C-Programming

Programming C= Chapter-1
 Programming C= Chapter-1

OUTLINE
Ø Introduction to Computer
Ø Introduction to computer
Ø Computer System
Ø Function of computer
Ø Feature of
Ø Generation of Computer
Ø First to 5th generation of computer
Ø Block diagram of computer
Ø Discussion of input and output devices
Ø CPU
Ø Memory and it type
Ø Use of computer
Ø Computer Network
Ø LAN , MAN and WAN
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q INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER
- A computer is a multipurpose programmable, electronic data processing device that
accept data & instruction as input process it to produce desired or useful output.
- Computer accept data and instructions from input terminal store it in memory
- The processor takes the stored data and instructions from memory and process it to give
output or result .

Or,
- A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks according to a
set of instructions called a program. It is a versatile and programmable machine capable
of executing a wide range of operations, from simple calculations to complex computati
ons. Computers have become an integral part of modern life and are used in various fiel
ds, including business, education, healthcare, entertainment, and scientific research.
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§ Features of computer or characteristics of computer
- Feature of computer are as follows
§ Speed :
- Data processing speed of computer is very fast
- Signals is in form of electricity and has speed of light ( 10^8m/s)
- Processing seed of processor is usually measured in Million Instruction persecond.
Speed = Hz ( Herz)
f( Hz) = 1/ Time or second i.e 1Hz = 1sc = 1 instruction
1MHz = 10^6 instruction
§ Accuracy : 1GHz = 10^9 instruction
- Accuracy of computer is very high almost 100%
§ Word length
- The no of bits that a computer can process at time is called word length
- Commonly computer uses 8,16,32 64 bit word length (0,1)
Bit = 0,1
Byte = 8 bit
§ Automation :
- Computer is an automatic machine, once the appropriate set of instructions ( program) a
nd data are provided the computer process it automatically
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§ Diligence :
- Compute can perform repetitive task without being board and never get tired
§ Reliability
- It is reliable because it does not make any mistake.
§ Versatile
- Computer can perform different tasks
§ Storage capacity :
- A Computer can store a huge amount of data and the data storage area is called memory
- As we know ;
Bit = 0,1
1 Byte = 8 bit
1KB = 1024 byte
1MB = 1024 KB (2^10)
1GB = 1024 MB
1TB = 1024 GB
1PB = 1024 TB
1EB = 1024 PB (exa )
1ZB = 1024 EB (zetta)
1YB = 1024 ZB (Yotta)
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§ Function of computer
- Computer perform a variety of tasks including calculations , data processing and
communication by following a set of instruction called a program.
- Data processing i.e Computer can collect, store , process and analyze large amount of d
ata to make decision
- Communication: computer can be used for communication eg email, video conferencing
- Entertainment
- Education and research
- Graphic design
- Business and commerce
- Scientific and engineering
- Automation
- Health and medical field
§ Advantage of computer
- Computer is an accurate hight speed, versatile & diligence machine
- Computer save time and give error free result
- It can solve very large and complex problem easily
- Provide high accuracy
- It can handle or store an manipulate large amount of data
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§ Disadvantages of computer
- It is a dull machine, it can not think and give decision on their own.
- User dependent
- It can not operate without battery and electricity
- Software & equipment's are expensive
- Repair , update and maintenance are required.
§ History of computer
- The term 'Computer' was first introduced in 1640 and referred to as 'one who calculates'
or calculating machine
- The History or development of computer can be divided into three eras.
1. Mechanical era
2. Electro- Mechanical era
3. Electronic era
1. Mechanical era
1. Abacus : Abacus computer is a tool used for calculations.(3000 yrs ageo)

- Heaven
- Hell
- Mid-bar
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1. Mechanical era
2. Napier's bones: it is a manually-operated calculation device invented by the
Scottish mathematician John Napier in the early 17th century. (1550-1617)

2. Slide rule by William oughtred 1620AD : calculation tool

3. Pascaline : by Blaise pascal : mechanical calculating devices
4. The Leibniz calculator( stepped reckoner):by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
– Consist a series of drums(from. 0 to 9)
6. Jacquard loom : by Joseph Marie jacquard : textile tool.
7. Difference Engine/ Analytical Engine: by Charles Babbage ( 1791-1871AD)
– To calculate values of polynomial functions.
– Components : gears, levers, and rotating shafts, ALU, store(memory), punch card
(input),output printer
8. Augusta Ada Lovelace's : first computer program or algorithm.
2. George Boole
3. Hermon Hollerith : punch card machine .
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2. Electro - Mechanical Era
1. The mark 1 (1937 – 1944) : by Haward Aiken- vacuum tube – has 7.5 lakha parts
2. The atanas of Berry coputer ( 1939 -1949)
3. The colossus ( (1941-1944)
3. The electronic Era
1. ENIAC(1943-1963)
– Electronic numerical integrated & calculator
– Vacuum tube
2. EDIVAC ( 1646 - 1952)
– Electronic discrete variable automatic computer
– Vacuum tube ( with internal storage)
3. EDSAC 1959 - IC developed
– Electronic delay storage automatic calculator Intel 4004 microprocessor
4. The UNIVAC 1975 : first personal computer
– Universal automatic computer (1940-1950) 195: Pentium pro intel
1997: intel pentium II
2000: intel pentium 4
2006 core 2 deu
2010 core I3:
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q Generation of Computer:
- Development of computer on the basis of technology, architecture, language, operations,
size and cost on average period of time
- The history of computer is basically divided into five generation
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q Block Diagram of computer
- The computer system is the combination of all the functional components of a computer
and its associated hardware that work together to accomplish one or more common goal

