09 FNrNyhghf;fpahdk;

fz;zDld; Nru;e;J FNryu; rhe;jPg Kdptuplk; fy;tp fw;whu;.

vdNt fz;zDf;F neUq;fpa ez;guhdhu;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; fz;zd;
Jthuiff;F murdhdhd;. FNryNuh rhjhuz Fbkfd;. FNryupd;
FLk;gk; tWikapy; thbaJ. xUehs; FNrhyupd; kidtp RrPiy> jd;
fztiu Nehf;fp> ez;gu; fz;zdplk; nrd;W FLk;g epiyiaf; $wp>
ek; tWik ePq;Fk; tifapy; rpwpJ nghUs; ngw;W tuyhNk vd;W
$wpdhs;. (jk; ez;gu; fz;zidf; fhzr; nry;Yk; NghJ> VNjDk;
vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vdf; FNryu; tpUk;gpdhu;.) tWikapd; gpbapy;
rpf;fpj; jtpj;j RrPiy> Gy;yuprp nfhz;L jahupj;j rpwpjsT mtiyf;
nfhLj;jhs;. fe;jy; Mil cLj;j epiyapy;> me;j mtiyr; rpwpa
Kbr;rhf Kbe;J> kiwj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;L (FNryu; Jthuiff;Fr;
nrd;whu;. JthuifapNy fz;zidf; FNryu; re;jpj;j) gFjp ,q;F
jug;gLfpd;wJ.

E}w; Fwpg;G
FNry + cghf;fpahdk; = FNrNyhghf;fpahdk; FNryiuf; Fwpj;j
fpisf;fij vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. ,J ghftjf; fijapd; xU gFjpf;
fijahFk;. ,f;fijia ty;Y}u; Ntjuhrgpsi ; s vd;gtu; jkpopy; ghbdhu;.
,e;E}y;> FNryu; Nky; fly; mile;jJ> FNryu; Jthuif fz;L jk;
efu;g;Gwk; mile;jJ> FNryu; itFe;jk; mile;jJ vd;Dk; %d;W
gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;E}ypd; Nju;e;njLj;j ghly;fs; rpy ,q;Nf
jug;gl;Ls;sd.

fpU\; z d; FNryiu cgrupj; J N\kk; tprhupf; f pd; w hd;

1. topele; jpisj;j Ntapk; kyub apuz;L nkd;W
fopkfpo; rpwg;g nky;y tUbdhd; fkyf; fz;zd;
gopapy;gy; Ygrh uq;fs; gz;zTe; njupah dhfp
xoptW jtf;F Nry ndhd;Wk;Ng rhjpUe;jhd;.

1
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mUk; g jq; f s ; :- fop - kpf> tUbdhd;. - jltpdhd; fkyf;fz;zd; -
jhkiu kyu;NghYk; fz;fisAila fpU\;zd; gopapy; - Fw;wkw;w.
xoptW - Kbtpy;yhj.

nghopg;Giu :- top ele;J ,ioj;jNt , kyub ,uz;Lk; vd;W fyp

kfpo; rpwg;g nky;y tUbdhd; fkyf;fz;zd; - ,e;j kyu; Nghd;w
mbfspuz;Lk; top ele;jjhy; nkype;jdNt vd;W $wp> jhkiu kyu;
Nghd;w fz;fisAila fz;zgpuhd; kpf;f kfpo;r;rpAz;lhf nkJthfj;
jltpdhd;> gop ,y; gy; cgrhuq;fs; gz;zTk; njupahdhfp xopT mU
jtk; FNryd; xd; W k; NgrhJ ,Ue; j hd; - Fw; w kw; w gytif
cgrhuq;fisr; nra;aTk; mwpahjtdha; ePq;fypy;yhj jtj;ijAila
FNryd; xd;Wk; Ngrhky; ,Ue;jhd;.

