FUNCTION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Hoang Hai Ha

HCMC — 2020.

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 1 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables

EXAMPLE 1.1
The volume V of a circular cylinder depends on its
radius R and its height h according to the formula
V = πR 2 h. So V is a function of R and h.

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 Introduction to function of multivariables

EXAMPLE 1.1
The volume V of a circular cylinder depends on its
radius R and its height h according to the formula
V = πR 2 h. So V is a function of R and h.

EXAMPLE 1.2
A manufacture determines that x units of a particular
commodity can be sold domestically for 90$ per unit,
and y units can be sold to foreing markets for 110$,
then the total profit is P = 90x + 110y .

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 2 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables

FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES

DEFINITION 1.1
A function f of two variables
f : D ⊂ R2 → R
(x, y) 7−→ z = f (x, y)

1
The set D is the domain of f and is denoted by D f .
2
The set of values that f takes on
E = {z, ∃(x, y) ∈ D : z = f (x, y)} is called range of f
and is denoted by E f .

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 Introduction to function of multivariables

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 4 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables

EXAMPLE 1.3
Evaluate f (3, 2) and sketch the domain for functions:
1
z = x ln(y 2 − x)
p
2
z = 9 − x2 − y 2
SOLUTION
1
D f = {(x, y) : x < y 2 }
2
D f = {(x, y) : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9}

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 5 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables Graph

GRAPH OF FUNCTION TWO VARIABLES

DEFINITION 1.2
If f is a function of two variables with domain D,
then the graph of f is the set of all points (x, y, z) in R3
such that z = f (x, y) and (x, y) is in D.
In other words, function z = f (x, y) is interpreted
geometrically as a surface in space. So the graph of
z = f (x, y) is a surface whose projection on Ox y is D .

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 Introduction to function of multivariables Graph

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 7 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables Graph

EXAMPLE 1.4
2 −y 2
Using Matlab to graph the function z = e −x

syms x y ;
z=exp(−x 2 − y 2 );
fsurf( f ,’FaceColor’,’y’)
Some commands to sketch surface in Matlab: fsurf,
mesh, surf, ezsurf...

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 8 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables Graph

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 9 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

DEFINITION 1.3
Another way to visualize function of two variables is
using level curve. The level curves of a function f are
the curves with equations f (x, y) = k on Oxy plane( k
is a constant in the range of f ).

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 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

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 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

A set of level curves of a

surface on XY plane
provides topographical
map or contour map.

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 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

A set of level curves of a

surface on XY plane
provides topographical
map or contour map.
Distance between level
curves expresses the
steepness of surface.

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 12 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

A set of level curves of a

surface on XY plane
provides topographical
map or contour map.
Distance between level
curves expresses the
steepness of surface. The
surface is steep if level
curves are close together.
It is flatter if level curves
are farther apart.

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 12 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

EXAMPLE 1.5
A contour map for a function f is shown below. Use it
to guess the value f (1, 3) and f (4, 5).

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 13 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

DEFINITION 1.4
A function of n variables

f : D ⊂ Rn → R

(x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ) 7−→ f (x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n )
or u = f (x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ).

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 14 / 22

 Introduction to function of multivariables LV

DEFINITION 1.4
A function of n variables

f : D ⊂ Rn → R

(x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ) 7−→ f (x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n )
or u = f (x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ).

EXAMPLE 1.6
The temperature T at a point on the surface of the
earth depends on the longitude x and latitude y of the
point and on the time t . So we can write T = f (x, y, t ).

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 14 / 22

 Quadratic surfaces Standard quadratic surfaces

ELLIPSOID

x2 y 2 z2
+ + = 1, (a, b, c ∈ R)
a2 b2 c 2

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 Quadratic surfaces Standard quadratic surfaces

ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID

x2 y 2
z= +
a2 b2

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID

x2 y 2
z= −
a2 b2

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

CYLINDERS

x2 y 2
Elliptic Cylinder 2 + 2 = 1, z ∈ R
a b

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

CYLINDERS

Parabolic Cylinder y 2 = 2px, z ∈ R

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

CONE

x2 y 2 z2
+ =
a2 b2 c 2

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

CONE
q
z= x2 + y 2

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 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

EXAMPLE 2.1
2 2
Sketch the level
p curves for paraboloid z = x + y and
the cone z = x 2 + y 2 for k = 1, 3, 5, 7.

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 22 / 22

 Quadratic surfaces Hyperbolic Paraboloid

EXAMPLE 2.1
2 2
Sketch the level
p curves for paraboloid z = x + y and
the cone z = x 2 + y 2 for k = 1, 3, 5, 7.

Hoang Hai Ha Function of several variables HCMC — 2020. 22 / 22