- The logical structure or block diagram consist of the following four major functional
components
1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output Unit
4. The memory unit (Main memory , Auxiliary/secondary Storage )
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1. Input Unit
- It contains devices with the help of which we can enter data into the computer
- This unit Create link (interface) between computer and use and translates the information
to computer understandable form.
- Some of the common input devices are listed below .
- Keyboard : (alphanumeric, Punctuation and special (functional )
- Eg. XT-83keys extended technology/ AT-104keys : Advanced Technology
- Mouse : pointing device(mechanical, optical)
- Scanners: take input of the paper and images.
- Microphone: audio input
- Light pen : Light-sensitive stylus or pen like device
- Joystick/ trackpad/light pen/ Barcode reader/ OCR : playing game/mouse variant/pen/scanner
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- CPU is called the brain of the computer
- It primary function is to execute the instructions
- The function of the CPU are :
Ø To carry out the processing
Ø To give commands to all components of the computer system
Ø To control the sequence of operation
Ø To control the storage of data and perform calculations
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- The different parts of the CPU are
1. Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU)
Ø Perform arithmetic and logic operons (addition, subtraction, div, multiplicat
ion and logical operations ( comparisons like greater than, less than )
2. Control Unit(CU) : it Supervise, control and coordinate the activity of other unit
3. Register array : fastest memory of CPU uses during program execution.
3. Output Unit:
- It consist of set of devices which used to provide the output or result to the user
- It translate computer's output to human understandable form
eg. Monitor(gives softcopy) and printer (hardcopy )
4. Memory Unit;
- Memory units are the storage areas of computer used to store data. Or instruction tempor
arily and permanently.
- The digital computer contain primary memory and secondary memory
- Primary memory are : it store data and program during execution
- RAM (DRAM,SRAM),
- ROM(PROM, EPROM,EEPROM), cache/register.
- Secondary memory : it use to store data permanently
- magnetic tape , magnetic disk , pen drive , CD-ROM, DVD (digital video disk), Blu-ray
disc, flash memory (memory card , pen drive)
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q Computer System
- A computer system is a basic, full-featured hardware and software configuration with all t
he components needed to perform computing operations.
- A typical computer system consists of the following key components:
- Hardware Components:
- Physical component of computer system such
- CPU : it is Brian of the computer use to executes instruction and perform calculations
- RAM : Random access Memory provides temporary storage for data and instruction that
CPU is actively use it.
- Storage Devices : Hard drives, solid-state drives(SSDs)
- Input Devices : Device such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens and scanners
- Output Devices : Monitor, printer, speakers, and other devices
- Motherboard : The main circuit board that connects all components
- Graphic Processing Unit(GPU) : used for rendering graphics for tasks like gaming and vi
deo editing
- Power Supply : provide electrical power to the computer components
- Networking components : Network interface cards(NIC) routers and other computers and
the internet
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2. Software components:
- Operating system : software that manages hardware resources and provides a user interfac
e eg. Windows, macOS& Linux
- Device Drivers : Software that allows the operating system to communicate with hardwar
e devices.
- Application software: Program designed for specific tasks or functions eg. Web browsers
and game
- Utilities : software tools that perform system maintenance tasks eg. Antivirus and disk cle
anup
- Firmware : software embedded in hardware devices often providing low-level control and
functionality
2. Connectivity :
- Network and communication protocols that enable computers to connect with each
other and exchange data.
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q Computer Network:
- A computer network is defined as two or more computer interconnected together by com
munication medium i.e wire , wireless for the purpose of sharing information like file
and software and other hardware resource like printer and hard disk.
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Advantage of computer Network
i. Resource Sharing (CD-Rom , printer, hard disk program and file)
ii. Centralized Control and Management (Client-Server)
iii. Speedy and cost-effective communication ( social media)
iv. Backup and recovery : Data are securely in server
v. Flexible access [ any where]
vi. Work group computing [Microsoft office]
Disadvantage:
i. Expensive
ii. Security problem (Data share publicly, hacking , spoofing)
iii. Needs special technical knowledge : skilled man power is required
iv. Network failure.
q Type of network :
- Computer network is broadly classified into 3 type on the basis of geographical are cove
rage
1. Local area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide area Network (WAN)
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1. Local area Network (MAN)
– LAN is inter connection of computer in limited geographical area like in single room, wit
hin a building, office, campus or spread up to few kilo meters.

- Features:
- It covers small geographic area about 1 meter to few kilometers
- It is generally owned by single organization
- It offers high speed data transfer
- The computer are generally connected with cables
- Run at speed of 10 Mbps to 100 Mpbs
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Advantage
- Data transmission speed is faster than MAN and WAN
- High security
- Cheaper
- It easier to establish, manage and operate
Disadvantage
- Limited only o small area
- Connect only a small no of computes
- Disadvantage:
- Limited only on small area
2). Metropolitan Area Network
- MAN is extended up to a city or large geographical area then LAN
- A MAN can connect several LAN
MAN = LAN1+LAN2+LAN2
- It can be either wired or wireless
- This network mostly uses bridges, repeater router and switches
- Eg Cable TV
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2). Metropolitan Area Network
- MAN is extended up to a city or large geographical area then LAN
- MANs may use a variety of connectivity options, including fiber-optic cables, microwave
links, and other high-speed technologies.
- A MAN can connect several LAN i.e Interconnected LANs:
MAN = LAN1+LAN2+LAN2
- It can be either wired or wireless
- This network mostly uses bridges, repeater router and switches
- Eg Cable TV
- Private and Public MANs:
3). Wide Area Network
- computer network that spans over a large geographical area, typically a city, country, or e
ven across international borders
- It has Interconnected LANs and MANs
- WANs use various transmission technologies, including dedicated leased lines, fiber-optic
cables, satellite links, and public networks
- WANs often utilize standard networking protocols such as TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) for communication.