2. epd;Dila kidf;fpoj;jp epuk;GngU ePu;ikaNs

kd;Dila nrhw;fhj;Jr; Nrhu;tpyh khz;gpdNs
jd;Dila Tapuhepd; widg;NgZe; jd;ikaNs
cd;Dila tUtha;f;Fj; jf;fnry TQw;WtNs

mUk; g jq; f s; :- kidf;fpoj;jp - kidf;F cupik g+z;ltshfpa

kidtp ePu;ik - Fzk; khz;G - ew;Fz ew;nra;if nryTQw;Wts
ts;-
nryT nra;ths;. Vfhuk; midj;Jk; tpdhg;nghUspy; te;jd.

nghopg;Giu :- epd;Dila kdf;fpoj;jp epuk;G ngU ePu;ikaNs -

cd;Dila kidf;Fupats; epiwe;j ngUe;jd;ikAilats;. kd;Dila
nrhy; fhj;J Nrhu;T ,yh khz;gpdD ; Ns - epiyngWjiyAila Gfiof;
fhj;Jj; jsu;r;rpapy;yhj khl;rpikAilats;. jd; cila capu; Mepd;
jd;id NgZk; jd;ikaNs - jdJ capu; Nghy cd;idAk; Nghw;Wfpdw ;
,ay;G cilats;. cd;Dila tUtha;f;F jf;f nryT cQw;WtNs
- cdJ tUkhdj;jpwF ; jFe;j mstpy; nryT nra;Ak; jd;ik cilats;.

gioa epidTfs; vOfpd; w d.

3. ,UNtK Kd;dhsp ypyq;Frhe; jPgKdp
tUfhk ubtzq;fp khkiwfw; Wzu;e;jpLehl;
ngUfhu;tj; njhLk;Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ngr;nry;yhe;
jpUfhuh Tsj;Jepidj; jpUf;fpd;wh Nahrpwg;g

2
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mUk; g jq; f s; :- fhku; - mofpa Mu;tk; - kpf;f tpUg;gk; jpUF
Muh! - khwpy;yhj

nghopg;Giu :- ,U NtKk; Kd;ehspy; ,yq;F rhe;jPg Kdp tUfhu;

mb tzq;fp khkiw fw;W czu;jj ; pL ehs; - ehk; ,UtUk; mf;fhyj;jpy;
tpsq;fpa rhe;jPg KdptUila mofpa jpUtbfis topg;gl;L rpwe;j
kiwfisf; fw;W czu;e;J tUfpd;w fhyj;jpy;> ngUF Mu;tj;NjhLk;
Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ngr;R vy;yhk; jpUF Muh cs;sj;J epidj;jpUf;
fpd;whNah rpwg;g - kpFe;j md;Gld; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;j Ngr;Rfnsy;yhk;
khWghL nghUe;jhj kdj;jpy; kwthJ ,Uf;fpd;whidNah eyk; ngUf.

nfOjifik ( el; G upik) ngUfpd; w J..

4. ge;jid afd;w NkNyha; gw;gy ehl;Fg; gpd;G
te;jid nadf;nfd; nfhz;L te;jid ajid apd;Nd
je;jid ahap dd;W jURitg; gf;f zj;njd;g
rpe;jid epd;w njd;whd; njuptUk; tQ;rf; fs;td;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :- ge;jid - cyf ge;jk;. gf;fzk; - gl;rzk;>

rpw;Wz;b.

nghopg;Giu :- ge;jid mfd;w NkNyha; gw;gy ehl;Fg;gpd;G te;jid

vdf;F vd; nfhz;L te;jid - Mirf;fl;L ePq;fpa NkNyhNd gy
ehl;fs; fope;j gpd; te;jid vdf;F vd;d nfhz;L te;jha;? mjid
,d;Nd je;jid Mapd; ed;W jURit gf;fzj;J vd; rpe;jid epd;wJ
vd;whd; njupT mUk; tQ;rf;fs;td; - mg;nghUis ,g;nghONj
nfhLg;ghahapd; ey;yJ> Ritia cila rpw;Wz;bapdplj;jpy; vd;
kdk; nrd;Ws;sJ vd;whd; vtuhYk; njupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj tQ;rid
nfhz;l fs;td;.

