distribution: Emerged in Wuhan, China, and
became a worldwide pandemic, affecting millions globally.
TREATMENT: No specific cure exists for COVID-19,
treatments focus on managing symptoms and improving
outcomes, with vaccination offering the best protection.
Caused by: Zika virus
Symptoms: Fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes, muscle pain,
headache.
Transmission: Mosquito bites, sexual transmission, blood
transfusion, mother-to-child during pregnancy
Geographic Distribution: Initially reported in Africa and
Asia, with outbreaks in the Americas and other regions.
TREATMENT: involves managing symptoms and
providing supportive care, as there is currently no
specific antiviral treatment available
Caused by: Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae
family..
Symptoms: Fever, severe headache, muscle pain,
fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic manifestations
(bleeding).
Transmission: Direct contact with bodily fluids of
infected individuals or animals
Geographic Distribution: Primarily in sub-Saharan Africa,
with occasional outbreaks..
TREATMENT: for Ebola Virus Disease focuses on
supportive care to manage symptoms and
complications.
Caused by: Nipah virus
Symptoms: Initially flu-like symptoms, progressing to acute
respiratory illness and encephalitis, with a high mortality rate.
Transmission: Mainly through direct contact with infected
animals or consumption of contaminated food or beverages.
Geographic Distribution: Outbreaks have occurred in South
and Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and
India.
TREATMENT: for Nipah Virus Infection focuses on easing
symptoms and providing supportive care, as there's no
specific medicine for it.
 Addressing the multifaceted challenges of
combating viral infections necessitates
comprehensive strategies and collaboration
to safeguard public health on a global scale.
 CHALLENGES IN COMBATING VIRUSES
ANTIVIRAL VACCINE
RESISTANCE: HESITANCY
Viruses can develop Resistance to
resistance to antiviral vaccination can hinder
medications over time, efforts to achieve herd
making treatment less immunity and control
effective and complicating viral spread within
disease management communities
CHALLENGES IN COMBATING VIRUSES
VACCINE BEHAVIORAL
DEVELOPMENT FACTORS:
Developing vaccines against Human behavior, such as poor
viruses can be challenging hygiene practices, overcrowding,
due to factors such as viral and resistance to public health
variability, safety concerns, measures, can contribute to viral
and the need for rigorous transmission and hinder
testing to ensure efficacy containment efforts
CHALLENGES IN COMBATING VIRUSES
GLOBAL SPREAD: VIRAL EVOLUTION:
Viral infections can quickly Viruses can undergo genetic
spread across borders due to mutations, leading to the
globalization, international emergence of new variants
travel, and trade, making with altered transmissibility,
containment and control virulence, or resistance to
efforts more complex. treatment or vaccines.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, viruses, with their unique
structures and replication cycles, have profound
effects on human health, both historically and in
the present day. Through the discovery of
vaccines and advancements in prevention and
control measures, we have made significant
Progress in combating viral infections. However,
the emergence of new viral diseases poses
ongoing challenges, highlighting the importance
of continued research, vigilance, and
collaboration in our efforts to protect global
health against evolving viral threats.
Thank You