Class 12 Mathematics NCERT Formula Sheet

Comprehensive Chapter-wise Formulas

 1. Relations and Functions

Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a) in R for all a in A.

Symmetric Relation: A relation R is symmetric if (a, b) in R implies (b, a) in R.

Transitive Relation: A relation R is transitive if (a, b) in R and (b, c) in R implies (a, c) in R.

Types of Functions: One-one (Injective), Onto (Surjective), Bijective (Both Injective and
Surjective).

Composition of Functions: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Inverse of a Function: If f(x) = y, then f^-1(y) = x.

Binary Operations: A binary operation * on set A is a function *: A * A -> A.

Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a) in R for all a in A.

Symmetric Relation: A relation R is symmetric if (a, b) in R implies (b, a) in R.

Transitive Relation: A relation R is transitive if (a, b) in R and (b, c) in R implies (a, c) in R.

Types of Functions: One-one (Injective), Onto (Surjective), Bijective (Both Injective and
Surjective).

Composition of Functions: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Inverse of a Function: If f(x) = y, then f^-1(y) = x.

Binary Operations: A binary operation * on set A is a function *: A * A -> A.

Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a) in R for all a in A.

Symmetric Relation: A relation R is symmetric if (a, b) in R implies (b, a) in R.

Transitive Relation: A relation R is transitive if (a, b) in R and (b, c) in R implies (a, c) in R.

Types of Functions: One-one (Injective), Onto (Surjective), Bijective (Both Injective and
Surjective).

Composition of Functions: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Inverse of a Function: If f(x) = y, then f^-1(y) = x.

Binary Operations: A binary operation * on set A is a function *: A * A -> A.

Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a) in R for all a in A.

Symmetric Relation: A relation R is symmetric if (a, b) in R implies (b, a) in R.

Transitive Relation: A relation R is transitive if (a, b) in R and (b, c) in R implies (a, c) in R.

Types of Functions: One-one (Injective), Onto (Surjective), Bijective (Both Injective and
Surjective).

Composition of Functions: (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Inverse of a Function: If f(x) = y, then f^-1(y) = x.

Binary Operations: A binary operation * on set A is a function *: A * A -> A.

 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

sin^-1(x) + cos^-1(x) = pi/2

tan^-1(x) + cot^-1(x) = pi/2

sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1(x)

cos^-1(-x) = pi - cos^-1(x)

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [-pi/2, pi/2]

cos^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [0, pi]

tan^-1(x): Domain (-infinity,infinity), Range (-pi/2, pi/2)

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(a) + cos^-1(a) = pi/2

tan^-1(a) + cot^-1(a) = pi/2

sec^-1(a) + csc^-1(a) = pi/2

sin^-1(x) + cos^-1(x) = pi/2

tan^-1(x) + cot^-1(x) = pi/2

sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1(x)

cos^-1(-x) = pi - cos^-1(x)

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [-pi/2, pi/2]

cos^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [0, pi]

tan^-1(x): Domain (-infinity,infinity), Range (-pi/2, pi/2)

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(a) + cos^-1(a) = pi/2

tan^-1(a) + cot^-1(a) = pi/2

sec^-1(a) + csc^-1(a) = pi/2

sin^-1(x) + cos^-1(x) = pi/2

tan^-1(x) + cot^-1(x) = pi/2

sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1(x)

cos^-1(-x) = pi - cos^-1(x)

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [-pi/2, pi/2]

cos^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [0, pi]

tan^-1(x): Domain (-infinity,infinity), Range (-pi/2, pi/2)

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(a) + cos^-1(a) = pi/2

tan^-1(a) + cot^-1(a) = pi/2

sec^-1(a) + csc^-1(a) = pi/2

sin^-1(x) + cos^-1(x) = pi/2

tan^-1(x) + cot^-1(x) = pi/2

sin^-1(-x) = -sin^-1(x)

cos^-1(-x) = pi - cos^-1(x)

Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [-pi/2, pi/2]

cos^-1(x): Domain [-1,1], Range [0, pi]

tan^-1(x): Domain (-infinity,infinity), Range (-pi/2, pi/2)

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

sin^-1(a) + cos^-1(a) = pi/2

tan^-1(a) + cot^-1(a) = pi/2

sec^-1(a) + csc^-1(a) = pi/2

 3. Matrices

Matrix: A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.