5. eliyjPu;e; jtd;nka;g; Nghu;j;j ehs;gy fz;l fe;ijg;

glu;jiyr; RUf;fp thq;fp ghq;Fitj; jpdpjp dha;e;J
tplyUq; fw;G tha;e;j kpd;ddhu; tzq;Fe; nja;te;
jplKw Kbe;J itj;j rpWnghjp fz;L nfhz;lhd;

3
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mUk;gjq;fs; :- eliy - fglk;> ngha;. ghq;F - gf;fk;. glu;jy
y; -
Nghu;j;jpUe;j Mil. nja;tk
k; - FNryupd; kidtp jplKw - cWjpahf.

nghopg;Giu :- eliy jPu;e;jtd; nka; Nghu;j;j ehs; gy fz;l fe;ij

glu; jiy RUf;fp - tQ;rfk; xope;jtdhfpa FNryDila clk;gpy;
%bAs;s gy ehshd fe;ijj;Jzpapd; tpupe;j jiyg;igr; RUf;fp>
thq;fp ghq;F itj;J ,dpjpd; Ma;e;J tply; mUk; fw;G tha;e;j kpd;
md;dhu; tzq;Fk; nja;tk; - vLj;Jg; gf;fj;jpy; itj;J ,dpikahf
Muha;eJ; (njs;sp) ePqf
; Kbahj fw;Gg; nghUe;jpa kpd; Nghd;w ngz;fs;
tzq;ff; $ba nja;tkhdtd;> jplKw Kbe;J itj;j rpW nghjp fz;L
nfhz;lhd; - cWjpahf Kbe;J itj;Js;s rpwpa nghjpiag; ghu;j;J
tpl;lhd;.
6. Kd;Dkpt; ktnyhd; NwD
KidKwpe; jJT kpd;W
gd;DKl; ilAkpd; whFk;
gl;ltq; ifA kzf;Fq;
nfhd;Dk;tha; nrwpg;gp dk;k
FsKk;Ntz; Ltjpd; nwd;dh
cd;Dgy; YyF Kz;Nlh
ndhUgpb atwpd; whNd
mUk;gjq;fs; :- Kd;Dk; - epidf;fj;jf;f. KidKwpe; jJTkpd;W
- xd;whtJ KwpahJ vy;yhk; KO KO mtyhff; fhzg;gl;ld
Kl;il - jtpL mq;if - cs;sq;if. nfhd;Dk; - FoWk;. Fsk Fsk; -
nty;yk;. cd;D gy;YyF Kz;Nld ld; - vz;zg;gLk; rfy cyfq;fisAk;
jd;Ds;Ns mlf;fpa fpU\;zd;.
nghopg;Giu :- Kd;Dk; ,e;j mty; xd;W VDk; Kid Kwpe;jJTk;
,d;W - fUjg;gLfpd;w ,e;j mtypy; xd;W $l Kid Kwpe;jjha;
,y;iy> gd;Dk; Kl;ilAk; ,d;W MFk; - nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w jtpLk;
ckpAk; ,y;iyahFk;. gl;l mq;ifAk; kzf;Fk; nfhd;Dk; tha;; nrwpgg
; pd;
FsKk; Ntz;LtJ ,d;W vd;dh - ( mty; nghjp) gl;l cs;sq; ifAk;
kzj;ijAk; cila jhFk; nfhd;dy; nghUe;jpa thapy; mlf;fp
itj;jpUe;jhy; tha;fF
; r; ru;ff
; iuAk; Ntz;lhjjhFk; vd;W $wp> cd;D
gy; cyFk; cz;Nlh xU gpb mty; jpd;whd; - epidf;fg;gLk;
cyfj;ijAk; ( Copf;fhyj;jpy; thapypl;Lf; fhf;f Kw;gl;l jpUkhshfpa
fz;zd; xU gpb mtiyj;jpd;whd;.)

4
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
kWehs; FNryu; fpU\;zdplk; tpil ngw;Wf; nfhz;L Gwg;gLfpd;whu;.

7. fjpUjpf;;Fq; fhiynaoP ,f;

fld;gyT Kw;wpalu;
Kjpu; Gyd; nrw;wUQhd
Kad;wile;Njh dhjypdhy;
kjpFyj;J kd;dtd;ghy;
tha;jpwe;njhd; Wq;Nfshd;
epjpakpfg; ngw;wtdha;
epide;J}u;f;F topf; nfhz;lhd;.

mUk;gjq;fs; :- fjpu; - #upad;. voP, - vOe;J. fld; gyTk; Kw;wp -

epj;jpa fld;fisr; nra;J Kbj;J. Gyd; - ,e;jpupak;. nrw;W - ntd;W
kjpf;Fyj;J kd;dtd; - fpU\;zd; epjpa kpfg; ngw;wtdha; - kpf;f
nry;tj;ijg; ngw;wtidg; Nghy mf kfpoe ; J
; . topfn
; fhz;lhd; - nrd;whd;.

