IT Networking Fundamentals

Expected Outcome
• Students shall be able to describe Computer Hardware Fundaments
and identification of various components and their testing for
troubleshooting and maintenance.
• Student shall be able to install Windows and Linux operating system.
• Students shall be able to describe and apply the basic concepts of IT
networking,
• Students shall be able to identify basic devices required for
networking and its fundamental configurations.
• Adopt cyber security practices to deal with security issues affecting systems.
Course Structure
Unit 1: The Computer Fundamentals

• Functional Block Diagram of Computer, Classification of Computer,

Input and Output Devices, Monitor, BIOS, POST, Booting.
• The concepts of Memory: RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and cache
memory.
• Storage Device: Hard Disk, Compact Disk, Flash disk, partition of Disk.
Motherboard and different connectors.
• Types of Cables: USB, VGA, RJ11, RJ45, HDMI, SERIAL, and PARALLEL.
Connecting Cables from SMPS to motherboard, hard disk etc.
Introduction to operating system.
Course Structure
Unit 2: Networking Fundamentals

• Fundamentals of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layers. Physical

Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer,
Presentation Layer and Application Layer.
• The purpose of OSI Layers.
• Understanding types of Networks such as Local Area Network (LAN),
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN).
• Network Topologies: bus topology, ring topology, star topology, tree
topology, mesh topology and hybrid topology.
• Network Models: Peer-to-Peer, protocol, client / server network and
hybrid type network.
Course Structure
Unit 3: Network Devices and components

• Introduction to Network Interface Card (NIC),

• Hub, Expansion Devices,
• Wireless Networking access-points / routers, Modem, Repeater,
Switch, Router.
• Transmission Media: Types, Guided Media: twisted pair cable, coaxial
cable, fibre optics,
• Unguided Media: radio wave, microwave, light wave, infrared and
satellite.
Course Structure
Unit 4: Understanding networking protocols and IP address:

• Understanding the concept of Transmission Control Protocol /

Internet Protocol.
• Introduction to the concept of ethernet, IP address, classes of IP
Address, subnet address, TCP, UDP etc.
• Differentiate between IP address and Media Access Control (MAC)
address.
• Understanding the domain name system (DNS), Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• Introduction to Simple Network Management protocol (SNMP).
Course Structure
Unit 5: Configuration and Troubleshooting

• Installation of Microsoft Windows and Linux.

• Configuration of IP Address in a desktop, Installing the NIC Driver,
Subnet, gateway in a Windows / Linux environment.
• Troubleshooting the basic network connectivity by the means of
packet tracer, ipconfig / ifconfig, netstat, nslookup, ping, traceroute,
telnet and ethereal utilities.
Assessment methodology:

• The course will have continuous assessments in the form of two

midterm assessments (30% each) and final assessment (40%)

• Assignments, class participation and Practical's, Examinations

How the Computers have changed

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html
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 "U.S. Army Photo", number 163-12-62.
Left: Patsy Simmers
(mathematician/programmer), holding
ENIAC board. - Electronic numerical
integrator and computer
Next: Mrs. Gail Taylor, holding EDVAC
board. - Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
Next: Mrs. Milly Beck, holding ORDVAC
board. - Ordnance Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
Right: Mrs. Norma Stec
(mathematician/programmer), holding
BRLESC-I board. - Ballistic Research
Laboratories Electronic Scientific
Computer

Year 1962
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Women_holding_parts_of_the_first_four_Army_computers.jpg
10
1980s
Apple III,
Personal computer,
1980

In the Museum of Computing

Instruments of Pisa

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_III,_personal_computer,_1980.jpg
11
 https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/23/google-quantum-computing-supremacy-claim-disputed-by-ibm.html
https://geekhack.org/index.php?topic=75607.50

“Our Sycamore processor takes about 200 seconds to sample one instance of a quantum
circuit a million times — our benchmarks currently indicate that the equivalent task for a
state-of-the-art classical supercomputer would take approximately 10,000 years,”

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 What are computers?

Computers are electronic

devices that can follow
instructions to accept
input, process the input
and then produce
information.

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 Hardware
The parts of computer
(tangible objects)
include :
● CPU (or
Processor) and
Primary memory
(or Main Memory)
● Input devices i.e.
the keyboard
and mouse
● Output devices
● Storage devices

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• The Central Processing Unit (CPU): This may be undrerstood as the brain of
the computer. It is one of the most important elements carrying out the
instructions of a computer program. The two distinct components of a CPU
are the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that carries out the logical and
arithmetic operations and the Control Unit (CU) that decodes and performs
the instructions extracted from the memory.

