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The document provides an introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and its key features, including classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It emphasizes the advantages of OOP, such as modularization and software re-use, and compares it to conventional programming practices. Additionally, it introduces Java as a versatile programming language that supports OOP principles and is designed for internet applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views376 pages

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BITS Pilani

BITS Pilani Avinash Gautam

Department of Computer Science and Information Systems
Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Object Oriented Programming (CS F213)

 A class should:
 Provide a well-defined interface - such as the remote control of

the television.
 Represent a clear concept - such as the concept of a television.

 Be complete and well-documented - the television should have a

plug and should have a manual that documents all features.

 The code should be robust - it should not crash, like the

television.

 With a functional programming language (like C)

 The component parts of the television scattered everywhere.

 Users would be responsible for making them work correctly.

 No case surrounding the electronic components.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

An Object-Oriented Class
 Humans use class based descriptions all the time.
 Classes allow us a way to represent complex structures within a
programming language. They have two components:
 States - (or data) are the values that the object has.

 Polymorphism means "multiple forms".

 In OOP these multiple forms refer to multiple forms of the same
method, where the exact same method name can be used in different
classes, or the same method name can be used in the same class with
slightly different parameters.
 There are two forms of polymorphism:
 Over-riding

Characteristics of Java

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Characteristics of Java

• Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java

programs. The programs are compiled into
• Java Is Object-Oriented the Java Virtual Machine code called
• Java Is Distributed bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
independent and can run on any machine
• Java Is Interpreted that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
• Java Is Robust the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
• Java Is Secure
• Java Is Architecture-Neutral
• Java Is Portable
• Java's Performance
• Java Is Multithreaded
• Java Is Dynamic
9

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Characteristics of Java

• Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems

Popular Java IDEs

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

Proper Indentation and Spacing
• Indentation
– Indent two spaces.

• Spacing
– Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Programming Errors

Lecture -3 [Variables, Operators, Expressions, Statements and Blocks]

Lecture Outline

Language Basics
 Variables
 Primitive Data Types
 Operators
 Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary Operators
 Equality, Relational, and Conditional Operators
 Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
 Expressions, Statements, and Blocks
 Control Flow Statements
 if – then and if – then – else
 switch
 while and do – while
 for and branching statements

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Variables in Java

• We know that object stores its variables in its fields (state

variables)
• What are the rules and conventions for naming a field?
• Besides int, what other data types are there?
• Do fields have to be initialized when they are declared?
• Are fields assigned a default value it they are not initialized?

In the Java programming language, the terms "field" and "variable" are both used; this is a
common source of confusion among new developers, since both often seem to refer to the
same thing.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Variables in Java

• The Java programming language defines the following kinds of variables

 Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields) - objects store their individual

states in "non-static fields", that is, fields declared without the static keyword.
Non-static fields are also known as instance variables because their values are
unique to each instance of a class. the currentSpeed of one bicycle is
independent from the currentSpeed of another.

 Class Variables (Static Fields) - A class variable is any field declared with
the static modifier; this tells the compiler that there is exactly one copy of this
variable in existence, regardless of how many times the class has been
instantiated. A field defining the number of gears for a particular kind of
bicycle could be marked as static since conceptually the same number of gears
will apply to all instances. The code static int numGears = 6; would create
such a static field. Additionally, the keyword final could be added to indicate
that the number of gears will never change.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Variables in Java

 Local Variables - a method will often store its temporary state in local
variables. There is no special keyword designating a variable as local;
that determination comes entirely from the location in which the
variable is declared — which is between the opening and closing braces
of a method. As such, local variables are only visible to the methods in
which they are declared; they are not accessible from the rest of the
class.

 Parameters - parameters are always classified as "variables" not

"fields".

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Naming

• Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable's name can be any legal

identifier — an unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and digits (a-z,
A-Z, 0-9). Always begin your variable names with a letter. Subsequent
characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters.

