MODULE 8: ENGINEERING

KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS MECHANICS

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS
8.1 DEFINITION OF KINEMATICS

Newtonian mechanics is the branch of mechanics, which deals with

the relation between a force and the acceleration it causes.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a
body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is
characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action, and by
its point of application.
External Forces are those which are applied to the boundary of a
structure. This includes explicit externally applied forces as well as
the forces that are applied by the supports to restrain the structure.
Internal forces are those that are exerted on a portion of a structure
by the rest of the structure. You would only see these forces if you
were to make a cut in the structure and separate it into two free body
diagrams.
Kinetics is the study of forces acting on the bodies in motion and
their effect in acceleration.
8.2 NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
 FIRST LAW OF NEWTON
 SECOND LAW OF NEWTON
 THIRD LAW OF NEWTON
 NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

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3.7.1 FIRST LAW OF NEWTON

 This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest or in
motion at that constant velocity, unless acted upon by some
unbalanced, external forces.
 If no force acts on a body, the body’s velocity cannot change;
that is, the body cannot accelerate.

∑ 𝑭𝑭 = 𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎 Eq 3.29 𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎 Body in Equilibrium

3.7.2 SECOND LAW OF NEWTON

 This law states that the acceleration of a body is directly
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
 The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body’s
mass and its acceleration.

𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 Eq 3.30 𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒙𝒙 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙 𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒛𝒛 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒛𝒛

𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏,𝒚𝒚 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒚𝒚

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3.7.3 THIRD LAW OF NEWTON

 This law states that every force that acts on one body there is a
second force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
 When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each
other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝑹𝑹 Eq 3.31

3.7.4 NEWTON’S LAW OF

UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

 This law states that a gravitational force on a body is a certain

type of pull that is directed toward a second body.
 Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with
a force which is directly proportional to the product of the
masses of two particles and inversely proportional to the
square of the distances between the center of the masses

𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝑭𝑭 = 𝑮𝑮 Eq 3.32 Where:
𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐
G = 6.670 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2

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8.3 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES

2.3.1 Weight of a body is the magnitude of the upward force

needed to balance the gravitational force on the body
2.3.2 Normal force is the force on a body from a surface against
which the body presses. The normal force is always
perpendicular to the surface.
2.3.3 Frictional force is the force on a body when the body slides
or attempts to slide along a surface.
2.3.4 Tension is a force along the length of a medium, especially
a force carried by a flexible medium, such as a rope or cable.
When a cord is under tension, each end of the cord pulls on a
body. The pull is directed along the cord, away from the point of
attachment to the body.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. Determine the horizontal force P to be applied to a block weighing 2500
N to hold in position on a smooth inclined plane 30º with the horizontal.
Answer: 1443.38 N
2. A 250 N block is initially at rest on a flat surface that is inclined at 30
degrees. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30, find the force P required
to start the block moving up the plane.
Answer: 189.5 N
3. Suppose that the net external force (push minus friction) exerted on a
lawn mower is 51 N (about 11 lb) parallel to the ground. The mass of the
mower is 24 kg. What is its acceleration?
Answer: 2.1 m/s2
4. Prior to space flights carrying astronauts, rocket sleds were used to test
aircraft, missile equipment, and physiological effects on human subjects
at high speeds. They consisted of a platform that was mounted on one or
two rails and propelled by several rockets. Calculate the magnitude of
force exerted by each rocket, called its thrust, for the four-rocket
propulsion system. The sled’s initial acceleration is 49m/s2, the mass of
the system is 2100 kg, and the force of friction opposing the motion is
known to be 650 N.
Answer: 26, 000 N
5. A physics professor pushes a cart of demonstration equipment to a
lecture hall, as seen in Figure 4.10. Her mass is 65.0 kg, the cart’s is 12.0
kg, and the equipment’s is 7.0 kg. Calculate the acceleration produced
when the professor exerts a backward force of 150 N on the floor. All
forces opposing the motion, such as friction on the cart’s wheels and air
resistance, total 24.0 N
Answer: 1.5 m/s2

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ACTIVITY 4:
1. A homogeneous ladder 18 ft long and weighing 120 lbs rest against a smooth
wall. The angle between it and the floor is 70 degrees. The coefficient of
friction between the floor and the ladder is 0.25. How far up the ladder can a
180 lb man walk before the ladder slips?
2. A 63.0-kg sprinter starts a race with an acceleration of 4.20 m/s24.20 m/s2.
What is the net external force on him?
3. If the rocket sled starts with only one rocket burning, what is the magnitude
of its acceleration? Assume that the mass of the system is 2100 kg, the thrust
T is 2.4×104N, and the force of friction opposing the motion is known to be
650 N. (b) Why is the acceleration not one-fourth of what it is with all rockets
burning?
4. What net external force is exerted on a 1100-kg artillery shell fired from a
battleship if the shell is accelerated at 2.40×104 m/s2? What is the magnitude
of the force exerted on the ship by the artillery shell?
5. A 5.00×105-kg rocket is accelerating straight up. Its engines
produce 1.250×107N of thrust, and air resistance is 4.50×106 N. What is the
rocket’s acceleration?
6. The cable and boom shown in the figure supports a load of 600 lb. Determine
the tensile force T in the cable and the compressive for C in the boom

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DYNAMIC MOTIONS
8.4 RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION

D’Alembert’s Principle: The resultant of the external forces and the

kinetic reaction (Reversed Effective Force) acting on a body equals
to zero.