Types of Matrices: Row, Column, Square, Diagonal, Scalar, Identity, Zero, Symmetric,
Skew-Symmetric.

Matrix Addition: A + B = [a_ij] + [b_ij] = [a_ij + b_ij]

Scalar Multiplication: kA = [k * a_ij]

Matrix Multiplication: If A is m*n and B is n*p, then AB is m*p matrix.

Transpose of a Matrix: (ATranspose)_ij = A_ji

Determinant of a Square Matrix: det(A) = sum of cofactor expansions.

Inverse of a Matrix: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A), if det(A) != 0.

Matrix: A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.

Types of Matrices: Row, Column, Square, Diagonal, Scalar, Identity, Zero, Symmetric,
Skew-Symmetric.

Matrix Addition: A + B = [a_ij] + [b_ij] = [a_ij + b_ij]

Scalar Multiplication: kA = [k * a_ij]

Matrix Multiplication: If A is m*n and B is n*p, then AB is m*p matrix.

Transpose of a Matrix: (ATranspose)_ij = A_ji

Determinant of a Square Matrix: det(A) = sum of cofactor expansions.

Inverse of a Matrix: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A), if det(A) != 0.

Matrix: A rectangular arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.

Types of Matrices: Row, Column, Square, Diagonal, Scalar, Identity, Zero, Symmetric,
Skew-Symmetric.

Matrix Addition: A + B = [a_ij] + [b_ij] = [a_ij + b_ij]

Scalar Multiplication: kA = [k * a_ij]

Matrix Multiplication: If A is m*n and B is n*p, then AB is m*p matrix.

Transpose of a Matrix: (ATranspose)_ij = A_ji

Determinant of a Square Matrix: det(A) = sum of cofactor expansions.

Inverse of a Matrix: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A), if det(A) != 0.

 4. Determinants

Determinant of a 2*2 Matrix: det(A) = ad - bc for matrix A = [[a, b], [c, d]].

Determinant of a 3*3 Matrix: Expansion along a row or column.

Properties of Determinants:

1. If two rows/columns are interchanged, sign changes.

2. If all elements of a row/column are multiplied by k, det is multiplied by k.

3. If two rows/columns are identical, det = 0.

Cofactors and Adjoint of a Matrix: Cofactor C_ij = (-1)^(i+j) * M_ij.

Inverse Using Determinants: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A).

System of Equations Using Matrices: AX = B -> X = A¹B, if det(A) != 0.

Determinant of a 2*2 Matrix: det(A) = ad - bc for matrix A = [[a, b], [c, d]].

Determinant of a 3*3 Matrix: Expansion along a row or column.

Properties of Determinants:

1. If two rows/columns are interchanged, sign changes.

2. If all elements of a row/column are multiplied by k, det is multiplied by k.

3. If two rows/columns are identical, det = 0.

Cofactors and Adjoint of a Matrix: Cofactor C_ij = (-1)^(i+j) * M_ij.

Inverse Using Determinants: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A).

System of Equations Using Matrices: AX = B -> X = A¹B, if det(A) != 0.

Determinant of a 2*2 Matrix: det(A) = ad - bc for matrix A = [[a, b], [c, d]].

Determinant of a 3*3 Matrix: Expansion along a row or column.

Properties of Determinants:

1. If two rows/columns are interchanged, sign changes.

2. If all elements of a row/column are multiplied by k, det is multiplied by k.

3. If two rows/columns are identical, det = 0.

Cofactors and Adjoint of a Matrix: Cofactor C_ij = (-1)^(i+j) * M_ij.

Inverse Using Determinants: A¹ = adj(A) / det(A).

System of Equations Using Matrices: AX = B -> X = A¹B, if det(A) != 0.

 5. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity at a point: lim (x->c) f(x) = f(c).

Differentiability: A function is differentiable at x if f'(x) exists.

Derivative of a function: f'(x) = lim (h->0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h.

Derivative of Standard Functions:

d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1)

d/dx (sin x) = cos x

d/dx (cos x) = -sin x

d/dx (tan x) = sec^2 x

d/dx (e^x) = e^x

d/dx (ln x) = 1/x

Chain Rule: If y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x).

