Operating Systems

Abdul-Rahman Mahmood
Assistant Professor, Computer Science, FAST-NU

[email protected] reddit.com/user/alphapeeler
alphapeeler.sf.net/pubkeys/pkey.htm www.flickr.com/alphapeeler
pk.linkedin.com/in/armahmood http://alphapeeler.tumblr.com
bqb-tsid-asp [email protected]
alphapeeler [email protected]
alphapeeler abdulmahmood-sss
armahmood786 [email protected]
http://alphapeeler.sf.net/ pinterest.com/alphapeeler

Contents
 Course outline
 Is it really true? Facts!!!


Blue screen of death – Why?
The restart dilemma !
About the course
 POSIX  Operating System History - Opensource concepts
 Early Unix History  Computer System Overview
 Brief History of Linux  Operating System Overview
 Linux Timeline  Process Description and Control
 An open letter to hobbyist  Threads
 GNU / GLP
 Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization
 Cygnus / Rethat
 The Cathedral and the Bazaar by Eric  Memory Management
 Windows Refund Day  Uniprocessor Scheduling
 Homebrew Computer Club  I/O Management and Disk Scheduling
 Open Source  File Management
 Who uses Linux  Embedded Operating Systems
 Why openSUSE  Computer Security Threats
 What is a Shell?  Computer Security Techniques
 Bash
3

Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie Richard Stallman

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie The last MIT hacker

1
Bruce Perens Frank Hecker
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Perens  http://hecker.org/mozilla/

Eric Raymond Marc Ewing

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ewing

Steve Jobs Chris DiBona

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona

2
Linus Torvalds
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

What? Is it true?

 Linux distributions don’t come with disk-

defragmenting utilities. But why is that?
 NTVDM ?
14

What? Is it true? What? Is it true?

 Mac System I - 1984
 Windows 3.11 or System I?
 Mac System III - 1986
 released on April 6, 1992

15 16

What? Is it true?
Microsoft's antitrust trial,
wherein the Court ruled
that Microsoft Corporation's
Blue screen of death – Why?
bundling of Internet Explorer
with the Windows operating
system was a monopolistic and
illegal business practice.

1992 - $173M
1984 1998 - “Not a Strategic Product”
Forethought
Originally called QDOS, short for 1987, $14M
“quick and dirty operating
system” created by Tim Paterson
Visio Corp.
1980 at Seattle Computer Co.
2000, $1.375B

Skype Hotmail Nokia Lumia

2011, $8.5 B 1997, $500 M 2013, €3.79B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft 17 18

3
The restart dilemma ! POSIX
 IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, released in 1988
 Originally started as a UNIX like operating systems,
but eventually grew to 19 separate documents
(POSIX.1, POSIX.2 ..)
 Fully POSIX-compliant
 HP-UX, Solaris, OSX
 Mostly POSIX-compliant
 FreeBSD, Linux, MINIX, OpenSolaris
 POSIX for Windows
 Cygwin, MinGW, Microsoft POSIX subsystem

20

A brief history Linux Timeline

 Unix
 Unix - multi-user, multi-tasking OS.
 Largely hardware-independent
 Bell Labs in 1969 by Ken Thompson & Dennis Richie.
 epoch : , Jan 1, 1970
 Linux
 Birth of Linux : 1991 at the University of Helsinki
 Inspired by MINIX (1987) and GNU GPL.
 A free Unix-Like
 1994: version 1.0
 Latest stable version is 3.11.4 [as of Oct 6, 2013]

21 22

Linux Timeline
 Richard Stallman, the founder of GNU Project
 Joins MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971
 The “incompatible time sharing system”
 No passwords on their computers
 What is actually a password?
 A person who enjoys a playful cleverness
 Beginning of the end of freedom.... passwords in MIT
 Mid 1970's - "Homebrew Computer Club"
 January 31, 1973 - Bill Gate wrote a open letter
 Microsoft became the pioneer of proprietary software
model.
 Homebrew Computer Club - 1975
23 24

4
Linux Timeline
 GNU is?
 1980 – 1991 :
 Richard Stallman
 Re-writing all of the programs from scratch
 1991 : GNU replaced practically all of the programs of
UNIX.
 The concept of Copyleft
 GPL
 Example of Copyleft
 Linus Trovalds used this license for Linux.
 With GPL you have the freedom of going with the
people who give you good support.
 In case of proprietary software you can only get support
from only one company. Microsoft! 25 http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html 26

Linux Timeline Linux Timeline

“I still maintain the point that designing a
 Cygnus monolithic kernel in 1991 is a fundamental
 Cygnus was the first business that specialized in free error. Be thankful you are not my
software student. You would not get a high grade for
such a design” Prof. Andrew Tanenbaum
 By the fall of 1989 – Cygnus was formed that gave
support as well  Linux (development : 1991-1993)
 Cygnus provided a software toolkit for free and started  1991 : Linux version 0.01, 10,000 LOC and 1 person
charging for support, but still there was no free Kernel  1992: Linux version 0.96, 40,000 loc and 1,000 users
for OS.  Linux replaced Sun spark workstation[$7000]@2X speed
 Finally people have free Unix like OS at home.
 1993: Linux version 0.99, 100,000 LOC, 20,000 users
 1993: Apache – the killer app of Linux
 Red Hat - May 1995 - Mark Ewing - 4 guys in apartment.
 1995: Linux version 1.2, 250,000 LOC, 500,000 users
 1997: Linux version 1.2, 800,000 LOC, 3.5 million users
27 28

Linux Timeline

Windows Refund Day

Monday, February 15, 1999
Foster City, California
 1997: The Cathedral and the Bazaar by Eric
(near Silicon Valley)
Raymond published this paper in a Linux conference
 Netscape: 1998, Frank Hacker, release s source code
 1998: Linux version 2.110, 1.5 million LOC, 7.5
million users 29

5
 Windows Refund Day
EULA
 If you do not agree to the terms of this EULA, PC  First refund
manufacturer and Microsoft are unwilling to license  Australian Geoff Bennett - refund from Toshiba
the software product to you. In such an event ... you Australia for the unwanted Microsoft OS included
should promptly contact PC manufacturer for with his laptop.
instructions on a return of the unused product(s) for a  Geoff carefully read the OS's license statement, and
refund. noted that he was actually specifically required to
return the software for a refund (and forbidden to use
 Windows 95 and a Windows 98
it), if he didn't consent to the license terms, which he
did not.
 After a six-month epic display of mulishness, Toshiba
Australia finally gave him a $110 refund.

Windows Refund Day Windows Refund Day

Windows Refund Day Windows Refund Day

 Microsoft Planed:
 discredit users of non-Microsoft PC OSes such as Linux
and BSD.
 without a mandatory Microsoft OS means supporting
illegal software copying
 refunds should be sought from the OEM
 Microsoft's control of the OEMs
 What did it achieve?
 change focus from OEMs to Microsoft itself.
Eric Raymond and Chris DiBona press the elevator button for the 9th floor. (It was
locked out.)
 Revealed Microsoft tax schemes

6
 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
Homebrew Computer Club - 1975 with Apple-1 computer
 Movies:
 Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)
 Steve Jobs (left)
 Jobs (2013)
and Steve
 Several very high-profile hackers and computer Wozniak (right)
entrepreneurs emerged from its ranks, including the met in a friend’s
founders of Apple Inc. garage in the late
 Gordon French, co-founder of the Homebrew
1960s. The two of
them bonded
Computer Club – arranged 1st meeting - 1975 over their shared
interest in
electronics and
practical jokes.

Homebrew Computer Club Homebrew Computer Club

 Steve Wozniak debuted the  Paul Allen and Bill
prototype Apple-1 at the Gates
Homebrew Computer Club  Allen and Gates had
in 1976. For $666.66, buyers no access to an Altair
when they wrote their
received a simple single- BASIC programming
board computer with 4K of language interpreter
RAM. A cassette-based for it. They debugged
BASIC programming the program on a DEC
language simplified PDP-10 timesharing
computer using a
interaction though users simulator of the Intel
had to add a power supply, 8008 microprocessor
keyboard, storage system, that Allen had written.
and display to build a fully-
functioning system.

Open Source
 Open source is free software !
 History since; 1857; 1960’s
 Goes beyond hobbyists and students
 High quality software
 Open source is a viable business model
 Open source is a better software engineering
methodology
 Why open source software is better:
 Software is unlike a physical product
 Software is heavily reuse oriented, incrementally
developed

42

7
Who uses Linux Which flavor?
 Almost all Hackers rely on Linux
 Almost all Supercomputers runs on Linux
 Amazon.com (largest online retailer) switched
entirely to Linux and saved 17 million Dollars
 Google, has a cluster of over 1000 Linux servers.
 Wikipedia
 US Department of Defense.
 French Parliament
 Commercial Bank of China
 U.S. Postal Service
 U.S. Federal Courts

Why openSUSE Why openSUSE

 Backing of big vendor - Novell  Dell PowerEdge R910 4U rack
 Huge open source community  Operating System
 recommended server operating systems by DELL. (Windows, RHEL,  Microsoft® Windows Server® 2012
SLES) Microsoft Windows Server 2008 SP2, x86/x64 (x64 includes Hyper-V®)
 SUSE is the base distribution, whereas Ubuntu is extracted from Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, x64 (includes Hyper-V v2)
Microsoft Windows® HPC Server 2008 R2
Debian.
Novell® SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server
 OpenSUSE is customized for most of the development tool chains. Red Hat® Enterprise Linux®
 Frequent build release system : Virtualization options:
Citrix® XenServer®
 Below is the attached project plan showing the release management of
Microsoft Hyper-V through Microsoft Windows Server 2008
OpenSUSE VMware® vSphere® ESX™ and ESXi™
Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization®

45 46

SUSE Studio SUSE Studio

 http://susestudio.com/browse
 http://susestudio.com/a/Og4tJh/alphapeeler-jeos

47 48

8
 What is a Shell?
SUSE Studio  Just a Unix program executed when you log in
 A command interpreter
 provides the basic user interface to UNIX utilities
 A programming language
 program consisting of shell commands is called a shell
script
 you can put commands in a file and execute it:
 First, make the file executable (chmod u+x script−file)

49 50

Bash Conclusion
 Advantages of Linux!
 Disadvantages!
 Linux does NOT hide anything!
 Need for Antivirus ? No? Why?
 Need for defragmentation tool? No!
 Only 10% Desktop computing! Why?
 Suited for Super computers
 Suited for Embedded Systems
 Very small : Tinycore (12 MB) / DSL (40MB)
 Mobile, PDA, Headsets

51