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit :- This unit executes compute operations. E.g.:- If
two numbers are to be added, the processor will bring both numbers to the
ALU and the perform the addition operation. This unit performs not only
addition but also other arithmetic and logical operations such as
multiplication, division, comparison etc.

• Control Unit:- All the units perform some different tasks such as memory
stores the information and ALU performs the arithmetic and logical
operations. All such actions by different units should be coordinated in
some way. This coordination task is performed by the Control unit. Control
unit transmits the control signals to other units.
Components of a Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Data
control unit (CU)

Memory output
Arithmetic
logic RAM units
Input
Unit (ALU)
units ROM

Auxiliary Information/
Memory Knowledge 17
Input Device
So far, we have understood that a Computer needs input to perform a particular
task.
• Information or data that is entered into the computer using some input device is
called as Input.
• Input device is the unit that sends data and set of instructions to the computer
system.
• The computer accepts these set of instructions in the form of coded information
which the computer understands.
• Examples
The examples of input devices are keyboard, mouse and scanner. Whenever a key is pressed
the corresponding letter or digit is automatically translated into its corresponding binary
code and transmitted over a cable to the memory or processor.
Other examples of input devices are joystick, trackball, light pen, web cameras, and
microphones.
Output Device
• A device that is used to display or produce the output is known as
output device. Many devices are used to display the output such as
monitors and printers. The data is processed and displayed in the
appropriate manner through the various output devices.
• The output device is the counterpart of the input device.
• Its function is to send the processed results to the outside world.
• Examples:-
Many devices are used to display the output such as monitors, projectors
Some devices are used to produce output in form of printouts (printers /
plotters)
Some devices are used to produce sound (Speakers)
Examples of Input Devices

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Different Options in Keyboards and
Keypads

Qwerty Keyboards.
Wired Keyboards.
Numeric Keypads.
Ergonomic Keyboards.
Wireless Keyboards.
USB Keyboards.
Bluetooth Keyboards.
Magic Keyboards.
Gaming Keyboards.
Now tell me what is this?
Output Devices
▪ Monitors
▪ Printers
Dot matrix printers
Ink jet printers
Laser printers
▪ Sound Blasters
▪ Controlling other
devices

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Memory

• Memory Enables a computer to store data or programs

temporarily or permanently.

• Two general parts:

1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory

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Primary Memory
• It is also known as main memory in computer, it communicates
directly with the CPU, Cache and Auxiliary memory. This type of
computer memory keeps data and programs when the process is
active to use them.

• When a program or the data is activated for execution, the processor

loads instructions from the secondary memory into the main memory
and then starts execution. It is a volatile memory due to which any
unsaved data is lost when a power cut occurs. Primary memory is of
two types: RAM and ROM.
RAM vs ROM
• RAM - Random Access Memory or RAM is usually provided as the computer system’s main memory. It
is also regarded as temporary or cache memory constantly being written to and read. You will lose
information saved in primary memory when the power supply of the computer or laptop turns off.
Simply put, RAM is a primary memory from which you can only read the information.

• ROM is a non-volatile memory containing data that we cannot change. In this case, information is not
lost when the power supply is turned off. The computer manufacturer determines ROM information.
It is permanently stored at the time of manufacture so that the user cannot overwrite it.
Memory Contd….
• ROM
• PROM
• EPROM
• BIOS
• BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start th
computer system after it is powered on.

• The main use of BIOS is to act as a middleman between operating system and the hardware.

• BIOS is theoretically always the intermediary between the microprocessor and I/O device
control information and data flow.

• BIOS comes included with computers, as firmware on a chip on the motherboard.

• When users turn on their computer, the microprocessor passes control to the BIOS program

• Power on Self Test (POST) When BIOS boots up a computer, it first determines whether all of
the necessary attachments are in place and operational.

• After POST and ensuring boot devices, BIOS loads the operating systeminto the computer's
random access memory (RAM) from a hard disk or any other boot device such as USB, CD
Drive etc.
Secondary Memory
• Secondary memory is a storage device that the CPU cannot access directly. It is a permanent storage device.
• A secondary storage device organizes data into files and directories based on a file system. It also allows the
user to access or use additional information like access permissions, owner, last access time, etc. Also,
secondary memory is used temporarily to keep less used data when primary memory gets full.
• Secondary memory devices are less expensive and can store vast amounts of data, audio, video, and
multimedia files. Organizations can store the equivalent of a roomful of data on disks that consume
dramatically and significantly less physical space.