Logarithmic Differentiation: Differentiate both sides after taking ln.

Continuity at a point: lim (x->c) f(x) = f(c).

Differentiability: A function is differentiable at x if f'(x) exists.

Derivative of a function: f'(x) = lim (h->0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h.

Derivative of Standard Functions:

d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1)

d/dx (sin x) = cos x

d/dx (cos x) = -sin x

d/dx (tan x) = sec^2 x

d/dx (e^x) = e^x

d/dx (ln x) = 1/x

Chain Rule: If y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x).

Logarithmic Differentiation: Differentiate both sides after taking ln.

Continuity at a point: lim (x->c) f(x) = f(c).

Differentiability: A function is differentiable at x if f'(x) exists.

Derivative of a function: f'(x) = lim (h->0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h.

Derivative of Standard Functions:

d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1)

d/dx (sin x) = cos x

d/dx (cos x) = -sin x

d/dx (tan x) = sec^2 x

d/dx (e^x) = e^x

d/dx (ln x) = 1/x

Chain Rule: If y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x).

Logarithmic Differentiation: Differentiate both sides after taking ln.

Continuity at a point: lim (x->c) f(x) = f(c).

Differentiability: A function is differentiable at x if f'(x) exists.

Derivative of a function: f'(x) = lim (h->0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h.

Derivative of Standard Functions:

d/dx (x^n) = n*x^(n-1)

d/dx (sin x) = cos x

d/dx (cos x) = -sin x

d/dx (tan x) = sec^2 x

d/dx (e^x) = e^x

d/dx (ln x) = 1/x

Chain Rule: If y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x).

Logarithmic Differentiation: Differentiate both sides after taking ln.

 6. Applications of Derivatives

Rate of Change: dy/dx represents rate of change of y with respect to x.

Increasing & Decreasing Functions:

1. f'(x) > 0 -> Increasing function.

2. f'(x) < 0 -> Decreasing function.

Tangents and Normals:

Equation of Tangent: y - y = m(x - x), where m = f'(x).

Equation of Normal: Perpendicular to tangent at (x, y), slope = -1/m.

Maxima and Minima:

1. If f''(x) > 0, local minima at x.

2. If f''(x) < 0, local maxima at x.

Rate of Change: dy/dx represents rate of change of y with respect to x.

Increasing & Decreasing Functions:

1. f'(x) > 0 -> Increasing function.

2. f'(x) < 0 -> Decreasing function.

Tangents and Normals:

Equation of Tangent: y - y = m(x - x), where m = f'(x).

Equation of Normal: Perpendicular to tangent at (x, y), slope = -1/m.

Maxima and Minima:

1. If f''(x) > 0, local minima at x.

2. If f''(x) < 0, local maxima at x.

Rate of Change: dy/dx represents rate of change of y with respect to x.

Increasing & Decreasing Functions:

1. f'(x) > 0 -> Increasing function.

2. f'(x) < 0 -> Decreasing function.

Tangents and Normals:

Equation of Tangent: y - y = m(x - x), where m = f'(x).

Equation of Normal: Perpendicular to tangent at (x, y), slope = -1/m.

Maxima and Minima:

1. If f''(x) > 0, local minima at x.

2. If f''(x) < 0, local maxima at x.

Rate of Change: dy/dx represents rate of change of y with respect to x.

Increasing & Decreasing Functions:

1. f'(x) > 0 -> Increasing function.

2. f'(x) < 0 -> Decreasing function.

Tangents and Normals:

Equation of Tangent: y - y = m(x - x), where m = f'(x).

Equation of Normal: Perpendicular to tangent at (x, y), slope = -1/m.

Maxima and Minima:

1. If f''(x) > 0, local minima at x.

2. If f''(x) < 0, local maxima at x.

 7. Integrals

Integration as Inverse of Differentiation.

Integral x^n dx = (x^(n+1)) / (n+1) + C, for n != -1.

Integral e^x dx = e^x + C.

Integral 1/x dx = ln |x| + C.

Integration by Substitution: If I = Integral f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, use substitution t = g(x).

