DR.D.Y.

PATIL, PRATISHTAN'S
Y.B.PATIL POLYTECHNIC

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,

Bharati Bhosale
Aditya Patil
Vaibhav Wankhede
Prajkta Gophane
Om Mankar
Sanket Wadate

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the project work entitled,
Prepare collection of photographs showing various types of cracks in damaged structure

This work is being submitted for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering partial fulfilment of
syllabus of M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai for academic year 2019-20.

Guide HOD of civil dept.

Principal

Mrs. Mrunalini Shewale MR.A.H.Patil

Prof.A.S.Kondekar
 Annexure - I

Micro-Project Proposal

Title of Micro-Project: Prepare collection of photographs showing various types of cracks in damaged
structure

Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

• To get the knowledge about cracks in damaged structure.

• To get the knowledge of collection of photographs showing various types of cracks.

1. Course Outcome Addressed:

1) To get the information about cracks in damaged structure.

2) To get the knowledge of collection of photographs showing various types of cracks.
2. Action Plan:

Sr. No. Details of Planned start Planned finish Name of

activity. Date. Date. responsible
Team member.
Collection of 5/5/2021 11/5/2021 Bharati Bhosale
1) information.
Aditya Patil.

Working on 11/5/2021 19/5/2021 Prajkta

2) Microsoft word. Gophane

Vaibhav
Wankhede.
Taking prints of 19/5/2021 24/5/2021 Om Mankar
3) the project Sanket Wadate.
made in
Microsoft word
and binding the
pages of the
project.
3. Name of Team Member with Roll No.:

Sr. No. Name of Team Member. DIV. Roll No.

1) Bharati Bhosale. A Y-3139
2) Prajkta Gophane. B Y-3189
3) Aditya Patil. A Y-3166
4) Vaibhav Wankhede. A Y-3164
5) Om Mankar. A Y-3165
6) Sanket Wadate. A Y-3163

4. Resources Required:

Sr. No. Names of Specifications. Qty. Remarks.

Resources/Materials.
Internet and Collection of _
1) Reference books. information.
Computer or Laptop. Working on
2) Microsoft word. 1
 Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
(The marks may be allotted to the characteristics of the Micro Project by considering the suggested rubrics)

Sr. No. Characteristic to be Poor Average Good Excellent

assessed ( Marks 1 – 3 ) ( Marks 4 – 5 ) ( Marks 6 – 8 ) (Marks 9-10)

1 Relevance to the course Related to very few LOs Related to some Los Addressed at-least one Addressed more than
CO CO
Literature Not more than two At-least 7 relevant
Review/information sources (primary and At least 5 relevant sources, sources, most latest
2 collection secondary), very old at least 2 latest About 10 relevant
reference sources, most latest
Completion of the
Target as per project Completed less than Completed 50 to 60% Completed 60 to 80% Completed more than
3
proposal 50% 80%
Sufficient and appropriate Sufficient and Enough data collected
sample, appropriate sample, by
enough data generation enough data generated sufficient and
but not organized and not which is organized and appropriate sample size.
Sample Size small, data
presented well. No or poor presented well but poor Proper
4 neither organized nor
inferences drawn inferences drawn inference drawn by
presented well
organising and
presenting data through
Analysis of Data and tables, charts and
representation graphs.
Well Well
assembled/fabricated assembled/fabricat ed
with proper functioning with proper
Just parts. In proper shape, functioning parts. In
assembled/fabricated and within tolerance proper shape, within
parts are not dimensions and good tolerance
functioning well. Not in finish. But no creativity dimensions and good
5 proper shape, dimensions in design and use of finish/appearance.
Quality of Incomplete beyond tolerance limit. material Creativity in design and
Prototype/Model fabrication/assembly. Appearance/finish is shabby. use of material
Very short, poor quality Nearly sufficient and Detailed, correct and Very detailed, correct,
sketches, Details about correct details about clear description of clear
methods, material, methods, material, methods, materials, description of methods,
precaution and precautions and precautions and materials,
conclusions omitted, conclusion, but clarity is Conclusions. Sufficient precautions and
some details are wrong not there in presentation. Graphic Description. conclusions.
But not enough graphic Enough tables, charts
6 Report Preparation description. and sketches
Presentation of the Micro Major information is Includes major information Includes major Well organized, includes
7 project not included, but not well organized and information and well major
information is not well not presented well organized but not information, well
organized presented well presented
8 Viva Could not replay to Replied to considerable Replied properly to Replied most of the
considerable number of number of questions but not considerable number of questions properly
question very properly question
 Annexure – IV

 Micro Project Evaluation Sheet

1. Name of group members with Enrolment No.

Sr. No. Name of Student. Enrolment No.