• Spell one word in all lowercase letters.

 Example: radius, area, weight etc

• For more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word.
 Example: gearRatio, numberOfGears, monthlySalary etc

• Capitalize every letter and separate subsequent words with the underscore
character for variables that are made to store constant value, such that
those with modifiers static, final, and static final both.
 Example: static final NUM_GEARS = 6;

Questions

• The term "instance variable" is another name for

 non-static field
• The term "class variable" is another name for
 static field
• A local variable stores temporary state; it is declared inside a
 method
• A variable declared within the opening and closing parenthesis of a
method is called a
 parameter
• Character strings are represented by the class
 java.lang.String

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Operators

• Assignment, Arithmetic, and Unary

Operators
• Equality, Relational, and Conditional
Operators
• Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

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Operator Precedence

Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr–
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before
bitwise AND & operators with relatively lower precedence. Operators on the
bitwise exclusive OR ^ same line have equal precedence. When operators of equal
precedence appear in the same expression, a rule must govern
bitwise inclusive OR |
which is evaluated first. All binary operators except for the
logical AND && assignment operators are evaluated from left to right; assignment
logical OR || operators are evaluated right to left.

ternary ?:
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

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Arithmetic Operators & Expressions

• If an arithmetic operator is combined with int operands, then the

resulting type is int
• If an arithmetic operator is combined with one or two double
operands, then the resulting type is double
• If different types are combined in an expression, then the resulting
type is the right-most type on the following list that is found within the
expression
byteshortintlongfloatdouble
char
– Exception: If the type produced should be byte or short (according
to the rules above), then the type produced will actually be an int

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Integer and Floating point division

• When one or both operands are a floating-point type, division results

in a floating-point type
15.0/2 evaluates to 7.5
• When both operands are integer types, division results in an integer
type
– Any fractional part is discarded
– The number is not rounded
15/2 evaluates to 7
• Be careful to make at least one of the operands a floating-point type if
the fractional portion is needed

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Type Casting

• A type cast takes a value of one type and produces a value of another
type with an "equivalent" value
– If n and m are integers to be divided, and the fractional portion of the
result must be preserved, at least one of the two must be type cast to
a floating-point type before the division operation is performed
double ans = n / (double)m;
– Note that the desired type is placed inside parentheses immediately in
front of the variable to be cast
– Note also that the type and value of the variable to be cast does not
change

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
More on Type Casting

• When type casting from a floating-point to an integer type, the

number is truncated, not rounded
(int)2.9 evaluates to 2, not 3
• When the value of an integer type is assigned to a variable of a
floating-point type, Java performs an automatic type cast called a type
conversion
double d = 5;
• In contrast, it is illegal to place a double value into an int variable
without an explicit type cast
int i = 5.5; // Illegal
int i = (int)5.5 // Correct

Anatomy of a Java Class

Visibility modifier
Keyword class Name of the class
(More on this later)

public class Date1

Class body: instance variables, methods

} NO semi-colon

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Declaring Member Variables
• Types of variables
 Member variables in a class—these are called fields
 Variables in a method or block of code—these are called local variables
 Variables in method declarations—these are called parameters

• Field declarations are composed of three

components, in order:
 Zero or more modifiers, such as public or private
 The field's type
 The field's name
 Example:- Look at Bicycle class

• The public keyword identifies these fields as

public members, accessible by any object
that can access the class.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Anatomy of a method
Class methods are very much like functions. Methods
include a visibility modifier, return type, method
name, and optional parameters
Name of the method
Visibility modifier
(More on this later) return type
Optional parameters

public double toCelcius (double fTemp)

{

Method code: local variables and statements

}
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Defining Methods
public float calculateSimpleInterest(
float pri, float rate, float time){