𝑷𝑷 − 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 − 𝑭𝑭 = 𝟎𝟎 Eq 3.1 𝒘𝒘
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = � � (𝒂𝒂) Eq 3.2
𝒈𝒈

Where:
REF = reversed effective force
m = mass
FRICTION is the contact resistance exerted by one body when the
second body moves or tends to move past the first body. Friction is
a retarding force that always acts opposite to the motion or to the
tendency to move.

𝑭𝑭 = 𝝁𝝁𝒔𝒔 𝑵𝑵 Eq 3.3

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8.5 CIRCULAR MOTIONS

Centripetal force is the force directed toward the center of the
circle
Centrifugal force is the force known as the pseudo or misnomer
force because it does not exist in real application.

3.10.1 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

𝒂𝒂𝒄𝒄 =
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐
Eq 3.4 𝒂𝒂𝒄𝒄 = 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 Eq 3.5
𝒓𝒓

𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒄𝒄 Eq 3.6

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3.10.2 NON – UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

When the rotational speed changes, therefore tangential

acceleration exists. This is product of angular acceleration and
the radius of curvature.

𝑭𝑭𝒕𝒕 = 𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕 Eq 3.7 𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕 = 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 Eq 3.8

𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = �𝒂𝒂𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝒂𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐 Eq 3.9

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
6. A skier with a mass of 62 kg is sliding down a snowy slope with an angle
of 25º. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction for the skier if friction is
known to be 45.0 N.
Answer: 0.082
7. A skier goes down a hillside, which makes an angle theta with respect to
the horizontal. If k is the coefficient of friction between the skis and the
slope which of the following represents the acceleration of the skier?
Answer: a =g(sin θ –kcos θ)
8. What is the minimum distance can a truck slide on a horizontal asphalt
road if it is traveling at 25 m/s? The coefficient to sliding friction between
asphalt and rubber tire is at 0.60. The weight of the truck is 8500 kg.
Answer: 53.2 m
9. Calculate the angular velocity of a 0.3 m radius car tire when the car
travels at 15.0 m/s?
Answer: 50 rad/s
10. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a car following a
curve of radius 500 m at a speed of 25.0 m/s?
Answer: 1.5 m/s2
11. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of point 7.5 cm from the axis of an
ultracentrifuge spinning at 7.5 x 104 rev/min. Determine the ratio of this
acceleration to that due to gravity.
Answer: 4.63 x 106 m/s2
12. What is the magnitude of the total linear acceleration of a particle moving
in a circle of radius 0.4 m at the instant that its angular acceleration is 5
rad/s2, and the rotational speed of 2 rad/s?
Answer: 2.56 m/s2

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3.10.3 CONICAL PENDULUM

 A conical pendulum consists of an object moving in

uniform circular motion at the end of a string of
negligible mass.
 A conical pendulum is an example of horizontal circular
motion.

Real World Application:

 Enterprise wheel, and Ferris wheel, spin the rider in
circular motion either horizontally or vertically.
 NASA uses circular motion in a centrifuge to simulate the
high g-forces on astronauts in flight.
 Medical equipment such as the centrifuge use circular
motion principles to separate out components in test
tubes.

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ANALYSIS FOR CONICAL PENDULUM:

𝑻𝑻 = 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 Eq 3.10 𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐

𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜽𝜽 = = Eq 3.11
𝑾𝑾 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

𝒉𝒉 𝑳𝑳
𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � Eq 3.12
𝒈𝒈 𝒈𝒈

Where:
T = tension of the cord
W = Weight
FN = normal force
r = radius of pendulum
h = height
t = time for one complete revolution

Note: For maximum time replace h by L.

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3.10.4 Banking of Highway Curves

3.4.1 Ideal angle of banking

𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜽𝜽 = = Eq 3.13
𝑾𝑾 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

3.4.2 If the body is traveling at greatest speed and about to skid:

𝑭𝑭𝒏𝒏 𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝜽𝜽 + ∅) = = Eq 3.14
𝑾𝑾 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 ∅ = 𝝁𝝁 Eq 3.15

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A boy running a foot race rounds a flat curve of 15 m.
radius. If he runs at the rate of 6.50 m/s., at what angle
with the vertical will he incline his body?
Answer: 16º
2. A rod 4ft long rotates in a horizontal plane about a
vertical axis through its center. At each end of the rod
is fastened a chord 3 ft. long. Each chord supports a
weight W. Compute the speed of rotation n in rpm to
inclined each cord at 30º with the vertical.
Answer: 22 rpm
3. A highway curve has a super elevation of 7 degrees.
What is the radius of the curve such that there will be
no lateral pressure between the tires and the roadway
at a speed of 40 mph?
Answer: 265.41 m
4. A concrete highway curve with a radius of 500 ft is
banked to give lateral pressure equivalent to f = 0.15.
For what coefficient of friction will skidding impend
for a speed of 60 mph
Answer: mu < 0.310

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