nghopg;Giu ::-- fjpu; cjpf;Fk; fhiy voP, fld; gyTk; Kw;wp mlu;
Kjpu; Gyd; nrw;W mU Qhdk; Kad;W mile;Njd; Mjypdhy; -
QhapW cjpf;fpd;w fhyj;jpnyOe;J nra;fpd;w flikfis nra;J
neUq;Ffpd;w tskpFe;j Ik;Gyd;fis mlf;fp mUikahd Qhdj;ij
Kaw;rpj;Jg; ngw;wtd; Mdgbapdhy;> kjp Fyj;J kd;dtd; ghy;
tha;j
; pwe;J xd;Wk; Nfshd; - re;jpuFyj;J kd;ddhfpa fz;zgpuhdplj;jpy;
thiaj; jpwe;J xd;Wk; Nfshjtdha;> epjpak; kpf ngw;wtd; Ma;
epide;J Cu;f;F topf; nfhz;lhd; - nry;tj;ij kpfTk;
mile;jtdhf vz;zpj; jd; CUf;Fg; Gwg;gl;lhd;.
FNryUf;Fr; nry;tk; Nkd;NkYk; Ruf;fpd;wJ.
8. mUe;jtu;fs; Gfo;rPu;j;jp aike;jjpUf;
fz;zgpuh dUsp dhNy
nghUe;Jtpu jhjpfshd; kpf;fpisj;j
jd;Dlk;G g+upg; Gw;w
jpUe;jgoq; fe;ijnrOk; nghd;dhil
ahapw;wh ypyq;F fz;lg;
ngUe;Jsg kzpahuk; ngUtpiyKj;
jhukhg; gpwq;fpw; wNyh.

5
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
mUk;gjq;fs; :- mUe;jtu;fs; Gfo; rPu;j;jp aike;j - mupa jt
xOf;f KilNahu; Gfo;fpd;w ngUik tha;e;j. g+upg;Gw;w - epiwit
mile;jd. tpujhj
tpujhjp - (tpujk; + Mjp@ ) tpujk; Kjypait fz;lk; -
fOj;J. Muk
Muk; - khiy. gpwq;fpw;W - tpsq;fpw;W.

nghopg;Giu :- mUe;jtu;fs; Gfo; rPu;j;jp mike;j jpU fz;zgpuhd;

mUspdhNy - mUikahd jtKdptu;fs; Gfo;fpd;w rpwg;gike;j
fz; z gpuhd; jpUtUspdhNy> nghUe; J tpujk; Mjpfshy; kpf; F
,isj;jjd; clk;G g+upg;G cw;wJ - nghUe;jpa Nehd;G Kjypatw;why;
kpFjpAk; fisj;j jd; cly; g+upg;ig mile;jJ> ,Ue;j goq;fe;ij
nrO nghd; Mil Mapw;W -cLj;jpapUe;j gioa fe;ijj;Jzp
nghd;dhilahdJ> ,yq;Fk; fz;lk; ngUJsg kzpahuk; ngUtpiy
Kj;J Muk; M gpwq;fpw;W - tpsq;Ffpd;w fOj;jpy; mzpe;jpUe;j ngupa
Jsrp kzp khiyfs; ngupa tpiyia cila Kj;J khiyfshfpd

RrPiy FNryiu tuNtw;wy;

9. fhyzp nrk;nghw; rjq;ifae; njhlUk;
fjpu;kzpj; jz;ilAQ; rpyk;GQ;
rhyT nkhspu;e;J fypd;fyp ndd;dj;
jife;jg+q; fw;gff; nfhk;g
uhnyd ele;J kq;fy Nke;jp
astW ghq;fpa uha
Nfhykh klthu; #o;e;jdu; elg;gf;
nfhOeid vjpu;nfhs;thd; te;jhs;

mUk;gjq;fs; :- ghq;fpapuha Nfhyhklthu; - Nrbauhfpa mofpa

ngz;fs;> nfhOed; - fztd;> vjpu;nfhs;thd; - vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F

nghopg;Giu :- fhy;mzp nrk; nghd; rjq;if mk; njhlUk; fjpu;