Method Overloading
• The Java programming language supports overloading methods, and Java
can distinguish between methods with different method signatures. This
means that methods within a class can have the same name if they have
different parameter lists

new Bicycle(30, 0, 8) creates space in memory

for the object and initializes its fields.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Providing constructors
• Although Bicycle only has one constructor, it could have others, including a
no-argument constructor:

public Bicycle() {
gear = 1;
cadence = 10;
speed = 0;
}

Bicycle yourBike = new Bicycle();

Invokes the no-argument constructor to create a new Bicycle object

called yourBike.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Providing constructors
• Both constructors could have been declared in Bicycle because they have
different argument lists. As with methods, the Java platform differentiates
constructors on the basis of the number of arguments in the list and their types.
You cannot write two constructors that have the same number and type of
arguments for the same class, because the platform would not be able to tell
them apart. Doing so causes a compile-time error.

• You don't have to provide any constructors for your class, but you must be
careful when doing this. The compiler automatically provides a no-argument,
default constructor for any class without constructors.

• You can use access modifiers in a constructor's declaration to control which other
classes can call the constructor.

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Passing Information to a Method or a Constructor
public double computePayment(double loanAmt, double rate,
double futureValue, int numPeriods){

//your code goes here

}

Parameters refers to the list of variables in a method declaration.

Arguments are the actual values that are passed in when the
method is invoked. When you invoke a method, the arguments used
must match the declaration's parameters in type and order.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Parameter Types

• You can use any data type for a parameter of a method or a constructor.
This includes primitive data types, such as doubles, floats, and integers, as
you saw in the computePayment method, and reference data types, such as
objects and arrays.

• This method that accepts three Point objects as argument. The method
creates a new Triangle object and initializes it from three Point objects
(assume that Point is a class that represents an x, y coordinate)

public Triangle triangleFrom(Point p1, Point p2,

Point p3) {
// method body goes here

}
The Java programming language doesn't let you pass
methods into methods. But you can pass an object into
a method and then invoke the object's methods.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Parameter Names
• When you declare a parameter to a method or a constructor, you
provide a name for that parameter. This name is used within the
method body to refer to the passed-in argument.

• The name of a parameter must be unique in its scope. It cannot be

the same as the name of another parameter for the same method
or constructor, and it cannot be the name of a local variable within
the method or constructor.

• A parameter can have the same name as one of the class's fields. If
this is the case, the parameter is said to shadow the field.
Shadowing fields can make your code difficult to read and is
conventionally used only within constructors and methods that set a
particular field.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Parameter Names

public class Circle {

private int x, y, radius;
public void setOrigin(int x, int y) {
...
}
}

• The Circle class has three fields: x, y, and radius. The setOrigin
method has two parameters, each of which has the same name as
one of the fields. Each method parameter shadows the field that
shares its name. So using the simple names x or y within the body
of the method refers to the parameter, not to the field. To access
the field, you must use a qualified name.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Passing Primitive Data Type Arguments

public class PassPrimitiveByValue{

public static void main(String[] args) {

int x = 3;
passMethod(x);
S.o.p("After invoking passMethod, x = " + x);
}

// change parameter in passMethod()

public static void passMethod(int p) {
p = 10;
}
} Primitive arguments, such as an int or a double, are passed
into methods by value. This means that any changes to the
values of the parameters exist only within the scope of the
method. When the method returns, the parameters are gone
and any changes to them are lost.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Passing Reference Data Type Arguments
• Reference data type parameters, such as objects, are also passed into
methods by value. This means that when the method returns, the passed
in reference still references the same object as before. However, the
values of the object's fields can be changed in the method, if they have
the proper access level.

public void moveCircle(Circle circle, int deltaX, int deltaY) {

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello, world");
System.out.println(sb);
sbMethod(sb);
System.out.println(sb);
}

public static void sbMethod(StringBuffer sbTest) {

sbTest = sbTest.insert(7, "Java ");
System.out.println(sbTest);
}
}

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Pass by Reference – Example (StringBuffer)

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Pass by Reference – Example (String)

public class DemoPassByReference2 {

Object Creation

Consider this code that creates two strings

String s1, s2;
s1 = new String( “abc” );
s2 = “abc” ;

Note: Because Strings are very common, using new when creating String objects is optional.

