Application Note

PD measurement and localization on power cables with

the MPD 800 under sinusoidal VLF test voltage

Author
Udo Ranninger | [email protected]

Date
December 1, 2021

Related OMICRON Product

MPD 800, MPD 600, MPD Suite Software, MCC 210, CAL 542

Application Area
VLF medium-voltage cable diagnostic, partial discharge measurement and localization

Keywords
partial discharge, very low frequency (VLF), medium-voltage cable system, onsite PD testing, TDR, sTDR,
PD cable localization

Version
v1.0

Abstract
Energizing power equipment, such as power cables, can be challenging due to the enormous capacitive
load. Reducing the test frequencies down to 0.1 Hz or even lower is one approach to overcome this
challenge. Performing a partial discharge (PD) measurement under VLF sinusoidal voltages leads to
different requirements for the test system and how the results are analyzed and interpreted. This application
note provides insights into how the MPD Suite software supports and simplifies a PD measurement under
sinusoidal VLF test voltages.
 General information

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The product information, specifications, and technical data embodied in this Application Note represent the
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© OMICRON 2021. All rights reserved. This Application Note is a publication of OMICRON.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 2 of 22

 Table of content

1 Safety instructions ................................................................................................................................4

2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................5
3 MPD Suite - VLF mode ..........................................................................................................................7
3.1 PD charge value and dynamic weighting .......................................................................................8
3.2 VLF voltage measurement and synchronization ............................................................................9
3.3 Display and re-export test results ................................................................................................ 10
4 Case Study #1: PD measurement and localization on a 900 m, 20 kV, XLPE cable under
sinusoidal VLF test voltage...................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Test setup .................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Partial discharge detection sensitivity .......................................................................................... 12
4.3 PD fault localization methods commonly used during VLF testing ............................................. 14
4.3.1 Signal propagation and attenuation on MV cable system ............................................................... 14
4.3.2 TDR – time domain reflectometry ................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2.1 Principle .......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2.2 How to trigger the PD scope ........................................................................................................... 17
4.3.2.3 How to improve the PD scope signal quality ................................................................................... 18
4.3.3 sTDR – statistical time domain reflectometry .................................................................................. 19
4.4 Comparison of PRPD pattern at different test voltage frequencies ............................................. 20
5 List of literature................................................................................................................................... 21

© OMICRON 2022 Page 3 of 22

1 Safety instructions
This Application Note may only be used in conjunction with the relevant product manuals which contain all
safety instructions. The user is fully responsible for any application that makes use of OMICRON products.
Instructions are always characterized by a  symbol, even if they are included in a safety instruction.

NOTICE

Equipment damage or loss of data possible

 Carefully read and understand the content of this Application Note as well as the manuals of the
systems involved before taking them into operation.
 Please contact OMICRON support if you have any questions or doubts regarding the safety or
operating instructions.
 Follow each instruction listed in the manuals, especially the safety instructions, since this is the
only way to avoid the danger that can occur when working on high voltage or high current
systems.
 Only use the equipment involved according to its intended purpose to guarantee safe operation.
 Existing national safety standards for accident prevention and environmental protection may
supplement the equipment’s manual.
 Before starting a test always check that the test signals are suitable for your system under test.

Only experienced and competent professionals that are trained for working in high voltage or high current
environments may implement this Application Note. Additionally, the following qualifications are required:
• Authorized to work in environments of energy generation, transmission or distribution, and familiar
with the approved operating practices in such environments.
• Familiar with the five safety rules.
• Good knowledge/proficient in working with the MPD 800 system.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 4 of 22

2 Introduction

A very low frequency (VLF) test voltage is commonly used to perform on-site diagnostics
such as dissipation factor or partial discharge (PD) measurement on medium-voltage
cable systems. Commercially available VLF voltage sources have the advantage of being
small and lightweight compared to most resonance test systems, as well as having the
ability to control the test voltage amplitude which is essential when it comes to
characterizing PD phenomena.