Integration by Parts: Integral u dv = uv - Integral v du.

Definite Integrals: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F'(x) = f(x).

Integration as Inverse of Differentiation.

Integral x^n dx = (x^(n+1)) / (n+1) + C, for n != -1.

Integral e^x dx = e^x + C.

Integral 1/x dx = ln |x| + C.

Integration by Substitution: If I = Integral f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, use substitution t = g(x).

Integration by Parts: Integral u dv = uv - Integral v du.

Definite Integrals: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F'(x) = f(x).

Integration as Inverse of Differentiation.

Integral x^n dx = (x^(n+1)) / (n+1) + C, for n != -1.

Integral e^x dx = e^x + C.

Integral 1/x dx = ln |x| + C.

Integration by Substitution: If I = Integral f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, use substitution t = g(x).

Integration by Parts: Integral u dv = uv - Integral v du.

Definite Integrals: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F'(x) = f(x).

Integration as Inverse of Differentiation.

Integral x^n dx = (x^(n+1)) / (n+1) + C, for n != -1.

Integral e^x dx = e^x + C.

Integral 1/x dx = ln |x| + C.

Integration by Substitution: If I = Integral f(g(x)) g'(x) dx, use substitution t = g(x).

Integration by Parts: Integral u dv = uv - Integral v du.

Definite Integrals: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F'(x) = f(x).

 8. Applications of Integrals

Area under Curve: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under y = f(x).

Area Between Curves: Integral[a to b] (f(x) - g(x)) dx, where f(x) >= g(x).

Applications in Physics: Work done as Integral F dx.

Area under Curve: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under y = f(x).

Area Between Curves: Integral[a to b] (f(x) - g(x)) dx, where f(x) >= g(x).

Applications in Physics: Work done as Integral F dx.

Area under Curve: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under y = f(x).

Area Between Curves: Integral[a to b] (f(x) - g(x)) dx, where f(x) >= g(x).

Applications in Physics: Work done as Integral F dx.

Area under Curve: Integral[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under y = f(x).

Area Between Curves: Integral[a to b] (f(x) - g(x)) dx, where f(x) >= g(x).

Applications in Physics: Work done as Integral F dx.

 9. Differential Equations

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of a function.

Order of a Differential Equation: Order of the highest derivative present.

Degree: The power of the highest derivative after removing radicals.

General Solution: Contains arbitrary constants.

Particular Solution: Obtained by substituting given conditions.

Methods of Solving:

1. Variable Separation Method: Rewrite equation in dy/dx = f(x)g(y) form.

2. Homogeneous Equations: Rewrite as dy/dx = F(y/x).

3. Linear Equations: dy/dx + Py = Q solved using integrating factor.

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of a function.

Order of a Differential Equation: Order of the highest derivative present.

Degree: The power of the highest derivative after removing radicals.

General Solution: Contains arbitrary constants.

Particular Solution: Obtained by substituting given conditions.

Methods of Solving:

1. Variable Separation Method: Rewrite equation in dy/dx = f(x)g(y) form.

2. Homogeneous Equations: Rewrite as dy/dx = F(y/x).

3. Linear Equations: dy/dx + Py = Q solved using integrating factor.

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of a function.

Order of a Differential Equation: Order of the highest derivative present.

Degree: The power of the highest derivative after removing radicals.

General Solution: Contains arbitrary constants.

Particular Solution: Obtained by substituting given conditions.

Methods of Solving:

1. Variable Separation Method: Rewrite equation in dy/dx = f(x)g(y) form.

2. Homogeneous Equations: Rewrite as dy/dx = F(y/x).

3. Linear Equations: dy/dx + Py = Q solved using integrating factor.

Definition: An equation involving derivatives of a function.

Order of a Differential Equation: Order of the highest derivative present.

Degree: The power of the highest derivative after removing radicals.

General Solution: Contains arbitrary constants.

Particular Solution: Obtained by substituting given conditions.

Methods of Solving:

1. Variable Separation Method: Rewrite equation in dy/dx = f(x)g(y) form.

2. Homogeneous Equations: Rewrite as dy/dx = F(y/x).

3. Linear Equations: dy/dx + Py = Q solved using integrating factor.