Where are these variables and object located in

memory?
Why do we care?

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Objects in Memory

The statement String s1, s2; creates two local variables on the stack.
The statements
s1 = new String( “abc” );
s2 = “abc”;

create objects on the heap. s1 and s2 contain the memory addresses of

these objects giving us the picture of memory shown below.

s1 and s2 are called reference variables. Reference variables which do not

contain the memory address of any object contain the special value null
Stack Heap

s1
s2 abc abc

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Why We Care (1 of 4)

Given the previous code Stack Heap

String s1, s2;
s1 = new String( “abc” );
s2 = “abc”;
s1
and corresponding picture of memory s2 abc abc
consider the expression s1 == s2

Recall that s1 and s2 contain the addresses of their respective String objects.
Since the String objects have different addresses on the heap, s1 == s2 is
false. The == operator determines if two reference variables refer to the same
Object.

So how do we compare Strings for equality?

Strings (and other objects) implement a method named equals.
To check if two Strings are the same, use the expression
s1.equals( s2 );

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Why We Care (2 of 4)

Stack Heap
On the other hand, consider this code
and corresponding picture of
memory s1
String s1 = “abc”; s2 abc
String s2 = s1; s1 and s2 are ALIASed

Now s1 and s2 refer to the same String object. This is known as ALIASING, is often
unintentional, and can be dangerous.

If your intent is for s2 to be a copy of s1, then the correct code is

String s2 = new String( s1 );

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Why We Care (3 of 4)

Consider this code and the changing picture of memory

String s1 = “abc”; // line 1

s1 = “xyz”; // line 2
S1 = “Hello”; // line 3

Stack Heap Stack Heap Stack Heap

Thread Stack Heap memory

“John”
Employee:new

this Integer instance

name
salary 5000
sales

Integer instance
main
5
JVM Memory usage

Thread Stack Heap memory

name
salary
sales
getBonusPercentage
bonus null
salary 5000
percentage 500
String instance

findEmployeeBonus “John”

salary 5000
noOfSales 5
Integer instance

5000

main
john Integer instance

5
JVM Memory usage

Thread Stack Heap memory

Employee instance

name
salary
getBonusPercentage
sales
salary 5000 bonus null
percentage 500
return 500
String instance

findEmployeeBonus “John”

salary 5000
noOfSales 5
Integer instance

5000

main
john Integer instance

5
JVM Memory usage

Thread Stack Heap memory

Employee instance

name
salary
sales
bonus null

findEmployeeBonus
String instance
salary 5000
“John”
noOfSales 5
bonusPercentage 500
bonus 2500
Integer instance

5000

main
john Integer instance

5
JVM Memory usage

Thread Stack Heap memory

Employee instance

name
salary
sales
bonus null

findEmployeeBonus
String instance
salary 5000
“John”
noOfSales 5
bonusPercentage 500
bonus 2500
return 2500 Integer instance

2500
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Object-Oriented Programming (CS F213)

Final and Abstract Classes

Restricting Inheritance

Parent

Inherited
capability

Child

2
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Final Members: A way for Preventing
Overriding of Members in Subclasses
• All methods and variables can be overridden by
default in subclasses.
• This can be prevented by declaring them as final
using the keyword “final” as a modifier. For example:
– final int marks = 100;
– final void display();
• This ensures that functionality defined in this method
cannot be altered any. Similarly, the value of a final
variable cannot be altered.

3
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Final Classes: A way for Preventing Classes
being extended

• We can prevent an inheritance of classes by other classes by

declaring them as final classes.
• This is achieved in Java by using the keyword final as follows:
final class Marks
{ // members
}
final class Student extends Person
{ // members
}
• Any attempt to inherit these classes will cause an error.