PD measurement on cable systems not only allows user to assess the integrity of
insulation, but also to localize a potential defect which is often linked to an accessory
installed on-site.

Depending on the type of defect, the test results (PRPD pattern, PD inception voltage
(PDIV) and PD extinction voltage (PDEV)) at voltages of power frequency or at very low
frequency may not be directly comparable [1, 2, 3]. Studies have shown that the
development of electrical trees strongly depend on the frequency of the test voltage.
Individual discharge events can influence the properties in the discharge branches, such
as temperature, pressure and conductivity. If the pressure cannot dissipate in between
consecutive PD events, it is likely that a new discharge channel/branch will develop. At
lower test voltage frequencies, the pressure inside a discharge branch has a higher
probability to dissipate due a typically higher time difference between consecutive pulses,
leading to fewer branches and a straighter tree structure. Figure 1 highlights that an
electrical tree at power frequency will look more bush-like compared to a tree developed
under VLF voltage stress.

Figure 1: Growth of electrical trees in polyethylene at different test voltage frequencies and durations [3]

© OMICRON 2022 Page 5 of 22

 Sinusoidal VLF voltages are defined for a frequency range between 0.01 Hz and 1 Hz,
where practical values are typical at 0.1 Hz and below. Higher VLF voltage levels might be
applied to reduce the overall testing time, however the IEEE field testing guide for power
cables [4] recommends a withstand test voltage for 30 - 60 min depending on the age,
history and importance of the cable system.

Performing a PD measurement under VLF sinusoidal voltages leads to different

requirements for the test system and how the results are analyzed. This application note
describes how the MPD 800 and MPD Suite software are used to perform PD
measurement and localization under sinusoidal VLF voltage stress.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 6 of 22

3 MPD Suite - VLF mode

In the default mode, the MPD Suite software can only detect AC signals with frequencies
between 5 Hz and 10 kHz. Activating the VLF mode in the VLF control panel tab extends
the frequency range down to 0.01 Hz. In this mode, the MPD Suite does not automatically
search for the AC frequency, instead the user must specify and enter the target voltage
frequency to perform an accurate and reliable measurement.

A state-of-the-art VLF voltage source allows users to either select a fixed output frequency
or use the automatic mode. The automatic mode aims for the highest output frequency for
each voltage step and automatically adjusts the frequency if the power consumption
reaches its limit. To ensure a stable PRPD pattern as well as charge and PD reading, it is
recommended to have the same test frequency throughout the entire voltage sweep.

Figure 2: VLF control panel only requires two actions. Activate the VLF mode and enter the VLF target frequency.

Based on the entered frequency, the MPD Suite starts to detect the actual applied
frequency which must be within 1% of the entered value to ensure an accurate voltage
and current measurement.

The entered frequency also has impact on the time constant which is used by the AC and
PD pre-amplifiers. A low PD repetition rate will not lead to a constantly changing gain
level, even when the fully automatic AC and PD gain mode is used.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 7 of 22

3.1 PD charge value and dynamic weighting

The apparent charge defined in the IEC 60270 [5] is a weighted value, based on the
repetition rate of the recurring PD events with the highest magnitude within a certain time
frame. Table 1 shows the allowed reading R of a PD measuring system depending on the
PD repetition rates that are related to the absolute time and not normalized to a single test
voltage cycle.

N [1/s] 1 2 5 10 50 ≥100

Rmin [%] 35 55 76 85 94 95

Rmax [%] 45 65 86 95 104 105

Table 1: Pulse train response of a PD instrument according IEC 60270: 2000 + AMD1: 2015 [5]

The lower the repetition rate, the lower the corrected apparent charge value must be. As
an example, the charge value of a PD event with a repetition rate of 1 pulse per second
must be reduced to 40% of its original value. The above weighting table attenuates
disturbance pulses with repetition rates below 50/60 Hz. For pulses with repetition rates
greater to or equal to 50, the pulse is weighted with 100%. Most of the PD defects occur in
one or both test voltage halfwaves (N>=100). In other words, the authors of Table 1
assume a test voltage frequency of 50/60 Hz and do not consider VLF test voltages. The
scope of IEC 60270 includes alternating voltages up to 400 Hz and direct voltages. Direct
voltages are specifically excluded by the above table (Note 4 of Table 1 in [5]) which does
not apply for VLF.

