Conjunctions

Introduction

Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. They help form complex and
compound sentences, making writing more fluid and cohesive. Conjunctions can be classified as:

 Coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, yet) – Connect independent clauses.
 Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, although, since, unless) – Connect
dependent clauses to independent clauses.
 Correlative conjunctions (e.g., either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also) – Work in
pairs to link related elements.

Practice Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction:

o I wanted to play outside, ____ it started to rain. (but/and)
o She stayed home ____ she was feeling sick. (because/so)
o Not only did he study hard, ____ he also attended all lectures. (but/yet)
2. Rewrite the sentences using a different conjunction:
o I was tired. I continued working.
o He didn’t study. He failed the exam.
o She was exhausted. She kept running.

Prepositional Clauses

Introduction

A prepositional clause is a dependent clause that starts with a preposition and functions as an
adjective or adverb. These clauses provide additional details about location, time, reason, or
condition. Examples:

 The house on the hill is beautiful. (Adjective clause modifying ‘house’)

 She stayed home because of the storm. (Adverb clause explaining why she stayed
home)

Practice Exercise

1. Identify the prepositional clauses in the following sentences:

o She sat on the bench near the lake.
o The book on the table belongs to Sarah.
o We went to the mall despite the heavy rain.
2. Complete the sentences using a prepositional clause:
o The keys are _____.
 o She was excited _____.
o We canceled the trip _____.

Prepositions

Introduction

Prepositions are words that show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a
sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, or manner. Types include:

 Time prepositions (e.g., at, in, on, before, after)

 Place prepositions (e.g., under, over, between, beside)
 Direction prepositions (e.g., into, onto, towards, through)

Practice Exercise

1. Choose the correct preposition:

o The cat is (on/in) the table.
o We will meet (at/in) the park at 5 PM.
o She jumped (over/under) the fence.
2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions:
o She walked ____ the bridge.
o He arrived ____ time for the meeting.
o The book is placed ____ the shelf.

Connectives

Introduction

Connectives are words or phrases that link ideas together, ensuring coherence in writing. They
include:

 Addition (e.g., furthermore, moreover, in addition)

 Contrast (e.g., however, on the other hand, nevertheless)
 Cause and effect (e.g., therefore, thus, consequently)

Practice Exercise

1. Identify the connective in each sentence:

o She was tired; however, she continued studying.
o We went to the mall. In addition, we visited the museum.
o He forgot to set the alarm. As a result, he was late for work.
 2. Rewrite the sentences using different connectives:
o I like apples. I don’t like oranges.
o It was raining. We went outside.
o The test was difficult. Many students passed.

Adjectives

Introduction

Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They provide details about size, shape, color,
quantity, and other qualities. Categories include:

 Descriptive adjectives (e.g., beautiful, large, shiny)

 Quantitative adjectives (e.g., many, few, several)
 Demonstrative adjectives (e.g., this, that, these, those)

Practice Exercise

1. Underline the adjectives in these sentences:

o The fluffy cat slept on the warm blanket.
o She bought a red dress for the party.
o They had a long and exhausting journey.
2. Add adjectives to these sentences:
o The ____ car sped down the ____ road.
o I saw a ____ bird in the ____ tree.
o The ____ cake tasted absolutely ____.

Identifying the Adverb and Its Purpose

Introduction

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They indicate how, when, where, or to what
extent an action occurs.

 Manner (e.g., quickly, carefully, loudly)

 Time (e.g., yesterday, later, soon)
 Place (e.g., here, there, everywhere)

Practice Exercise

1. Identify the adverb and its type in the sentences:

o She ran quickly to catch the bus.
 oThey arrived early to the meeting.
oHe spoke softly during the presentation.
2. Complete the sentences using suitable adverbs:
o He speaks ____ (manner).
o They will leave ____ (time).
o The dog barked ____ (place).

Different Punctuation Marks & Their Uses

Introduction

Punctuation marks help structure sentences and clarify meaning. Common punctuation marks
include:

 Period (.) – Ends a sentence.

 Comma (,) – Separates ideas or items in a list.
 Exclamation Mark (!) – Expresses strong emotions.
 Question Mark (?) – Indicates a question.
 Apostrophe (‘) – Shows possession or contractions.
 Quotation Marks (“ ”) – Enclose direct speech or quotations.
 Colon (:) – Introduces a list or explanation.
 Semicolon (;) – Connects closely related independent clauses.

Practice Exercise

1. Insert the correct punctuation:

o What time is it ____
o I can’t believe you did that ____
o She said ____ I love reading books ____
2. Rewrite the sentences with proper punctuation:
o where are you going
o she bought apples oranges and bananas
o we visited the museum the art gallery and the park

Final Challenge

Rewrite the following paragraph, correcting any grammar mistakes and adding
appropriate conjunctions, prepositions, adjectives, and punctuation:

"Yesterday we go to park. it was fun but we play for hours then we eat sandwich and juice. later
we go home because we are tired."
Revised Version: "Yesterday, we went to the park. It was a fun and exciting day, but we played
for hours. Then, we ate sandwiches and drank juice. Later, we went home because we were very
tired."

Conjunctions

Introduction

Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. They help form complex and
compound sentences, making writing more fluid and cohesive. Conjunctions can be classified as:

 Coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, yet) – Connect independent clauses.
 Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, although, since, unless) – Connect
dependent clauses to independent clauses.
 Correlative conjunctions (e.g., either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also) – Work in
pairs to link related elements.

Practice Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction:

o I wanted to play outside, ____ it started to rain. (but/and)
o She stayed home ____ she was feeling sick. (because/so)
o Not only did he study hard, ____ he also attended all lectures. (but/yet)
2. Rewrite the sentences using a different conjunction:
o I was tired. I continued working.
o He didn’t study. He failed the exam.
o She was exhausted. She kept running.

Prepositional Clauses

Introduction

A prepositional clause is a dependent clause that starts with a preposition and functions as an
adjective or adverb. These clauses provide additional details about location, time, reason, or
condition. Examples:

 The house on the hill is beautiful. (Adjective clause modifying ‘house’)

 She stayed home because of the storm. (Adverb clause explaining why she stayed
home)

Practice Exercise
 1. Identify the prepositional clauses in the following sentences:
o She sat on the bench near the lake.
o The book on the table belongs to Sarah.
o We went to the mall despite the heavy rain.
2. Complete the sentences using a prepositional clause:
o The keys are _____.
o She was excited _____.
o We canceled the trip _____.

Prepositions

Introduction

Prepositions are words that show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a
sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, or manner. Types include:

 Time prepositions (e.g., at, in, on, before, after)

 Place prepositions (e.g., under, over, between, beside)
 Direction prepositions (e.g., into, onto, towards, through)

Practice Exercise

1. Choose the correct preposition:

o The cat is (on/in) the table.
o We will meet (at/in) the park at 5 PM.
o She jumped (over/under) the fence.
2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions:
o She walked ____ the bridge.
o He arrived ____ time for the meeting.
o The book is placed ____ the shelf.

Connectives

Introduction

Connectives are words or phrases that link ideas together, ensuring coherence in writing. They
include:

 Addition (e.g., furthermore, moreover, in addition)

 Contrast (e.g., however, on the other hand, nevertheless)
 Cause and effect (e.g., therefore, thus, consequently)
Practice Exercise

1. Identify the connective in each sentence:

o She was tired; however, she continued studying.
o We went to the mall. In addition, we visited the museum.
o He forgot to set the alarm. As a result, he was late for work.
2. Rewrite the sentences using different connectives:
o I like apples. I don’t like oranges.
o It was raining. We went outside.
o The test was difficult. Many students passed.

Adjectives

Introduction

Adjectives describe or modify nouns and pronouns. They provide details about size, shape, color,
quantity, and other qualities. Categories include:

 Descriptive adjectives (e.g., beautiful, large, shiny)

 Quantitative adjectives (e.g., many, few, several)
 Demonstrative adjectives (e.g., this, that, these, those)

Practice Exercise

1. Underline the adjectives in these sentences:

o The fluffy cat slept on the warm blanket.
o She bought a red dress for the party.
o They had a long and exhausting journey.
2. Add adjectives to these sentences:
o The ____ car sped down the ____ road.
o I saw a ____ bird in the ____ tree.
o The ____ cake tasted absolutely ____.

Identifying the Adverb and Its Purpose

Introduction

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They indicate how, when, where, or to what
extent an action occurs.

 Manner (e.g., quickly, carefully, loudly)

 Time (e.g., yesterday, later, soon)
  Place (e.g., here, there, everywhere)

Practice Exercise

1. Identify the adverb and its type in the sentences:

o She ran quickly to catch the bus.
o They arrived early to the meeting.
o He spoke softly during the presentation.
2. Complete the sentences using suitable adverbs:
o He speaks ____ (manner).
o They will leave ____ (time).
o The dog barked ____ (place).

Different Punctuation Marks & Their Uses

Introduction

Punctuation marks help structure sentences and clarify meaning. Common punctuation marks
include:

 Period (.) – Ends a sentence.

 Comma (,) – Separates ideas or items in a list.
 Exclamation Mark (!) – Expresses strong emotions.
 Question Mark (?) – Indicates a question.
 Apostrophe (‘) – Shows possession or contractions.
 Quotation Marks (“ ”) – Enclose direct speech or quotations.
 Colon (:) – Introduces a list or explanation.
 Semicolon (;) – Connects closely related independent clauses.

Practice Exercise

1. Insert the correct punctuation:

o What time is it ____
o I can’t believe you did that ____
o She said ____ I love reading books ____
2. Rewrite the sentences with proper punctuation:
o where are you going
o she bought apples oranges and bananas
o we visited the museum the art gallery and the park

Final Challenge
Rewrite the following paragraph, correcting any grammar mistakes and adding
appropriate conjunctions, prepositions, adjectives, and punctuation:

"Yesterday we go to park. it was fun but we play for hours then we eat sandwich and juice. later
we go home because we are tired."

Revised Version: "Yesterday, we went to the park. It was a fun and exciting day, but we played
for hours. Then, we ate sandwiches and drank juice. Later, we went home because we were very
tired."