• These are magnetic and optical memories.

• It is a type of non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even when the computer is turned off
• It helps store data on a computer
• The computer can function without secondary memory
• Slower than primary memory
Secondary Memory
❑ Stores data and programs permanently:
its retained after the power is turned off
❑ Examples
• Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
Located outside the CPU, but most often
contained in the system cabinet
• Floppy Disk
• Optical Laser Discs
❖CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD

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Primary Memory vs Secondary Memory
Parameters Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Primary memory is the main memory
Secondary memory is the external
Storage validity and stores data temporarily (except
memory and stores data permanently.
ROM).
It saves/uses the data that the It can save various types of data in various
Stored data
computer is currently using. formats and huge sizes.
Access The CPU can directly access the data. The CPU cannot directly access the data.
Primary memory is volatile. It loses
Secondary memory is non-volatile; data is
Volatility data in case of a power outage.* (ROM
stored even during a power failure.
is exception)

They do not have such a classification.

Classification RAM and ROM Secondary memories are permanent
storage devices like CDs, DVDs, etc.

Speed Comparatively Faster Comparatively Slower

Cache Memory
• The cache is a smaller and fast memory component in the computer which
is inserted between the CPU and the main memory. To make this
arrangement effective, the cache needs to be much faster than the main
memory. This approach is more economical than the use of fast memory
devices to implement the entire main memory.

Non-volatile memory: Cache memory is a non-volatile memory, which means that

its contents are not lost when the computer is turned off or restarted.
Temporary storage: Cache memory is used to store frequently accessed data and
instructions temporarily, so that they can be accessed more quickly by the CPU.
Speed: Cache memory is much faster than RAM, as it is located closer to the CPU
and has a smaller capacity.
Types: There are different levels of cache memory, including L1, L2, and L3 cache.
Each level has different specifications, such as size and access speed.
 The instructions that tell the computer
Software what to do
1. Application Software - helps end-users
perform general purpose tasks
2. System Software - enables application
software to interact with the computer

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System Software
• System Software is the type of software that is the interface between application
software and the computer.
• The software that controls everything that happens in a computer. without system
software, the system can not run
• Background software, manages the computer’s internal resources (Resources CPU,
RAM , I/O devices, …

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Application Software – Basic Tools
• Application Software is the type of software that runs
as per user request. It’s a specific purpose software.
• Functions:
Information and data management
Management of documents
Development of visuals and video
Emails
Accounting, finance, and payroll
• Examples:-
Word processors– example: Microsoft word
Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft Excel
Database managers-- example: Microsoft Access
Graphics-- example: Photoshop 40
 Units of Measurements

▪ Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0)

▪ Byte = 8 bits

▪ KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes

▪ MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB
▪ GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB
▪ TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB

Remark: 1024=210

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 Kinds of Computers
1. Microcomputers
2. Minicomputers 3. Mainframe computers

4. Supercomputers 5. Quantum computers

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•Microcomputer =>Personal
Computer (PC)
•There are 3 types of the
Microcomputers :
1.Laptop
2.Desktop
3.Workstation

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 Minicomputer, Mainframe, and
Supercomputer

• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to

hundreds of users simultaneously.

• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting

many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

• Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform

hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

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Data : Recorded Facts
e.g.:- A Round Red Object

Information: Data Systematized, organized and put in

a particular context
e.g.:- The object is a Tomato

Knowledge:- Information that gives you a

competitive Advantage
e.g.:- Tomato is a fruit

Wisdom:- Knowledge with Experience

e.g.:- Don’t put Tomato in Salad 45
 Computer Viruses

•A computer virus is an application

program designed and written to destroy
other programs.

•It has the ability to:

Link itself to other programs
Copy itself (it looks as if it repeats itself)

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Examples of Viruses

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 Viruses and Virus Protection

• A virus program
• Infects programs, documents,
databases and more …
• It is man-made
• It can hide and reproduce
• It can lay dormant (inactive) and
then activate

Anti-virus programs can help 48

How do you know if you have a virus?

• Lack of storage capability

• Decrease in the speed of executing programs
• Unexpected error messages
• Halting the system

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Thank You