kzp jz;ilAk; rpyk;Gk; - fhypy; mzpe;Js;s nrk;nghd;dhw; nra;j
mofpa rjq;ifj; njhlUk; xspAs;s kzpfs; ,ioj;j jz;ilAk;
rpyk;Gk; Mfpa mzpfs; vy;yhk;> rhyTk; xspu;e;J fypd; fypd; vd;d -
kpfTk; xspu;tpl;L tpsq;fp fyPu; vd;W xyp vOkhW> jioe;j g+ fw;gfk;
nfhk;gu; vd ele;J kq;fyk; Ve;jp msT mWghq;fpau; Ma Nfhyk; kh
klthu; #o;e;jdu; elg;g nfhOeid vjpu; nfhs;thd; te;jhs; -

6
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nropj;j kyu;fisAila fw;gfj;jpd; nfhk;gu; Nghy ele;J mstw;w
Njhopauhfpa moFk; ngUikAk; cila kq; i fau; kq; f yg;
nghUs;fisj; jhq;fpatu;fsha;r; #o;e;J cld; tur; nrd;W jd; Nfs;
tid vjpu;nfhs;s te;jhs;.

gps;isfspd; nry;tr; nrUf;F

10. FUkyu; nrk;nghw; fynkjpu; itj;Jf;
NfhjW nts;spa %uy;
gUFjw; fike;j ,d;Ritf; Fok;Gg;
ghy;tpuh Agrupj; J}l;lj;
jpUFG Ntz;lh ntd;kU kjidj;
jpUkpg;gh uhJnry; FeUk;
mUfpa grpA kpy;iynad; kUkha;
mzpkfhu; nrUf;Fjy; fz;lhd;.

mUk; g jq; f s; :- FUkyu; - xsptPRfpd;w fyk; - cz;Zjw;Fupa

ghj;jpuk; %uy; - NrhW. Fok;Gg; ghy;tpuha; - Fok;ghfpa ghy; Nru;j;J
jpUFGNtz;lh vd;kUk; - ifiaj; jpUfpf; nfhz;L Ntz;lh vd;NghUk;.
mUfpa - mw;g mzpkhu; - mofpa kf;fs;

nghopg;Giu :- FUkyu; nrk;nghd; fyk; vjpu; itj;J NfhJ mW

nts;spa %uy; gUFjw;F mike;j ,d;Rit Fok;G ghy; tpuha; cgrupjJ ;
Cl;;l - xsp tpupe;j nrk;nghd;dhw; nra;ag;gl;l cz; fyj;ij vjpuhf
itj;J Fw;wkw;w nts;spa Nrhw;iwAk; mUe;Jjw;Fupa ,dpa RitAila
Fok;ghfpa ghy; Nru;j;J ,dpa nkhop $wp cz;gpf;fTk; (cz;zhuha;)@
jpUFG Ntz;lh vd;kUk; mjidj; jpUk;gpg; ghuhJ nry;FeUk; mUfpa
grpAk; ,;y;iy vd;kUk; Ma; mzp kfhu; nrUf;Fjy; fz;lhd;.
ifiaj; j pUfpf; nfhz; L Ntz; l hnkd; N ghUk; > mg; g hw; Nrhw; i w
jpUk;gpg;ghuhjtuha; nry;NthUk;> rpwpjsT grpjhDkpy;iy vd;NghUkhfp
mofpa kf;fs; nrUf;FjiyAk; fz;lhd;.

7
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fpufpj;jw; gapw;rp

1. fpU\;zu; FNryiu vt;thW cgrupj;jhu;?

2. FNryUf;Fk; fpU\;zUf;Fk; neUq;fpa el;G epytpaij vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lk; epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;Ff.

3. FNryu; fz;zgpuhdplk; tha;jpwe;J xd;Wq; Nfl;fhikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?

4. ,Ue;j goq;fe;ij nrOk; nghd;dhilahapw;W vd;w njhlu;

%yk; ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;lJ vd;d?
5. gpd;tUk; nrhw;nwhlu;fisr; re;jp gpupj;J vOJf.
♦ gopapy;gy; Ygrh uq;fs; gz;zTe; njupah dhfp||
♦ ,yq;Frhe; jPgKdp tUfhk ubtzq;f khkiw fw;W
♦ je;jid ahap dd;W jURitg; gf;f zj;njd;..||
♦ ngUe;Jsg kzpahuk; ngUtpiy Kj;jhukha;...||
♦ Nfhykh klthu; #o;e;jdu; elg;g||

6. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fspd; nghUis vOJf.

