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2024 Lec 01 Shared

The document provides a comprehensive overview of MATLAB basics related to signal processing, including the generation and plotting of discrete-time sinusoids using cosine and sine functions. It introduces functions for creating sinusoidal and square wave signals, as well as demonstrating the effects of sampling frequency and noise on signals. Additionally, it covers the use of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for analyzing signals in the frequency domain.

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15 views27 pages

2024 Lec 01 Shared

The document provides a comprehensive overview of MATLAB basics related to signal processing, including the generation and plotting of discrete-time sinusoids using cosine and sine functions. It introduces functions for creating sinusoidal and square wave signals, as well as demonstrating the effects of sampling frequency and noise on signals. Additionally, it covers the use of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for analyzing signals in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

atiffaizan001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATLAB Basics …

Is it Signal Processing or Sequence Processing?


% Exp. 1
% Generation and plotting of discrete-time sinusoids

F=50; % frequency of the sinusoidal signal


A=0.5; % amplitude of sinusoid
Fs=1000; % sampling frequency
t = 0:1/Fs:0.1; %sampling between 0 to 0.1 second at interval of 1/Fs

% Sinusoidal signal is generated by using in built function cos or sin


s1 = A*cos(2*pi*F*t); % Generation of sinusoid using cos function
s2 = A*sin(2*pi*F*t); % Generation of sinusoid using sin function
% s1 plotted as discrete time signal
subplot (221); % divides graphic window into 2x2 matrix, 1st selected
stem(t,s1); % plot of discrete samples
axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]); % defining axis else in default mode
xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('discrete time signal using cos function, F=50Hz, Fs=1000 Hz')

% s1 plotted as if a continuous time signal through ‘plot’ function


subplot (222); % 2nd graphic window is selected
plot(t,s1); % continuous plot of discreet samples
axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]); xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('continuous plot : discrete signal using cos function, F=50Hz, Fs=1000 Hz')

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% s2 plotted as discrete time signal
subplot (223); % 3rd graphic window is selected
stem(t,s2); % plot of discrete samples
axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]); xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('discrete time signal using sin function, F=50Hz, Fs=1000 Hz')

% s2 plotted as if a continuous time signal


subplot (224); % 4th graphic window selected
plot(t,s2); % continuous plot discreet samples
axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]); xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('continuous plot : discrete signal using sin function, F=50Hz, Fs=1000 Hz')
% Generation of function mysin.m which is to be called later in Exp2

function [s, t] = mysin(A, F, Fs, T)


% mysin as a function that takes amplitude (A), frequency of sinusoid (F),
% sampling frequency (Fs), duration of sampling (T) as input. This generates
% sinusoidal signal (s) and sampling time instants (t) at the output

% Generation of sine wave


t = 0:1/Fs:T; %sampling instances between 0 to T second at interval of 1/Fs
s = A*cos(2*pi*F*t); % Generation of sinusoid using cos function
end
% Exp. 2

% Generate and plot sinusoidal signals through function calls mysin.m


[s1, t1] = mysin (0.5, 50, 1000, 0.1); % A=0.5, F=50. Fs=1000, T=0.1
subplot (221); stem(t1, s1); axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]);
xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('A=0.5, F=50Hz, Fs=1000 Hz, T=0.1 sec')

% Generating a sinusoid of frequency and amplitude different from s1


[s2, t2] = mysin (0.3, 25, 1000, 0.1); % A=0.3, F=25. Fs=1000, T=0.1
subplot (222); stem(t2, s2); axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]);
xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('A=0.3, F=25Hz, Fs=1000 Hz, T=0.1 sec')
% Verifying two discreet time sinusoids are same if ratio of F and Fs are same
[s3, t3] = mysin (0.5, 25, 500, 0.2); % A=0.5, F=25. Fs=500, T=0.2
subplot (223); stem(t3, s3); axis ([0 0.2 -0.6 0.6]);
xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('A=0.5, F=25Hz, Fs=500 Hz, T=0.2 sec')