1) Bharati Bhosale. 1801340247
2) Prajkta Gophane 1801340242
3) Aditya Patil 1901350304
4) Vaibhav Wankhede 1901340298
5) Om Mankar 1901340300
6) Sanket Wadate 1901340297

Name of Program: TYCE

Semester: 06
Course title: Prepare collection of photographs showing various types of cracks in damaged
structure .
Course outcome Achieved:
1) To get the information about cracks in damaged structure.
2) To get the information of collection of photographs showing various types of cracks.
 Poor Average Good Excellent
Sr. No. Characteristic to be assessed Marks(1-3) Marks(4- Marks(6-8) Marks(910
5) )
(A)Process and product Assessment (Convert above total marks out of 6 marks)

1. Relevance to the course

2. Literature survey/
Information collection

3. Completion of the target as per

project proposal

4. Analysis of data and

Representation

5. Quality of prototype/ model

6. Report preparation

(B)Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks out of 4 marks)

7. Preparation

8. Viva
Sr. No. Roll No. (A)Process and Project B) Individual Total Marks.
Assessment. Presentation/viva. (10 marks)
(6 marks) (4 marks)
1) Y-3139
2) Y-3189
3) Y-3166
4) Y-3164
5) Y-3165
6) Y-3163

Comments: _______________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of teacher: __________________________________________________

Dated Signature: __________________________________________________________________

Annexure-ll

Micro-Project Report
 Prepare collection of photographs showing various types of cracks in damaged
structure
Rationale:
Building cracks are most common problem found in any type of building. We all love to have a
house which structurally safe and beautiful but it is not so easy, one has to overcome
natural calamity, soil failure, construction faults, improper design, and inadequate joints
causings to develop cracks on the building. Though the cracks in concrete cannot be prevented
entirely but they can be controlled by using adequate material and technique of construction and
specific design criteria.
Aims/Benefits of the Micro-project :
1.To get the knowledge about cracks in damaged structure.
2.To get the knowledge of collection of photographs showing various types of cracks.
Course outcomes achieved:
1.To learn the cracks in damage structure.
2.To study the various types of cracks in structure.
3.To get knowledge about cracks in masonry and concrete structure.
Literature review:
Some researchers already worked on related topics of Causes and remedies of cracks such as Study
type of cracks in Construction and its controlling done by [Kazem Reza Kashyzadeh and Neda Aghili
Kesheh 2012], it shortly Describes about what every civil engineer should know about Face of the
building i.e. cracking. Causes and evaluation of Cracks done in concrete structure by [Sayed Mohd
Mehndi et Al. 2014], they explained about the evaluation of cracks that Can be done by different
technique like Crack Compactor and By ultrasonic Testing.
Building cracks-causes and remedies by [Grishma Thagunna 2014], from this research it is
found that building Cracks has direct and indirect impacts and building cracks do Not cause structural
problem in direct way but it facilitates the Activities which ultimately cause the problem. Prevention
& Repair of cracks in concrete structures by [B.B.Gamit et al. 2014], they broadly classified about the
structural and non Structural cracks that occurs in building along with their Causes and remedy.

Actual Methodology Followed:

1.To know about the cracks in damage structure.

2.To give the information about collection of photographs various types of cracks in damaged
structure.

3.To study of non- structural cracks, structural cracks.

4.To knowledge about cracks in masonry and concrete structure.

Introduction:

Cracks in the Building is a universal problem faced throughout the world. Building components
develops cracks whenever stress in the components exceeds its strength. Stress in the
building components could be caused by externally applied forces such as dead, live, wind, seismic
loads or foundation settlement or could it be induced by internally due to temperature variations,
moisture changes and chemical actions[1].Cracks affects the building’s artistic look and it destroys
the wall integrity, affects the safety of structure and even reduces the durability of structure.

Cracking In reinforced concrete structures of various types can be divided into two main groups:

1. Non- structural cracks

2. Structural cracks

Non - structural cracks:-

A Non-structural foundation crack is one that doesn’t threaten a building’s structural integrity.
They’re mainly caused by concrete shrinking during the curing process. That doesn’t mean they’re
harmless though. For example, non-structural vertical cracks caused by concrete shrinkage can cause
leaks in basements.

Characteristics of non-structural cracks

No more than 1/10 inch wide – Homeowners should monitor small cracks to make sure they’re not
getting bigger. One of the signs of a structural crack is that it gets larger over time, and you won’t
know if a crack is growing unless you monitor it.

Vertical foundation cracks – Vertical cracks in a foundation wall that go from the top of the wall down
to the floor also usually aren’t structural because there’s no obstruction stopping the home’s load
from reaching the footing. The load simply passes on either side of the crack as it makes its way to
the footing.