4
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Abstract Classes

• When we define a class to be “final”, it cannot be

extended. In certain situation, we want to
properties of classes to be always extended and
used. Such classes are called Abstract Classes.

• An Abstract class is a conceptual class.

• An Abstract class cannot be instantiated – objects
cannot be created.

• Abstract classes provides a common root for a

group of classes, nicely tied together in a package:

5
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Abstract Class Syntax

abstract class ClassName

{
...
…
abstract Type MethodName1();
…
…
Type Method2()
{
// method body
}
}
• When a class contains one or more abstract methods, it should be
declared as abstract class.
• The abstract methods of an abstract class must be defined in its subclass.
• We cannot declare abstract constructors or abstract static methods.

6
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Abstract Class -Example

• Shape is a abstract class.

Shape

Circle Rectangle

7
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The Shape Abstract Class

public abstract class Shape {

public abstract double area();
public void move() { // non-abstract
method
// implementation
}
}
• Is the following statement valid?
– Shape s = new Shape();
• No. It is illegal because the Shape class is an abstract class,
which cannot be instantiated to create its objects.

8
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Abstract Classes

public Circle extends Shape {

protected double r;
protected static final double PI
=3.1415926535;
public Circle() { r = 1.0; )
public double area() { return PI * r * r; }
…
}
public Rectangle extends Shape {
protected double w, h;
public Rectangle() { w = 0.0; h=0.0; }
public double area() { return w * h; }
} 9
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Abstract Classes Properties

• A class with one or more abstract methods is

automatically abstract and it cannot be instantiated.
• A class declared abstract, even with no abstract
methods can not be instantiated.
• A subclass of an abstract class can be instantiated if it
overrides all abstract methods by implementation
them.
• A subclass that does not implement all of the
superclass abstract methods is itself abstract; and it
cannot be instantiated.

10
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Summary

• If you do not want (properties of) your class to be extended or

inherited by other classes, define it as a final class.
– Java supports this is through the keyword “final”.
– This is applied to classes.
• You can also apply the final to only methods if you do not
want anyone to override them.
• If you want your class (properties/methods) to be extended
by all those who want to use, then define it as an abstract
class or define one or more of its methods as abstract
methods.
– Java supports this is through the keyword “abstract”.
– This is applied to methods only.
– Subclasses should implement abstract methods; otherwise, they
cannot be instantiated.

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Creating and Accessing Arrays
double[] score = new double[5];

• A variable may be used in place of the integer (i.e., in place of

the integer 5 above)
– The value of this variable can then be read from the keyboard
– This enables the size of the array to be determined when the
program is run
double[] score = new double[count];
• An array can have indexed variables of any type, including any
class type

• All of the indexed variables in a single array must be of the same

type, called the base type of the array

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Declaring and Creating an Array
• An array is declared and created in almost the same way that
objects are declared and created:

BaseType[] ArrayName = new BaseType[size];

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An Array of Characters Is Not a String
• An array of characters is conceptually a list of characters,
and so is conceptually like a string
• However, an array of characters is not an object of the
class String
char[] a = {'A', 'B', 'C'};
String s = a; //Illegal!
• An array of characters can be converted to an object of
type String, however

(continued)

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An Array of Characters Is Not a String
• The class String has a constructor that has a single
parameter of type char[]
String s = new String(a);
– The object s will have the same sequence of characters as
the entire array a ("ABC"), but is an independent copy
• Another String constructor uses a subrange of a
character array instead
String s2 = new String(a,0,2);
– Given a as before, the new string object is "AB"

variables of type Date. It does not create 20
objects of the class Date
– Each of these indexed variables are automatically
initialized to null
– Any attempt to reference any them at this point would
result in a "null pointer exception" error message

public static void doubleElements(double[] a){
int i;
for (i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
a[i] = a[i] * 2;
. . .
}
. . .
}

