AR/RMP ELVIRO T.

APUYA, UAP, PSUMP

 CONCRETE
An artificial, stone-like building material made by mixing
cement and various mineral aggregate with sufficient water
to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass.

CEMENT
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized
and used as ingredient in concrete and mortar.
Portland cement
A hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and
limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting
clinker into a very fine powder.
Hydraulic cement
Cement capable of setting and hardening by reaction with
water.
 Type I: Normal
A Portland cement used for general construction, having none
of the distinguishing qualities of the other type.
Type II: Moderate
A Portland cement used in general construction where
resistance to moderate sulfate action is required or where heat
building can be damaging, as in the construction of large piers
and heavy retaining walls.
Type III: High early strength
Cure faster and gain strength earlier than normal Portland
cement, used when the early removal of formwork is desired, or
in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for
protection from low temperatures.
Type IV: Low heat
Used in the construction of massive concrete structures, as
gravity dams, where a large buildup in heat can be damaging.
Generate less heat hydration than normal Portland cement.

Type V: Sulfate resisting

A sulfate normally added to cement to retard its setting time,
used where resistance severe sulfate action is required.
REINFORCED CONCRETE

Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a

manner that the two materials act together in resisting forced.
AGGREGATES
Aggregate used in concrete may be fine aggregate (usually sand)
and coarse aggregates ( usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine
aggregates are those that passes through a No. 4 sieve ( about
6mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.

The nominal maximum sizes of coarse aggregate are specified in

Section 5.3.3 of the NSCP.
a) 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of form
b) 1/3 the depth of slab
c) ¾ the minimum clear spacing between individual
reinforcement bars or wires, bundles of bars, or pre-stressing
tendons or ducts.
WATER

According to Section 5.3.4, water used in mixing concrete shall

be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis,
salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or reinforcement. Non-potable (non-
drinkable) water shall not be used in concrete unless the
following are satisfied.

a) Selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete

mixes using water from the same source, and
b) mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing
water shall have 7-day and 28-day strengths equal to at least 90
percent of strengths of similar specimens made with potable
water
ADMIXTURE

Any substance other than cement, water, or aggregate, added to

a concrete or mortar mix to alter its properties or those of the
hardened product. Also called additive.

Air-entraining agent
Disperse entrained air in a concrete or mortar mix to increase
workability, improve resistant of the cured product to the
cracking induced by freeze-thaw cycles or the scaling caused by
deicing chemicals, and in larger amounts, to produce lightweight
insulating concrete.

Accelerator
That hastens the setting and strength development of a concrete,
mortar or plaster mix.
Retarder
That slows the setting of a concrete, mortar or plaster mix in
order to allow more time for placing and working the mix.

Surface-active agent
For reducing the surface tension of the mixing water in a concrete
mix, thereby facilitating the wetting and penetrating action of the
water or aiding in the emulsifying and dispersion of other
additive. Also called Surfactant.

Water-reducing agent
Reducing the amount of mixing water required for the desired
workability of a concrete or mortar mix. Lowering the water-
cement ratio in this manner generally results in increased
strength. Also called superplasticizer
Coloring agent
A pigment or dye added to concrete mix to alter or control its
color.
CONCRETE PROPORTION

Proportion of materials for concrete shall be establish to

provide:

a) workability and consistency – to permit concrete to be

worked readily in to forms and around reinforcement under
conditions of placement to be employed, without
segregation or excessive bleeding

b) resistance to special exposures and

c) conformance with strength test requirement

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand-and-gravel

concrete is used principally to reduce dead load, or for thermal
insulation, nailability, or fill.

Disadvantages of lightweight structural concrete include higher

cost, need for more care in placing, greater porosity, and more
drying shrinkage.

For a given percentage of cement, usually the lighter the

concrete, the lower the strength.
Approximate Weights of Lightweight Concrete

Aggregate Concrete Weight, kN/m3

Cinders:
Without sand 13.4
With sand 17.3 – 18.1
Shale or clay 14.1 – 17.3
Pumice 14.1 – 15.7
Scoria 14.1 – 17.3
Perlite 7.9 – 12.6
Vermiculite 5.5 – 11.8
HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE

Concrete weighing up to about 60.5kN/m3 can be produced by

using heavier-than-ordinary aggregate. Theoretically, the upper
limit can be achieved with steel shot as fine aggregate and steel
punching as coarse aggregate.
The heavy concrete is used principally radiations shields and
counterweights.

aggregate density strength

Barite 36.5 kN/m3 41.35 MPa
Limonite & magnetite 33kN/m3-
35kN/m3 22MPa-39.3MPa
Steel punching and
shear bars and steel 39.3KN/m3
shot -45.3KN/m3 38.6MPa
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has no definite

modulus of elasticity. Its value is dependent on the
characteristic of cement and aggregate used, age of concrete
and strengths.

NSCP Section 5.8.5, modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete values

of wc between 1500kg/m3 and 2500kg/m3 may be taken as
Ec=wc¹˙⁵ .043 √ fc ( in MPa)

Where fc is the 28-day compressive strength of concrete in

MPa, wc is the unit weight on concrete in kg/m3 . For normal
weight concrete,
EC =4700 √ fc
COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT

Depending on the mix ( specially the water-cement ratio) and the

time and quality of curing, compressive strength of concrete can
be obtained up to 97 MPa or more.
Commercial production of concrete with ordinary aggregates is
usually in 21 to 83 MPa range with the most common ranges for
cast-in-place buildings from 21 to 41 MPa. On the other hand,
precast and pre-stressed applications often expect strengths of
27.6 to 55.1 MPa.

WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Concrete strength is influenced chiefly by the water –cement
ratio; the higher the ratio, the lower the strength.
METAL REINFORCEMENT

Metal reinforcement in concrete shall be deformed, except that

plain reinforcement be permitted for spirals or tendons; and
reinforcement consisting of structural steel, steel pipe, or steel
tubing. Reinforcing bars to be welded shall be indicated on the
drawings and welding procedure to be used shall be specified.
PNS reinforcing bar specifications shall be supplemented to
require a report of material properties necessary to conform to
welding procedures specified in “ Structural Welding Code-
Reinforcing Steel” ( PNS/AWS D 1.4 ) of the American Welding
Society and/or Welding of Reinforcing bars (PNS/A5-1554) of the
Philippines National Standard.
Properties of standard U.S. reinforcing bar
Bar
NO. Diameter Weight Area Perimeter
inch mm kg/m mm mm
3 0.375 9.52 0.560 71 30
4 0.500 12.70 0.994 129 40
5 0.625 15.88 1.552 200 50
6 0.750 19.05 2.235 284 60
7 0.875 22.22 3.042 387 70
8 1.000 25.40 3.973 510 80
9 1.128 28.65 5.060 645 90
10 1.270 32.26 6.404 819 101
11 1.410 35.81 7.907 1006 113
14 1.693 43.00 11.384 1452 135
18 2.257 57.33 20.238 2581 180
STANDARD STEEL BAR
BAR NO MM INCHES CROSS WEIGHT/ 6.00 MTR
SECTION METER
#2 6.00 MM 1/4 in 28.27 0.248 1.49
8.00 MM 0.395 2.37
#3 10.00 MM 3/8 in 78.54 0.616 3.70
#4 12.00 MM 1/2 in 113.10 0.888 5.33
13.00 MM 1.041 6.25
#5 16.00 MM 5/8 in 201.10 1.578 9.47
#6 20.00 MM 3/4 in 314.20 2.466 14.80
#7 22.00 MM 7/8 in 280.13 3.041 18.25
#8 25.00 MM 1 in 490.87 3.853 23.15
#9 28.00 MM 1 1/8 in 615.75 4.833 29.00
30.00 MM 5.548 33.29
# 10 32.00 MM 1 1/4 in 804.25 6.313 37.88
# 11 36.00 MM 1 3/8 in 7.991 47.95
# 14 45.00 MM 1 3/4 1590.43 12.469 74.814
# 18 57.00 MM 2 1/4 2551.76 20.005 120.03
 STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

Service loads are multiplied by certain factors to determine the

load at w/c failure of structure is considered to be eminent. The
resulting load is called the factored load and the strength
reduction factor Ø shall be as follows.

REDUCTION
FACTORS Ø

1. Flexural, with or without axial tension 0.90

2. Axial tension 0.90
3. Shear and torsion 0.75
4. Compression members (spirally reinforced) 0.75
5. Compression members ( tied reinforcement) 0.65
6. Bearing in concrete 0.65
7. Flexure in plain concrete 0.65
REINFORCEMENT GRADE AND STRENGHT

Referenced Types Grade Min. Yield Ultimate Size

ASTM Strength Strength Restriction
Standard Fy( MPa) Fy(MPa)

A615-85 Billet Steel Grade 40 276 483 # 3 to # 6

Grade 60 414 620 only

A616-85 Rail Steel Grade 50 345 551 # 3 to # 11 only

Grade 60 414 620 # 3 to # 11 only

A617-85 Axle Steel Grade 40 276 483 # 3 to # 11 only

Grade 60 414 620 # 3 to # 11 only

A706-84a Low Alloy Grade 60 414 551

A496-85 Def. Wire Reinf. 517 586

A497-79 Fabric 483 551
A82-85 Cold Drawn Reinf. 483 551
wire Fabric 448, 386 517, 483
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT Section
5.7.6 of NSCP

• The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in

layer should be db but not less than 25mm.
• Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more
layers, bars in the upper layer should be placed directly
above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance
between layers not less than 25mm.
• In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression
members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall
be not less than 1.5db nor 40mm.
• In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction,
primarily flexural reinforcement shall be spaced not
farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness,
nor 450mm.
BUNDLED BARS Section 5.7.6.6

• Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to

act a unit shall be limited to four in any one bundled.
• Shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties .
• Bars larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in beam.
• The individual bars within a bundled terminated within
the span of flexural members shall terminate at different
points with at least 40db stagger.
• Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover
are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bar shall
be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the
equivalent total area
 Bundled-bar arrangement
• Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars
according to NSCP to be used for spacing limitation and
concrete cover.

• 3-25mm Equivalent diameter, D

• π/4 (25)² x3 =π/4 D²
• D²= A4/ᴫ
• D= 43.3 mm
 Cast-in-place Concrete (nonprestressed).
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for reinforcement:
Min. Cover, MM

a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to 75

earth
b Concrete exposed to earth or weather
20 mm through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bars, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller 40

c Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with

ground
Slabs, walls, joist:
42mm and 58 mm bars 40
36mm bars and smaller 20
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm bars and larger 20
c) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller 12
 Precast concrete ( Manufactured Under Plant Condition).
The following minimum concrete shall be provided for reinforcement:
Minimum
Cover, mm
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
a Wall panels:
42mm and 58 mm bars 40
36 mm bar and smaller, prestressing tendons larger than
40 mm and smaller,
MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller 20
b Other members
42mm and 58mm bars prestressing tendons
large than 40mm 50
20mm through 36mm bars, prestressing tendon
larger than 16mm through 40mm 40
16mm and smaller, prestressing tendon 16mm diameter
and smaller MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller 30
 Precast concrete ( Manufactured Under Plant Condition).
The following minimum concrete shall be provided for reinforcement

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground Minimum

cover, mm
a Slabs, walls. Joists:
42mm and 58mm bars, prestressing tendons and larger 30
than 40mm
Prestressing tendons 40 mm and smaller 20
36 mm bar and smaller, MW200 or MD wire and smaller 15
b Beams, Columns
Primary reinforced db but not less than 15mm 25
and need not to exceed 40
Ties, stirrups and spiral 10
c Shells, folded plate members:
Prestressing tendons 20
20mm bar and larger 15
16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller 10
 Pre-stressed Concrete
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for pre-
stressed and non pre-stressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings.

Minimum
cover, mm
a Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75

b Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

Wall panels, slabs, joist 25
Other members 40
c Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact w/
ground:
Slabs, walls, joist 20
Beams, columns: 40
Primary reinforcement 25
Ties, stirrups, spirals
Shells, folded plate members:
16 mm bar, MW200 orMD200 wire, and smaller 10
Other Reinforcement db˃20
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to
the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not to be
greater than 50mm, except for concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75
mm

STANDARD HOOKS
The term standard hook refers to one of the following:
a) 180⁰ bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free
end,
b) 90⁰ bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar,
c) For stirrups and tie hooks:
1. ) 16 mm bar and smaller, 90⁰ bend plus 6db extension at free
end of bar, or
2. ) 20 mm bar and 25 mm bar, 90⁰ bend plus 12db extension at
free end of bar, or
3. ) 25mm bar and smaller, 135⁰ bend plus 6db extension at free
end of bar
MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER
The diameter of bend measured on inside of the bar, other than
for stirrups and ties in sizes 10mm through 15 mm shall not be
less than the following.
a) 6bd for 10 mm to 25 mm bar
b) 8db for 28 mm to 32mm bar, and
c) 10db for 36 mm bar

The inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties shall not be less
than 4db for 16 mm bar and smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm,
the diameter of end shall be in accordance with the previous
paragraph
LOADS
The most important and most critical task, is the determination
of the loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and
the worst possible combination of these loads that might occur
simultaneously. Loads on a structure may be classified as dead
loads or live loads.
DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. This consists mainly of the weight of the structure and
the other permanent attachments to the frame.

LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position.
Live loads that move under their own power are called moving
loads. Other live loads are those caused by wind, rain,
earthquakes, soils, and temperature changes. Wind and
earthquake loads are called lateral loads.
ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOAD
Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof
under consideration, and the far ends of columns built
integrally with the structure may be considered fixed.
It is permitted by the code to assume the following
arrangement of live loads:

a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored

live load on two adjacent spans, and
b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored
live load on alternate spans.
 Table 1.8: Minimum Uniform Live Loads (NSCP)
USE OF OCCUPANCY Uniform
Category Description Load,
kPa
1 Access floor systems Office use 2.4
Computer use 4.8
2 Armories 7.2
3 Theaters, Assembly areas and Fixed seating areas 2.9
auditorium Moveable seating 4.8
Lobbies and platform 4.8
Stage areas 7.2
4 Bowling alleys, poolrooms and 3.6
similar recreational areas
5 Catwalk for maintenance access 1.9
6 Cornices and Marquees 3.6
7 Dining rooms and restaurant 4.8
8 Exit facilities 4.8
9 Garage General storage and/or 4.8
repair
Private or pleasure-type 1.9
motor vehicle storage
10 Hospital Wards and rooms 1.9
Laboratories & Operating 2.9
rooms
Corridors above ground 3.8
11 Libraries Reading room 2.9
Stack rooms 7.2
Corridors above ground 3.8
12 Manufacturing Light 6.0
Heavy 12.0
13 Office Call Centers & BPO 2.9
Lobbies & Ground floor 4.8
corridors
Offices 2.4
Bldg. corridors above 3.8
ground floor
14 Printing plants Press rooms 7.2
Composing Linotype 4.8
rooms
15 Residential Basic floor area 1.9
Exterior balconies 2.9
Decks 1.9
Storage 1.9
16 Sidewalks and driveways Public access 12.0
17 Reviewing stands, 4.8
grandstands, bleachers,
and folding and
telescoping seating
18 School Classrooms 1.9
Corridors above ground 3.8
floors
Ground floor corridors 4.8
19 Storage Light 6.0
Heavy 12.0
20 Stores Retail 4.8

Wholesale 6.0

21 Pedestrian bridges & 4.8

walkways