% Verifying two discreet time sinusoids are same if frequencies are F and (F+Fs)
[s4, t4] = mysin (0.5, 1050, 1000, 0.1); % A=0.5, F=1050. Fs=1000, T=0.1
subplot (224); stem(t4, s4); axis ([0 0.1 -0.6 0.6]);
xlabel('time in second'); ylabel('amplitude');
title('A=0.5, F=1050 Hz, Fs=1000 Hz, T=0.1 sec')
Anything wrong anywhere?
Anything wrong anywhere?
Digital Signal
A/D D/A
Digital Processing Digital
Analog Analog
signal signal signal signal

2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)𝑛𝑛 F=50. Fs=1000


𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 → 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 F=25. Fs=500

2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓 + 𝐹𝐹 𝑛𝑛
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓 + 𝐹𝐹)𝑡𝑡 → 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝐹𝐹
F=50. Fs=1000
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 + 2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 F=1050. Fs=1000
𝐹𝐹
How will F=950. Fs=1000 look like?
% Here we write a function mysquare.m that reconstructs a square wave from its
% Fourier coefficients. T0 = Time period of square wave, n= No. of harmonics used
function [s,t]=mysquare(T0,n)

F0=1/T0; % Fundamental frequency


t=-1*T0:1/(100*F0):2*T0; % Three cycles generated(-T0 to 2T0),
% Fs = 100*F0 : Note that this is simulation of analog signal in digital platform

s=0;
for i=1:n
j=2*(i-1)+1; % Only odd harmonics of sin function are present
s=s+(4*sin(2*pi*F0*j*t))/(pi*j); % Weighted sum from Fourier expansion
end
% Exp. 3
% Use function mysquare.m to see addition of weighted sinusoids give a square wave

[s,t]=mysquare(2,1); %Time period chosen 2 second, only fundamental


subplot(3,1,1); plot(t,s); % Figure is divided into 3x1 subplots, 1st chosen
title( 'Square wave from Fourier series, one sinusoid' );

[s,t]=mysquare(2,2); %Time period chosen 2 second, two sinusoids


subplot(3,1,2); plot(t,s); % 2nd of 3x1 subplots chosen
title( 'Square wave from Fourier series, two sinusoids' );

[s,t]=mysquare(2,5); %Time period chosen 2 second, five sinusoids


subplot(3,1,3); plot(t,s); % 3rd of 3x1 subplots chosen
title('Square wave from Fourier series, five sinusoids' );
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
T = 1/Fs; % Sample time
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector

% Sum of a 50 Hz and a 120 Hz sinusoid


x = 0.7*sin(2*pi*50*t) + sin(2*pi*120*t);
y = x + 2*randn(size(t)); % noise addition
plot(Fs*t(1:50),y(1:50))

title('Signal Corrupted with Zero-Mean


Random Noise')
xlabel('time (milliseconds)')
>> help fft
fft Discrete Fourier transform.

fft(X) is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of vector X.

fft(X,N) is the N-point fft, padded with zeros if X has less


than N points and truncated if it has more.

Reference page in Help browser


doc fft
NFFT = 2^nextpow2(L);
% Next power of 2 from length of y

Y = fft(y,NFFT)/L;
f = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFT/2+1);

% Plot single-sided amplitude spectrum.


plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1)))
title('Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of y(t)')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('|Y(f)|')
>> help fftshift

fftshift Shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum.

Y = fftshift(X) rearranges the outputs of fft, fft2, and fftn by moving


the zero-frequency component to the center of the array.

It is useful for visualizing a Fourier transform with the zero-


frequency component in the middle of the spectrum.

For vectors, fftshift(X) swaps the left and right halves of X.

For matrices, fftshift(X) swaps the first quadrant with the third and
the second quadrant with the fourth.
>> help square
square Square wave generation.

square(T) generates a square wave with period 2*Pi for the


elements of time vector T. square(T) is like SIN(T), only
it creates a square wave with peaks of +1 to -1 instead of
a sine wave.

square(T,DUTY) generates a square wave with specified duty


cycle. The duty cycle, DUTY, is the percent of the period
in which the signal is positive.

For example, generate a 30 Hz square wave:


t = 0:.0001:.0625;
y = square(2*pi*30*t);, plot(t,y)
Types of Signal
Bit Recovery
Recorded Sound Signal
“s” “i” “gn” “al”
Thank You

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