♦ kidf;fpoj;jp ♦ epjpak;
♦ ge;jid ♦ fe;ij
♦ gf;fzk; ♦ g+upg;G
♦ eliy ♦ klthu;
♦ fjpu; ♦ %uy;
♦ nja;tk;
7. gpd;tUk; njhlu;fs; ahuhy; ahUf;F $wg;gl;ld
vd; g ij tp s f; F f.

• ~~epd;Dila kidf;fpoj;jp epuk;G ngU ePu;ikaNs? ||

• ~~,UNtK Kd;dhsp ypyq;F.........epidj;jpUf;fpd;whNah?||
• ~~ge;jid afd;w NkNyha;... rpe;jid epd;wJ||

8. ,g;ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fis njhFj;J

ciueilapy; vOJq;fs;

8
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ,yf;fzk;
ngau; r ; n rhy;
1. fhiy> Jthuif> ehs;> gl;rzk;
2. ghjk;> mq;if> cyF
3. elj;jy;> g+upj;jy;> Muk;> rjq;if
,r; nrhw;fis mtjhdpAq;fs; mit xU nghUisNah ,lj;ijNah>
fhyj;ijNah> cWg;igNah> Fzj;ijNah> njhopiyNah Rl;Ltdthf
cs;sd. mj;jifa nrhw;fs; ngau;r; nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk; vd;gij ePqf ; s;
Kd;dNu mwpe; j
; pUf;fpwuP f
; s;. ,r;nrhw;fspd; jd;ikia ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;jp fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltizia epug;Gq;fs;.

1. nghUl;ngau;
2. ,lg;ngau;
3. fhyg;ngau;
4. rpidg;ngau;
5. Fzg;ngau;
6. njhopw;ngau;

1. nghUisr; Rl;LtJ nghUl;ngau; : c + k;: kdpjd;> gwit>

Nkir> Gj;jfk;
2. ,lj;ijr; Rl;LtJ ,lg;ngau; : c + k;: thdk;> ikjhdk;>
fhyp> ghlrhiy
3. fhyj;ij Rl;LtJ fhyg;ngau; : c + k;:> gq;Fdp> Nfhil>
Neuk;> fhiy
4. rpidia / cWg;igr; Rl;LtJ rpidg;ngau;
: c + k;: ,iy> fdp>
rpwF> if
5. gz;ig / Fzj;ijr; Rl;LtJ gz;Gg; ngau; / Fzg;ngau;
c + k; : fUik> ePyk;> Fzk;> jPik
6. njhopiyr; Rl;LtJ njhopw;ngau;
c + k; : XLjy;> MLjy;> ghly;> elj;jy;

9
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
VjhtJ xd;wpd; ngaiuf;Fwpg;gJ ngau;r;nrhy;. mJ nghUl;ngau;>
,lg;ngau;> fhyg; ngau;> rpidg;ngau;> Fzg; ngau;> njhopw;ngau;> vd
MWtifg;gLk;.

Nky;tUk; thf;fpaq;fis thrpAq;fs;

1. kiyapy;; ,Ue;J mUtp gha;e;jJ.
2. rpwpa gwit thdj;jpy; cau caug; gwe;J nrd;wJ.
3. ehw;fhyp
hypapy; epkpu;e;J cl;fhu;e;Njd;.
jbj;j vOj;jpYs;s nrhw;fs; vt;tifapd vd ,dq;fhz Kbfpwjh
vdg; ghUq;fs;.
mUtp vd; w nrhy; xUtpj fhuzKk; ,d; w pj; njhd; W njhl; L
toq;fptUtjhy; mjid ,LFwpg; ngau; vd miog;gu;. (kuk;> fly;>
kz; Nghd;wd)
gwit :- gwf;fpd;w fhuzk; gw;wp te;jikahy; mjidf;
fhuzg; ngau; vd miog;gu; (mzp> nghd;dd;>
fzf;fd;)
ehw;fhyp :- fhuzk; fUjp ,lg;gl;l xU ngau; mf;fhuzj;ij
cila gpw nghUs;fisr; Rl;lhJ xd;iw khj;jpuk;
Rl;b ,LFwpg;ngau; Nghy epw;gpd; mjid fhuz
,LFwp vd miog;gu;.

gap w ; r p
(m) ~m| njhFjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iy ~M| njhFjpapy;
,Ue;J njupT nra;J ,izAq;fs;.