(continued)
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Array Parameters
• Arrays of double may be defined as follows:
double[] a = new double[10];
double[] b = new double[30];
• Given the arrays above, the method doubleElements
from class SampleClass can be invoked as follows:
SampleClass.doubleElements(a);
SampleClass.doubleElements(b);
– Note that no square brackets are used when an entire
array is given as an argument
– Note also that a method that specifies an array for a
parameter can take an array of any length as an argument

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Use of = and == with Arrays
• Because an array variable contains the memory
address of the array it names (it’s a reference), the
assignment operator (=) only copies this memory
address
– It does not copy the values of each indexed variable
– Using the assignment operator b = a; will make two array
variables be different names for the same array
– The memory address in a is now the same as the memory
address in b: They reference the same array

(continued)

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

static boolean equals(type[] a, type[] a2)

Returns true if the two specified arrays of type are equal to one another.

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

static void fill(type[] a, type val)

Assigns the specified type value to each element of the specified array of
type.

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

static void fill(type[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,
type val)

Assigns the specified type value to each element of the specified range of the
specified array of types.

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

static void sort(type[] a)

Sorts the specified array of type into ascending numerical order.

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

static void sort(type[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

Sorts the specified range of the specified array of type into ascending
numerical order.

type = byte, char, double, float, int, long, short, Object

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Object Oriented Programming

String. Rarely used.
String empty = new String();
• A more common approach is to reassign the
variable to an empty literal String. (Often done to
reinitialize a variable used to store input.)

String empty = “”;//nothing between quotes

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Copy Constructors

• Copy constructor creates a copy of an existing String.

Also rarely used.
• Not the same as an assignment.

Copy Constructor: Each variable points to a different copy of the String.

String word = new String(“Java”); word “Java"

String word2 = new String(word); word2 “Java"
Assignment: Both variables point to the same String.

String word = “Java”; word

String word2 = word;
“Java"
word2

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Other Constructors

Most other constructors take an array as a

parameter to create a String.

char[] letters = {‘J’, ‘a’, ‘v’, ‘a’};

String word1 = “re”, word2 = “think”; word3 = “ing”;

int num = 2;

• String result = word1 + word2;

//concatenates word1 and word2 “rethink“

• String result = word1.concat (word2);

//the same as word1 + word2 “rethink“

Keyboard Input

The System class in java provides an InputStream object: System.in

And a buffered PrintStream object System.out

The PrintStream class (System.out) provides support for outputting

primitive data type values.
However, the InputStream class only provides methods for reading byte
values.

To extract data that is at a “higher level” than the byte, we must “encase” the
InputStream, System.in, inside an InputStreamReader object that converts
byte data into 16-bit character values (returned as an int).

We next “wrap” a BufferedReader object around the InputStreamReader to

enable us to use the methods read( ) which returns a char value and readLine( ),
which return a String.

String Tokenizer
We need to retrieve the four separate integers from the string.

str = 6 2 4 3 2 1

A token consists of a string of characters separated by a delimiter.

Delimiters consist of {space, tab, newline, return}

A StringTokenizer parses a String and extracts the individual tokens.

StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer (str); //create tokenizer and pass string

String s_temp;
while (st.hasMoreTokens( ) ) {
s_temp = st.nextToken( );
//now convert this string to an integer.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Wrapper Classes

For each of the primitive types there is a Wrapper class.

Step 1 – Prompt user to enter multiple integers on one line

System.out.print(“Enter four integers separated by spaces: “);

QUESTION_MESSAGE ?

INFORMATION_MESSAGE

ERROR_MESSAGE

PLAIN_MESSAGE

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Output Dialog Boxes
To create a dialog box for displaying output use showMessageDialog

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, “message”, “title”,icon_type);

For example, the statement:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

public double getArea(){

return 2*(length*width + width*height+height*length);
}
public double getVolume(){
return length*width*height;
}

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

public int compareTo(Object other){

BOX b1 =(BOX) other;

if(this.getVolume() > b1.getVolume())

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