With VLF, the AC cycle is much longer than with 50/60 Hz measurements, and thus using
the table above would lead to dramatically lower PD readings for PD events recurring at
every VLF cycle, severely limiting the usability and comparability of the reading.
The dynamic weighting feature is automatically activated when starting the VLF mode and
adjusts Table 1 for frequencies other than 50 / 60 Hz. The actual measured AC frequency
is used to derive the PD repetition rate at which down-weighting should occur. For PD that
recurs with half the measured AC frequency, the charge level will be weighted down the
same way as a 50 Hz PD signal would be without dynamic weighting. A PD signal with a
repetition rate of 10% of the AC frequency will experience the same down weighting as a
10 Hz PD signal would see with dynamic weighting disabled. As a result, the weighted
charge value does not alternate like it would when using the default QIEC weighting.
The dynamic weighting feature is a unique feature in the MPD Suite software and can be
considered as being standard compliant as the weighting of pulses for VLF frequencies is
implemented in the adaption of the logic of Table 1 in [5].

Statistical values such as Qmax over a test voltage cycle are available in the measured
values overview and can be plotted in various graphs.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 8 of 22

3.2 VLF voltage measurement and synchronization

The AC / DC setup settings within the SETUP & CALIBRATION tab need to fit the actual
test setup to ensure a correct voltage and frequency measurement. For most cases a
coupling capacitor in combination with the internal quadripole is used for the PD as well as
VLF voltage detection. The system automatically compensates AC phase shifts based on
the detected test frequency, as long as no third-party impedance is used. A Phase offset
caused by a third-party impedance can be identified by a corona test and compensated
with the phase offset setting. The CPL1 / 2 is not designed to measure DC or VLF signals.
It is recommended to either use the internal quadripole of the MPD 800 or an external
resistive divider to measure the applied test voltage equivalent.

Figure 4: Settings to synchronize to the applied test voltage Figure 3: Progress bars indicating when the reading will
using a 1 nF coupling capacitor be updated

500 nA is the minimum RMS signal at the PD input, that can be used to measure and
synchronize to the test voltage. This current is reached at 800 V when using a 1 nF
coupling capacitor and a default test voltage frequency of 0.1 Hz.

The system requires the test voltage to be applied for minimum duration of 3.5 times the
AC period before it displays any readings. This ensures an accurate AC reading as well as
a stable PRPD display over the entire test cycle. After the initial measurement, the
readings are updated at least every 5 seconds. To get the MPD system synchronized with
the applied test voltage frequency before performing test voltage sweep, it is
recommended to start with a voltage level where no PD activity is expected.

The MPD Suite software provides helpful information bars and user prompts to indicate
when the next VLF measurement reading is available. Figure 4 shows some examples of
the VLF-related readings / messages.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 9 of 22

3.3 Display and re-export test results

It is highly recommended to record a PD dataset (RECOPRD/REPLAY tap) for a duration

which is at least as long as 15 times the period of the test voltage, e.g. for 0.1 Hz the
recommended time is 150s.
The phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern displays the unweighted PD events
which were detected by the MPD system with the filter settings used. The CSV export
functionality within the PD/DC tab or the third-party application export (data to binary files)
in the EXPORTING tab can be used to export the filtered raw data for further processing.

Figure 5: Left – PRPD pattern with sliding needle view of current voltage / PD stage
Right – same PRPD pattern with dithering enabled

The left part of Figure 5 shows a snapshot of the PRPD view. The events happening at the
point in time are displayed as single needles within a sliding window 100 ms. This allows
users to easily follow the level of the test voltage and it indicates whether or not there is
PD activity.

The dithering function located in the PRPD & AC tab can be used to significantly increase
the visibility of low repetitive PD events as shown in the right part of Figure 5.

Qmax, Qwtd or Qavg can be plotted in different diagrams and linked to other values, such as
test voltage Q(V) or time Q(t).

The ASSESSTMENT tab allows for settings automated detection of PDIV and PDEV or
simple pass / fail statement based on a set charge threshold(s).

Additional diagrams, such as the PD scope or the PD localization diagram, are used for
fault localization and are explained in the case study.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 10 of 22

4 Case Study #1: PD measurement and localization on a 900 m,
20 kV, XLPE cable under sinusoidal VLF test voltage

4.1 Test setup

A single-end PD measurement was performed on a NA2XS(F)2Y 1x50 RM/16 12/20kV

power cable. The test voltage was generated by a commercially available VLF voltage
source.
The battery powered MPD 800 PD acquisition unit is connected directly to the 1 nF
coupling capacitor. The fiber optical cable ensures a galvanic-free connection between the
MCU2 control unit located in the safe working area and the acquisition unit located in the
HV area. The test object has a known PD source at approx. 650 m (2133 ft.) from the near
end, respectively 250 m (820 ft.) from the far end.

Figure 6: PD test setup for a sensitive PD detection under VLF voltage stress

© OMICRON 2022 Page 11 of 22

4.2 Partial discharge detection sensitivity

The overall PD sensitivity in the field is often heavily influenced by external noise. The
MPD 800 with its freely-selectable digital band pass filters allows a high degree of noise
reduction. Cable length, wave-propagation characteristics, amount and type of joints,
insulation material, mix-cable systems and obviously the ambient noise, can have
significant influence on the detection sensitivity as well as localization accuracy. A detailed
list of influencing factors is described in [1].
The detection sensitivity is typically expressed by the minimum apparent charge
magnitude that a PD system can display when a defined charge signal in pC (charge
calibrator) is injected at the far end of the cable system [1]. A calibration of the propagation
speed based on the known cable length is performed using the different localization
methods highlighted in the corresponding chapter.

Figure 7: PD sensitivity check from the far end of the cable shows a minimum detectable charge level of ~ 2 pC

Based on Figure 7, one could assume that the detection sensitivity of the test setup is
approx. 3 pC, however this is only true when the used VLF voltage source does not cause
any additional noise signals, which can be more dominant than the impact of the blocking
impedance. The IEEE Guide [1] highlights that some commercially available VLF voltage
sources include a mechanical switch in the high-voltage circuit and thus are not PD free.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 12 of 22

 To ensure a PD free test setup, the device under test might be disconnected from the
coupling capacitor and a voltage sweep performed up to the maximum test voltage. Such
a setup would represent the worst-case scenario for noise emitted by the VLF voltage
source as the entire high-frequency current propagates into the coupling capacitor and is
not influenced / divided by the test object impedance.
Figure 8 and Figure 9 show PRPD patterns measured with VLF voltage sources from
different manufacturers in a frequency range of 100 – 700 kHz. The measurement was
performed with neither a device under test nor a blocking impedance. All VLF voltage
sources with their connection cables, show PD-like signals which can overlap with the
potential PD events occurring in the device under test.

Figure 8: PRPD pattern at 20 kV / 0,1 Hz with 3 different VLF voltage sources; no blocking impedance used

Figure 9: PRPD pattern at 30 kV / 0,1 Hz with 2 different VLF voltage sources; no blocking impedance used

The impact of the noise signals caused by the VLF voltage source on the actual PD
reading depends on various factors, such as type of VLF voltage source, maximum test
voltage in relation to maximum device specification and measuring frequency as well as
the influence of the connected load. The examples in Figure 9 show that without the usage
of a high-voltage filter, disturbance patterns of several 100 pC or a few nC are present and
significantly reduce the sensitivity for the PD measurement.
To ensure a sensitive PD measurement, it is highly recommended, or possibly even
required, to use a proper blocking impedance. Such a filter not only limits the high
frequency noise from the VLF voltage source to be measured by the PD detector, but it
also ensures a defined recharging loop. Only currents that will be recharged by the
coupling capacitor will be measured, which will result in a higher sensitivity.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 13 of 22