Cracks isolated to one block in a concrete block wall – A single, hairline crack in just one cinder block
is usually a sign of damage during construction or transportation and does not present a structural
issue. If you see any of these cracks you should monitor to them to see if they grow larger. If they do,
they’re probably structural cracks.

Causes of non-structural cracks

Non-structural foundation cracks are mostly caused by shrinkage during the concrete curing process.
 Fig.No.1.1

Fig.no.1.1. showing the masonry wall is crack due to the moisture content in wall leakages are there
in structure. Leakage of wall then it will go the crack in wall these crack is minor and major crack.

Fig.No.1.2

Fig.no.1.2 showing the masonry wall is crack is vertical crack in the wall due to load distribution in
structural elements.

Structural Cracks:-

A structural foundation crack is one that threatens a building’s structural integrity. Here we are
talking about cracks in poured concrete and concrete block foundation walls, not cracks in drywall or
plaster.
His crack happens because of off base outline, broken development or over-Burdening and these may
imperil the wellbeing of a building. Basic cracks are framed in Beams, segments and slabs.

Characteristics of structural cracks

Over 1/10 inch wide – Structural cracks are usually wider than 1/10 inch (often wider at one end than
the other) and grow larger over time. Stair step cracks in block or brick walls

Horizontal foundation cracks in walls, with or without bowing – These are almost always structural. A
series of vertical cracks next to each other Large diagonal cracks in a ceiling that run across the ceiling
and down a wall – These are usually structural cracks.

If you see any of these cracks, contact a foundation repair professional immediately for a foundation
inspection.

Causes of structural cracks

Various things cause structural cracks, including – but not limited to – expansive soils, voids under the
foundation, soil that can’t properly support the structure, soil that wasn’t adequately compacted
before construction, and improper grading that causes water to pool near the foundation.

Fig.No.1.3

Fig.no.1.3. showing crack in wall due to the load transfer is incorrect in that case crack is produced in
the wall.

Various types of cracks in masonry wall

Cracks in Brick Mortar Joints

Vertical or horizontal cracks are seen at the brick mortar joints. One of the main reason is the sulfate
attack, that weakens the mortar. These cracks mainly appear after 2 to 3 years of construction. These
cracks can be avoided by:

1. Checking the sulfate content of bricks used in construction.

2. The damping of brick wall has to avoided, as these are more prone to sulfate attack when it is
damp.

Fig.No.1.4

Crack Formation Below the Load Bearing Walls

Cracks are observed below the load bearing walls, mainly those that supports R.C.C slabs. Now the
temperature variation makes the reinforced concrete slab to expand or contract, but both in the
horizontal direction. These are observed in the Top most story that is more exposed to the
temperature changes. There no smooth contact between the wall and the slab

Hence the frictional forces are developed at the contact place of the wall and the slab. This creates
cracking in the walls. The precaution that can be suggested is to provide a bearing plaster over the
brick wall, which helps in having a smooth contact with the floor over it. If required a bituminous
coating can be applied over the plaster applied.
 Fig.No.1.5

Main Wall and Cross Walls Joint Cracks

Improper bonding between the cross wall and the main wall creates cracks between the joints. This
suggests us to have proper and quality bonding between the two walls. These are properly done by
toothing.

Fig.No.1.6

Vertical cracks

Vertical cracks occur when long brick walls are built tightly between RCC Column. The brickwork is
compressed and buckled due to thermal and moisture expansion. Furthermore, a small amount of
linear movement in the long brick panel can also produce a bulge in masonry.

Mainly, there are three main causes that lead to cracks in the masonry walls.

Temperature Variations

Foundation Movement

Moisture Movement in Bricks

Let’s discussed each cause in detail for better understanding.

Temperature Variations Caused Cracks in Brick Walls

Thermal cracks in the walls mostly appear in the masonry walls in the middle of the windows.
Initially, hairline cracks will appear as thermal cracks and they further developed up to 0.3 to
0.5mm.Further, these types of cracks will reappear even after they rectified if the thermal movement
in the wall is not stoped.

Vertical Brick Cracks Due to Foundation Expansion

Generally, these cracks are wider at the top of the building and it diminished to wared the
foundation. At foundation levels, these cracks become hairline cracks. There will be a single crack on
the two opposite sides of the building. Mostly these types of brick cracks appear in the shrinkable
clayey soil. During the dry season, soil shrink and swell when raions. This expansion and contraction
in the soil cause cracks in the building.

Vertical Cracks Due to Moisture Movement

Mainly these type of cracks occurs when the brick absorbs the moisture and expands. This expansion
causes movement of the wall connected to the particular wall. This movement causes cracks. Further,
irregular bricks or nonstandard bricks also cause this issue and lead to brick cracks.