~m| njhFjp ~M| njhFjp

1. fhuzg;ngau; 1. epyk;
2. ,LFwpg;ngau; 2. ehw;fhyp
3. fhuz,LFwpg;ngau; 3. kz;ntl;b

(M) ,ilntspfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iy milg;Gf;Fs;

,Ue;J njupe;njLj;J ,ilntspapy; vOJq;fs;

10
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
1. jd;ik xUikg; ngau; .............................(eP> ehd;)
2. jd;ik gd;ikg; ngau; .............................(ehq;fs;> ePq;fs;)
3. Kd;dpiy xUikg; ngau; .............................(mtd;> eP)
4. Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngau;.............................(ehq;fs;> ePq;fs;)
5. glu;f;if xUikg; ngau; ...............................(mts;> ehd;)
6. glu;f;ifg; gd;ikg;ngau; ...............................(ePq;fs;> mtu;fs;)

(,) ,LFwpg;ngau;> fhuzg;ngau;> fhuz ,LFwpg;ngau;fisj;

njhFj;J tpsf;fj;Jld; mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jf.

(<) mWtifg;ngau;fs;> %tplg;ngau;fs;> fhuzg; ngau;fs;> ,LFwp

ngau;fs; fhuz ,LFwpg; ngau;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;
xt;nthd;W jUf. mtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;J vOJf.

nkhop tsk;

njhlu; n khop g ; nghUSf; F xUnrhy;

ePz;l gy njhluhy; czu;j;Jk; nghUis xU nrhy; gpuNahfpj;J
czu;j;JtJ nkhopeilf;F Mw;wYk; tdg;Gk; mspf;Fk;. md;wpAk;>
mj;jifa nrhw;fspd; mwpT nghUl;RUf;fk; vOk;NghJ kpFe;j
gadspf;Fk;.
1. mzpe;Jiu- xU E}Yf;F E}yhrpupau; jtpu;e;j gpwu;toq;Fk;
GfOiu
2. ,Uepjp - rq;fepjp> gJkepjp
3. Mr;rpukk; - jNghjdu; trpf;Fk; ,lk;
4. %Nte;;ju; - Nruu;> Nrhou; > ghz;bau;
5. Kj;jkpo; - ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo;> ehlfj;jkpo;
6. ehw;gil - Nju;g;gil> ahidg;gil> Fjpiug;gil>
fhyhl;gil.
7. Mtzk; - epyj;jpd; cupik nfhz;lhLtjw;Fr; rhd;whf
vOj;JUtpy; mike;j cWjp

8.Mj;jpfd; - flTis ek;Ggtd;

11
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 8. Xyf;fk; - murd;> rghkz;lgj;jpy; mikr;ru;>
gilj;jiytu;> mwpQu; Kjypa gupthuj;jpdu;
#o ,Uf;Fk; ,Uf;if
9. ehw;gad; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL
10. ehw;Fzk; - ngz; - mr;rk;> klk;> ehzk;> gapu;g;G
Mz; - mwpT> epiw> xu;g;G> filg;gpb
11. rjhtjhdp - xNu rkaj;jpy; E}W tplaq;fis
mtjhdpf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wtd;
12. Ie;jpiz - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy
13. rpNyil - ,UnghUs; mikaj; njhLtJ
14. mWRit - frg;G> ,dpg;G> Gspg;G> ctu;g;G> Jtu;g;G>
ciwg;G
15. jPu;f;fjuprp - vjpu;fhy epfo;r;rpfis mwpAk; Mw;wy;
gilj;jtd;
16. etuj;jpdk; - kufjk;> gtsk;> ePyk;> tr;rpuk;> Kj;J>
gJkuhfk;> NfhNkjfk;> GUluhfk;>
it^upak;
17. gjpg;Giu - xU E}iy ntspapLNthu; me;E}iyg;gw;wpf;
$Wk; ciu
18. eturk; - rpUq;fhuk;> tPuk;> eif> rhe;jk;> fUiz>
,opT> mw;Gjk;> gak;> ntFsp
19.nka;f;fPu;j;jp - nrg;Ngl;bNyDk; fy;ypNyDk; nrJf;fg;gLk;
Gfo;nkhop
20.jrhtjhuk; - kPd;> Mik> gd;wp> eurpq;fk;> thkdd;>
guRuhkd;> ,uhkd;> fpU\;zd;> fy;fp
21.itutpoh - mWgjhtJ Mz;bd; Kbtpy; vLf;fg;gLk;
tpoh
,t;thwhd njhifg; ngau;r; nrhw;fis Njb njhFf;fTk;
( mfutupirg;gb Njbj; njhFj;jy; rpwg;ghdJ.)

