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2024 Lec 04 Shared

The document discusses key concepts in Digital Signal Processing, including definitions of linear systems, time-invariant systems, causal systems, and stability. It provides examples and proofs to determine whether certain systems are linear, causal, time-invariant, and stable, along with discussions on FIR and IIR systems. The document also touches on convolution, absolute summability, and linear constant coefficient difference equations.

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10 views27 pages

2024 Lec 04 Shared

The document discusses key concepts in Digital Signal Processing, including definitions of linear systems, time-invariant systems, causal systems, and stability. It provides examples and proofs to determine whether certain systems are linear, causal, time-invariant, and stable, along with discussions on FIR and IIR systems. The document also touches on convolution, absolute summability, and linear constant coefficient difference equations.

Uploaded by

atiffaizan001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Signal Processing

Linear System

Definition of Linera System


Time Invariance

Definition of Time Invariant System


Causal

3 definitions of Causal Systems


Stability
BIBO Stability
Is the following system linear / causal
/ time-invariant / stable?

To prove: In general i.e. for all cases

To disprove: One counter-example is enough


(may be simpler)
Is linear?

Consider two inputs: and

Then, and

Scaling input by a factor of 10


does not scale output 10 times.
Hence, non-linear.
Is linear?

For two arbitrary inputs x1[n] and x2[n],


Consider,

Then,
Is time-invariant?

Substitute,

Hence, time-invariant.
Is stable?

Consider, Bounded by,

No finite choice of
such that for all n

Hence, unstable.
Is time-invariant?

Consider, However,

Hence, time-variant.

x[n] = {…, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, …}
x[n – 1] = {…, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, …}
x[3n] = {…, 1, 4, 1, 4, 1, …}
x[a.n + b]
x[3n – 1] = {…, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, …}
x[3n – 3] = {…, 4, 1, 4, 1, …} 2nd 1st
first shift then scale
Are they causal, memoryless?

causal and memoryless

causal but not memoryless

neither causal not memoryless


Linear Time Invariant System
𝛿𝛿[𝑛𝑛] ℎ[𝑛𝑛]
See

Example

N=6
Example
Convolution with δ(n)

δ[n – 1] * δ[n] = δ[n – 1]

δ[n – 1] * δ[n + 1] = δ[n] ?


Absolute Summability

Condition of Stability for and LTI System


Accumulator system transfer function is u[n]

Is stable? (Revisited)

Hence, unstable.
FIR and IIR

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 − 1 ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = [1, 𝑎𝑎, 0, 0, 0, 0, … ]

𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 0, 𝑛𝑛 < 0

ℎ 𝑛𝑛 = [1, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎2 , 𝑎𝑎3 , 𝑎𝑎4 , 𝑎𝑎5 , … ]


In Series
Example
𝑦𝑦1[𝑛𝑛]

𝑦𝑦1 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 + 1 − 𝑥𝑥[𝑛𝑛] 𝑦𝑦 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑦𝑦1 𝑛𝑛 − 1


Inverse System Transfer function of an accumulator is unit step function
Linear Constant Coefficient
Difference Equation

Accumulator as a recursive eqn.


What is the LCCDE for this?
Moving average system

FIR system
IIR System?
u[n]

FIR System?

Moving average system


Thank You

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