Fig.No.1.7
Horizontal cracks
The following types of horizontal brick cracks occur in the walls.
Horizontal Cracks Below the Slab
These types of cracks occur due to thermal effects. Differential stresses caused due to thermal effects
crack the brick.
These cracks can be related to the creep of the masonry walls.
Horizontal Cracks above the Slab
Horizontal cracks at pitch roofs at every level
 Fig.No.1.8
Diagonal Cracks in External Walls
These cracks form due to the uneven stress distribution in the walls. Uneven stress cause due to the
reduction area of the wall at the window. This area carries smaller stress. Diagonal cracks in the
masonry walls are more common on load-bearing walls and these cracks are not that wider and they
seem like hairline cracks.

Fig.No.1.9
Various types of cracks in concrete structure
Beam
A beam is an auxiliary component that is fit for withstanding load principally by opposing Against
twisting. The twisting power initiated into the material of the beam because of the Outside burdens,
possess weight, traverse and outer responses to these heaps is known as a Bowing minute.

Flexural cracks
Flexure implies twisting, cracks in strengthened concrete beams subjected to for the most part Begins
in strain zone i.e. delicate of the beam. The width of flexural cracks in beams for here And now
stacking may prompt be limited and long haul stacking; the crack might be expanded Or uniform over

the part.
Fig.No.1.10
Torsional cracks
The beams are subjected to torsion alongside shear power and twisting moment. Shear power And
twisting moment happens at loads acting ordinary to the plane of bowing. Loads from the Bowing
plane causes torsional moment.
Tension cracks
Tension cracks are formed in beams subjected to shrinkage and temperature changes. Usually These
cracks tend to propagate over the full depth of cross section of the beam.
 Fig.No.1.11

Slabs
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Level slabs of steel Fortified
cement, ordinarily in the vicinity of 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, Are frequently
used to build floors and roofs, while more slender slabs are additionally Utilized for outside clearing.
Some of the time these more slender slabs, running from 2 Inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm)
thick, are called mud slabs, especially when utilized Under the principle floor slabs or in creep spaces.
Shrinkage cracks
Shrinkage cracks happening in two phases, they are to be pre-solidifying stage and solidifying Stage.
Shrinkage cracks happen when crisp concrete subjected to an extremely quick loss of Dampness. In
pre-solidifying stage, this crack is called plastic shrinkage cracks and Solidifying stage called drying
shrinkage cracks.

Fig.No.1.12
Columns
A column or column in Architecture and Structural building is an auxiliary component that Transmits,
through pressure, the heaviness of the structure above to other basic components Beneath. As it
were, a column is a pressure part. The term column applies particularly to an Extensive round help
with a capital and a base or platform and made of stone or giving off an Impression of being so. A
little wooden or metal help is normally called a post, and backings With a rectangular or other non-
round segment are typically called piers.
Splitting cracks
Splitting cracks are formed in concrete column because of in adequate reinforcement steel And/or
inferior concrete quality. These type of cracks occur due to load carrying capacity Reaches to its
maximum.

Fig.No.1.13
Diagonal cracks
Diagonal cracks are come in concrete columns because of in adequate cross-section and Insufficient
reinforcement steel.
 Fig.No.1.14
Horizontal cracks
Horizontal cracks are to be appeared in reinforced concrete column at the beam-column Junction
due to shear force.

Fig.No.1.15

Actual Resources Used:

Sr.No. Name of resources Specifications Remark
1. Computer Google -
2. Books - -

Output of micro-project:
1. We get knowledge about cracks in damaged structure.
2. We get information of various types of cracks in masonry and concrete structure.

Skilled developed:
We learned Microsoft- word.

Application of this Micro project:

To get knowledge of cracks in damaged structure and also cracks in masonry and concrete
structure.
Conclusion:
1 For the beams having L/D ratio 3 or more the predominant failure is flexure failure in flexure zone.
In all these beams cracks were initiated in flexure zone and failed due to predominant flexure crack in
flexure zone. Minor thin shear cracks were developed but not extended further even due to increase
in load.
2 In case of beams having L/D ratio less than 3, the predominant failure is shear failure in shear zone.
Examining the photographs of tested beams, it was found that initially few cracks were developed in
pure moment zone. Later, the diagonal tensile crack was developed at a distance of about D/2 to D/3
from soffit in shear span with the increase of load further.
3 The diagonal crack started extending both ways towards loading point and support point. It was
also observed that no flexural cracks were developed further. These diagonal cracks so formed were
nearly parallel to each other with a “strut like “appearance between the loading points.
4 On comparison of the variation of the strain at varying depth, it can be concluded that no
significant variation is observed at the depth 0.0 to 75mm from outer surface of the beam
References:
 Wikipedia.com
 Cracks in Buildings - Generation and Repair Techniques reference for the cracks in concrete
structure.