gap w ; r p

1. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis tpsf;fpf;fhl;Lf.

gpukr;rhup> mq;fjk;> ehj;jpfk;> nfhLq;Nfhd;ik> kQ;rup

12
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Mf;fj;jpwd;
ehlf Mf;fk;
kdpj czu;r;rpfisAk; mtw;wpd; Nkhjy;fisAk; ghj;jpuq;fspd;
nray;%yk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU fiyNa ehlff; fiyahFk;. ehlf
Mrpupad; $w tpUk;Gtd ahTk; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ghj;jpuq;fspd; ciuahly;fs; mtw;wpd; jFjpf;F Vw;wdthf
mikjYk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt ehlfnkhd;iw vOJk; NghJ
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

˜ ehk; vkJ tho;tpy; gytpj Fzhk;rq;fs; nfhz;l kdpju;fisr;

re;jpf;fpd;Nwhk;. mtu;fsJ gz;Gfspy; eltbf;iffspy; Njhw;wq;fspy;
tpj;jpahrq;fis czuf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mt;thNw ehk; gilf;f
,Uf;Fk; ehlfg;ghj;jpuq;fSk; tpj;jpahrkhd Fztpay;GfSiladthf
,Ug;gJ ,uridf;FupajhFk;.

ciuahly;fs;
˜ ehlfg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikfis ciuahly;fspy; ,Ue;Nj
mwpaKbAk;. vdNt ehlf tsu;r;rpf;F cjTk; jfty;fis my;yJ
ghj;jpuj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;lhj> Njitaw;w Ngr;Rf;fis mwNt
jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtis ciuahly;fs; kpff; FWfpajhfTk;
mikaf;$lhJ.

Gwf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
˜ xU ehlfk; vOjg;gLk;NghJ thu;j;ijf;F thu;j;ij> trdj;Jf;F
trdk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; xt;nthU mirTf;Fk; nespTf;Fk; Gwf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. me;jf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; ebfu;fSf;Fk; newpahsUf;Fk;
ngUkstpy; cjtp GupAk;.

ehlfk; xd;iw Mf;Fk; NghJ

˜ ehlfj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd xU fijiaj; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; mjd; NkNyhl;lkhd fijr; Nru;itia kdjpNy
,Uj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

13
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
˜ Nju;njLj;j fijapd; cUit mJ kdjpNy vd;d Nfhyj;jpy;
mikj;jhYk; mjid Nkilf;F Vw;w fhl;rpfshff; fhl;lf;
$ba rk;gtj; njhFjpfshf tFj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

˜ Neuj;Jf;Fj; jf;fjhf mjidr; rPu;ikg;gLj;jp fijf;F Vw;w

ciu tbtk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

˜ ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fupa Gwf;Fwpg;GfSld; vOjp Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gapw; r p
˜ ePq;fs; fw;w FNrNyhghf;fpahdk; vd;w nra;Al; gFjpia
kPz;Lk; xU Kiw thrpj;Jg;ghUq;fs;.

˜ FNryUila KOikahd fijapidj; Njbg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;

˜ Nkilf;F Vw;w fhl;rpfshff; fhl;lf;$ba rk;gtj; njhFjpfshff;

fijapid tFj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

˜ gj;J epkpl Neuj;Jf;Fs; ebf;ff; $bajhf rPuikAq;fs;.

˜ Nkilf; Fwpg;GfSld; $ba ehlfg; gpujpahf;Fq;fs;

˜ mjid tFg;giwapNy ebj;Jg; goFq;fs;.

˜ khztu; kd;wj;jpy; NkilNaw;Wq;fs;.

14
,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf