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Basic Statistical Terms (STA102)

Statistics is the scientific method of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. It involves five stages: data collection, organization, exploration, analysis, and interpretation. The document also discusses concepts such as population vs. sample, parameters vs. statistics, types of statistics, variables, and their classifications.

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12 views23 pages

Basic Statistical Terms (STA102)

Statistics is the scientific method of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. It involves five stages: data collection, organization, exploration, analysis, and interpretation. The document also discusses concepts such as population vs. sample, parameters vs. statistics, types of statistics, variables, and their classifications.

Uploaded by

aishorjoshuchi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Statistics?

Statistics is learning from data


Statistics
Statistics refers to the scientific methods for collecting,
organizing, summarizing, presenting, and analyzing
data, and drawing a valid conclusion.

Example: Child malnutrition status, Monthly expenditure


of citizens of a city, Relationship of crime with space
and time, Number of active users in a day of a website,
average lifetime of the people of a country etc.
Statistics
Five Stages of Statistical procedure-
1. Subject selection & Data collection
2. Data organization & Preparation
3. Data exploration through summary statistics and
graphical methods
4. Data analysis & Graphical representation
5. Interpretation/ Conclusion/ Prediction
Population and Sample in Statistics

Population:
Population is the collection of all items or
individuals of interest in a particular study

Sample:
A representative part of the population of
interest
Population and Sample in Statistics
If for a study, we are interested to know the
cigarette smoking behavior of residences of a
city

Population: All people residing in the city


Population Size: 20 million people

Sample: Some 5000 randomly selected


people from the city
Sample Size: 5000 people
Parameter & Statistic

Parameter: Statistic:
Any function of population Any function of sample values is
values is called a parameter called a statistic.

e. g. Number of smokers in the population e. g. Number of smokers in the sample = 275


= 1 million i.e., 5% people are smokers in the i.e., 5.5% people are smokers in that selected
population sample.
Parameter & Statistic

Parameter: Statistic:
The value of a parameter is- Value of a statistic-
• always constant, for a given • varies from sample to sample, for
population at a given time a given population at a given
and given parameter time and given parameter
• usually, an unknown value as • is usually a known value as we
we do not work with usually work with samples, and
populations usually • gives an estimate for the
parameter
Types of Statistics
❑ Descriptive Statistics
❑ Inferential Statistics
Types of Statistics
❑ Descriptive Statistics
Methods for organizing, summarizing and presenting data in an
informative way. Methods that describes the data that one already
has.

❑ Inferential Statistics
Methods for estimating a parameter of a population on the basis of
a sample or predicting the future events based on past events.
Methods to infer values that one does not have.
Variable

Case No. Gender Age Smoking status


Person 1 Gender (Person 1) = Male Age (person 1) = 40 Smoker (Person 1) = Yes

Person 2 Gender (Person 2) = Male Age (person 1) = 20 Smoker (Person 1) = No

Person 3 Gender (Person 3) = Female Age (person 1) = 32 Smoker (Person 1) = No

Person 4 Gender (Person 4) = Male Age (person 1) = 59 Smoker (Person 1) = No

Person 5 Gender (Person 5) = Female Age (person 1) = 38 Smoker (Person 1) = Yes


Variable

A variable is a characteristic of the subjects or objects we are studying,


containing two or more values or categories that can vary from person
to person, object to object, or phenomenon to phenomenon

Example: Gender, Age, Educational status, Hair color, religion, Place of


residence, Monthly income, Satisfaction level, Soap brand,
Temperature, GPA etc.
Variable

Variable Possible Values / Categories


Gender Male, Female
Age 10, 50, 36, 18, 29, 75 etc.
Highest education level Primary, Secondary, Higher etc.
Number of employees 10, 50, 89, 125, 4562 etc.
Salary $1000, $10000, IR45000, BDT 98000, Rs.500000 etc.
Duration 10 hours, 2 days, 4 weeks, 10 years etc.
Weight 45 lb., 60 kg, 900 gm, 5 ton etc.
Wealth status Poor, middle, Higher etc.
Classification of Variables

Variable

Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable

• Cannot be measured numerically, or • Can be measured numerically, and


• Cannot be measured numerically in • Can be measured in a well-defined
a well-defined scale scale

e. g. Gender, Name, Place, Satisfaction e. g. Age, Time, Temperature, Weight,


level, Brand, Educational status etc. Monthly income, BMI etc.
Classification of Variables

Variable

Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable

Discrete Continuous

Possible values of the variable Possible values of the variable


are clearly separable and usually are not separable and never
countable countable

e. g. Number of things, Standard e. g. exact weight, exact


paper sizes etc. distance, exact age etc.
Classification of Variables
Class Task:
Find the type of the following variables-
▪ Monthly salary ($): ▪ Religion:
▪ Soap Brand: ▪ Temperature (C):
▪ Occupation: ▪ Food flavor:
▪ Color: ▪ Wealth Status:
▪ Weight (kg): ▪ Highest education level:
▪ Duration of a class (min): ▪ Nationality
▪ Number of family members:
▪ Satisfaction level:
Level of measurement
Variable type Level of measurement of a variable
Qualitative Nominal:
• Names or categories
• Cannot be ordered, or numerically measured
For example: person’s name, gender, place of resident,
brand name etc.
Ordinal:
• Categories
• Has natural ordering for the variable we are measuring
• Cannot be numerically measured
For example: Wealth status: poor, middle, rich;
Education: primary, secondary, higher etc.
Level of measurement
Variable type Level of measurement of a variable
Quantitative Interval:
• Can be measured numerically
• Does not have true or meaningful zero point
• Logical to find differences (intervals), but not ratios
For example: Temperature: 0oC temperature does not mean that there
is no heat. It will read 32o in Fahrenheit scale! Also, calendar year, day,
time etc.
Ratio:
• Can be measured numerically
• Does have true or meaningful zero point
• Hence, both differences and ratios are logical to calculate
For example: Height: 0 cm height means ‘no’ height, Distance: 0-meter
distance means ‘no’ distance etc.
Level of measurement
Class Task:
Find the level of measurement of the following variables-

▪ Monthly salary ($): ▪ Satisfaction level:


▪ Soap Brand: ▪ Religion:
▪ Occupation: ▪ Temperature (C):
▪ Color: ▪ Food flavor:
▪ Weight (kg): ▪ Wealth Status:
▪ Duration of a class (min): ▪ Highest education level:
▪ Number of family members: ▪ Nationality
Characteristics of Statistics

❑ To work in Statistics, one needs multiple data points-


information of multiple individuals or objects for a given variable
at a given time point, or information of a single subject for a given
variable at multiple time points, or both
❑ Statistics is applied in situations with uncertainty and randomness
Sources of statistical data
Sources of data

Primary Secondary
(data collected directly from (dataset collected from
the field or the respondents of other sources )
the study)

Questioning
(data collected through questionnaire)

Observation
(data collected through observation)
Scopes of Statistics

❑ State and administration


❑ Medical science
❑ Social Sciences
❑ Economics
❑ Artificial Intelligence
❑ Demography
❑ Agriculture
❑ Business and management
❑ Research etc.

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