4.3 PD fault localization methods commonly used during VLF testing

The MPD system supports four methods to perform a fault localization on a power cable
system. Highest accuracy can be achieved by a distributed PD measurement using the
time-of-flight or statistical time-of-flight methods between two or more detection points.
For onsite medium-voltage cable PD measurements, where VLF test voltages are used,
the setup typically consists of a single-end measurement. Therefore, often the basic time
domain reflectometry and the more advanced statistical time domain reflectometry are
used. Additional information about distributed PD measurements and localization can be
found in the application note [6].

4.3.1 Signal propagation and attenuation on MV cable systems

A PD event occurring in the insulation of a cable or cable accessory will lead to an induced
current on the inner and outer conductor of the cable and will propagate in both directions.
At the point of the origin, these signals can contain frequencies up to several tens or even
hundreds of megahertz. The frequency content at the point of measurement can be
strongly reduced and influenced by attenuation and dispersion as well as by the
transmission and reflection at an impedance change, such as transition from cable
impedance to joint impedance. The real signal distribution in a medium-voltage cable
system can be very complex, especially when mixed insulation systems (extruded and
laminated cables) are used. A charge calibrator can be used to potentially detect expected
reflection points.
A sensitive measurement on the entire cable length can typically be achieved by selecting
the measurement frequency as low as possible, but as high as needed to avoid excessive
noise which might be present at lower frequencies.

4.3.2 TDR – time domain reflectometry

Time domain reflectometry is typically used to localize PD activity as well as to identify the
reflection points and propagation speed during the PD (length) calibration.

4.3.2.1 Principle
Figure 10 to 13 represent the basic TDR working principle as well as the signal distribution
on a cable system with limited or no impact of signal reflection at joints, attenuation and
dispersion.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 14 of 22

 Figure 10:PD event occurring in a cable system will lead to an impulse propagating in both directions of the cable

Figure 11: Signals will be reflected at impedance changes, such as the transition from cable impedance to joint impedance or at cable
terminations.

Figure 12: The PD scope shows the direct as well as reflected pulse detected at the near end of the system.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 15 of 22

 Figure 13: The time difference between detected impulses can be used to calculate the fault location with respect to the near end or
with respect to the reflection point which is often the far end.

Figure 14: The type of joint can have significant impact on the complexity of the diagram.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 16 of 22

 4.3.2.2 How to trigger the PD scope
The PD scope is updated every 41 ms and represents the time signal at the input of the
MPD 800 unit measured with a 35 MHz bandwidth. It can be used for PD fault localization
(TDR, ToF) as well as analyzing disturbances in the linked frequency spectrum (FFT). It
supports various trigger methods, such as auto trigger, peak or edge trigger, as well as a
highly advanced and selective PD event trigger window. The PD event trigger allows users
to select areas in the filtered PRPD view. Only impulses within the selected area and the
proper impulse polarity will lead to a trigger condition for the unfiltered PD scope. Figure
12 shows the PD Event trigger applied during a VLF measurement to positive as well as
negative discharge events. Multiple PD faults can be localized with this trigger method if
they can be identified as individual defects in the PRPD view. Changing the measuring
frequency can improve the ability to separate different PD / noise signals.

Figure 15: PD Event trigger window used to trigger the PD scope; fault location from near end is 900 m – 251 m = 649 m

© OMICRON 2022 Page 17 of 22

 4.3.2.3 How to improve the PD scope signal quality
Activating the digital low pass filters in the ADVANCED tab can improve the quality of the
signal in time domain, especially in case of external disturbances above the selected cut-
off frequency. Figure 13 shows the time signal of the same discharge event with different
low pass filters applied. Averaging multiple scope signals within the SCOPE & FFT tab
can additionally improve the signal quality if triggered on the same source.

f < 35 MHz f < 4,7 MHz

f < 2,3 MHz f < 1,1 MHz

Figure 16: Impact of digital low pass filters on signal quality.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 18 of 22

4.3.3 sTDR – statistical time domain reflectometry
Statistical TDR utilizes the filtered PD events after the bandpass filter has been applied.
This has the advantage that the reflected impulse can be measured even when hidden in
the ambient noise level. A PD event along a cable system will always lead to a defined
and constant propagation time – the statistical approach allows users to detect these time
stamps. The user can select an area in the PRPD view, which is similar to the PD event
trigger window. Events occurring in the selection will be correlated with all other filtered
impulses for the period of the correlation time. The entered cable properties (propagation
speed and cable length) are used to calculate the maximum signal propagation time,
which automatically defines the correlation time.
The PD LOCALIZATION diagram shows the amplitude and time correlation of the selected
events with all other events within the correlation time. It is automatically scaled to the
entered cable length which is highlighted with a light grey bar. The dark grey area in the
diagram represents the dead time of the PD band pass filter used. PD events occurring
within a short time difference, such as a fault close to the far end of the cable, can only be
identified as two consecutive impulses if the filter dead time is smaller than the time
difference between the consecutive pulses. The dark grey area represents a blind spot
where no localization can be performed. The dead time of the selected filter is shown in
the ADVANCED tab and is indirectly proportional to the filter bandwidth. A wideband filter
is beneficial and leads to a small filter dead time. Additionally, the filter dead time needs to
be considered for signals occurring at the near end, as it adds an additional localization
error as two pulses (reflection and 2 times cable length) might merge. Figure 17 shows the
selection in the PRPD view and the correlation in the PD LOCALIZATION diagram / tab
based on the entered cable settings (900 m, 168 m/µs). The MPD Suite shows the fault
location with respect to the distance to the MPD 800 measurement location

Figure 17: sTDR fault localization on a 900 m power cable; fault location is 653 +-0,95 m seen from the MPD measurement device.

© OMICRON 2022 Page 19 of 22

4.4 Comparison of PRPD pattern at different test voltage frequencies

Figure 18 shows the PRPD pattern of a cavity below the stress control tube of a medium-
voltage cable joint at different test voltage frequencies. All patterns are recorded over an
interval of 39 test voltage cycles. The repetition rate of the given fault strongly depends on
the VLF voltage frequency. The overview indicates that the shape of the pattern gets
distorted with decreasing output frequency but remains similar to some degree.

100 mHz, 6 min 30 s 80 mHz, 8 min 8 s

60 mHz, 10 min 50 s 40 mHz, 16 min 15 s

10 mHz, 65 min

Figure 18: Comparison of internal PD fault at different VLF test voltage frequencies

© OMICRON 2022 Page 20 of 22

5 List of literature

[1] IEEE Std. 400.3-2006: “IEEE Guide for Partial Discharge Testing of Shielded Power Cable Systems in
a Field Environment”
[2] E.Ildstad / F. Mauseth: “Voltage and Frequency Dependence of Electrical Treeing in XLPE Cable
Insulation”, Nordic Insulation Symposium 2009
[3] D. Pepper: “Grundlagenuntersuchung zum Teilentladungsverhalten in kunststoffisolierten
Mittelspannungskabeln bei Prüfspannungen mit variabler Frequenz und Kurvenform”
[4] IEEE Std 400.2-2004: "IEEE Guide for Field Testing of Shielded Power Cable Systems Using Very Low
Frequency (VLF)", New York, USA, 2005
[5] IEC 60270: "High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurement", Version 2000, 3rd Edition
[6] OMICRON application note: Distributed partial discharge measurement and localization using GPS
synchronized datasets

© OMICRON 2022 Page 21 of 22

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