Design of Irrigation

Canals
Design of Hydraulic Structures
(CVL381)
Saumava Dey
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Block V, Room No. 304
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Email: [email protected]
 Canals
• What is a canal?
“An artificial or human-made waterway”
• Why are canals built?
1. To transport water from a river for irrigation
✓ Indira Gandhi Canal, Rajasthan (longest canal in India) Indira Gandhi Canal
✓ Buckingham canal, Andhra Pradesh
✓ Sirhind canal, Punjab
✓ Agra canal, Uttar Pradesh
2. To allow boats or ships to pass from one waterbody to another
✓ Panama canal in Panama connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean
✓ Suez Canal in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Panama Canal
• “Lock-type canal”
• 82 km long canal connecting the Atlantic ocean
with the Pacific ocean
• What led to the construction of Panama canal?
• How does the Panama Canal work?
Suez Canal
• Connects the Red Sea with the
Mediterranean Sea.
• What led to the construction of Suez
canal?
• How does the Suez Canal differ from the
Panama Canal work?
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Irrigation Canals
➢ An alluvium river carries huge quantities of
sediments along with water comprising of soil
particles ranging from fine silt to coarse sand.
➢ A portion of the sediment-laden water also
enters the irrigation canals which draw their
supply of water from these alluvium rivers.
➢ These sediments are transported through the
canals either as suspended load or bed load
(rolling, sliding & hopping).
Based on the surface boundary and the quantity of sediment carried, irrigation canals or
channels be classified as:
1. Alluvial canals carrying clear water
2. Alluvial canals carrying sediment-laden water
UNLINED CANALS
3. Rigid-boundary canals carrying clear water
4. Rigid-boundary canals carrying sediment-laden water LINED CANALS
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Irrigation Canals

UNLINED ALLUVIAL LINED/RIGID-BOUNDARY

CANALS CANALS
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Unlined Irrigation Canals
Stable Channel
A stable channel is an unlined alluvial channel carrying irrigation water such that there
is no significant scouring of bed or bank materials and no significant sediment
deposition due to the action of moving water.
➢ In a stable channel the actions of sedimentation and scouring balance each other
over a long period of time, thereby, keeping the channel cross-section constant with
time. The channel can be said to be in a state of Dynamic Equilibrium.
➢ Design of a stable channel implies calculating the values of mean velocity and the
cross-sectional details of the channel (hydraulic radius, top-width, and bed-slope) of
the channel for the design discharge, sediment discharge, sediment size, and the bed
roughness characteristics without causing scouring and sedimentation on the channel
bed and banks.
➢ Two basic procedures for the design of alluvial channels:
✓ Critical tractive force method
✓ Regime channel method
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Unlined Canals carrying clear water
Tractive Force
The force used to produce or create motion using dry friction between a body and a
tangential surface is known as tractive force.

Critical tractive force method

➢ Attempts to restrict the shear stress anywhere in the channel to a value less than
the critical shear stress of the bed material, thereby, ensuring no scouring action.
➢ For alluvial channels carrying clear water there is no sedimentation problem.
➢ Hence, according to the critical tractive force approach we can design an alluvial
channel carrying clear water of stable cross-section.
➢ The critical tractive force method is also known as Lane’s method.

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Stability of a Bed-particle on a Side-slope
Let us consider a bed particle of size d.

Effective particle area:

𝑎 = 𝐶1 𝑑 2
Particle volume:
𝑉 = 𝐶2 𝑑3
Submerged weight of the particle:
𝑊𝑠 = 𝐶2 (𝛾𝑠 − 𝛾𝑤 )𝑑3

Due to the flow, a shear stress 𝜏𝑤 exists

on the particle situated on the side
slopes of the channel.
Resultant force tending to move the
Drag force on the particle due to shear: particle down:
𝐹𝐷𝑠 = 𝜏𝑤 𝑎
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝐷𝑠 2 + 𝑊𝑠 sin 𝜃 2
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Stability of a Bed-particle on a Side-slope
Stabilizing force:
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑊𝑠 cos 𝜃
The condition of incipient motion is:
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑆 tan 𝜙
𝝓: Angle of repose of the bed particle
(Angle of the slope at which the particle starts
to slide down)
𝐹𝐷𝑠 2 + 𝑊𝑠 sin 𝜃 2 = 𝑊𝑠 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜙 2
1
tan2 𝜃 2
𝐹𝐷𝑠 = 𝑊𝑠 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜙 1 −
tan2 𝜙 Therefore,
1
𝐹𝐷𝑠 𝜏𝑤 tan2 𝜃 2
Drag force on the particle located on the = = cos 𝜃 1 − = 𝜅1
𝐹𝐷𝑏 𝜏𝑏 tan2 𝜙
channel bed due to shear:
𝐹𝐷𝑏 = 𝜏𝑏 𝑎 = 𝐹𝐷𝑠 ቚ = 𝑊𝑠 tan 𝜙 𝜏𝑤 = 𝜅1 𝜏𝑏
𝜃=0
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Design Procedure
Step 1: The angle of repose 𝝓 of the sediment
particles is determined from laboratory tests.
For preliminary design 𝝓 can be estimated from
the curves showing the variation of 𝝓 with
particle size and shape.
Step 2: The bed-slope of the channel is
determined from topographical features. The
side-slope of the channel is assumed based on
practical and constructional aspects.
Note: 𝜽 should be much smaller than 𝝓
In Lane’s theory, the representative
Step 3: Manning’s roughness coefficient for the
channel is determined from the Strickler’s particle size is considered to be 𝒅𝟕𝟓 .
formula as:
𝒅𝟕𝟓 : 75% of the particles is less
1
𝑑75 6
𝑛=
21.1 than that value
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Design Procedure
Step 4: As we have to ensure no sediment motion Channel condition Value of 𝜿𝟐
anywhere in the channel, a factor of safety 𝜿𝟐 is Straight 0.90
introduced:
Slightly curved 0.81
𝜏𝑏 = 𝜅2 𝜏𝑐
Moderately curved 0.67
𝜏𝑤 = 𝜅1 𝜅2 𝜏𝑐
Very curved 0.54
𝝉𝒄 : Critical shear stress
Step 5: The critical shear stress of the sediment particle is determined :
(Considering the relative density of the sediment particle as 2.65 and 𝝂𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟏 ×
𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔)
✓ If 𝒅𝟕𝟓 > 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 :
𝜏𝑐 = 0.905𝑑75
✓ If 𝒅𝟕𝟓 ≤ 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 – Swamee and Mittal formula:
0.409𝑑75 2
𝜏𝑐 = 0.155 +
2 0.5
1 + 0.177𝑑75
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
Note: 𝒅𝟕𝟓 is in mm & 𝝉𝒄 is in N/m2
 Design Procedure
Step 6: For a conservative design of a trapezoidal section with normal flow depth 𝒚 and
bed-slope 𝑺𝟎 , the shear stresses on the sides and bed of the channel can be safely
considered to be:

𝜏𝑤 = 0.75𝛾𝑤 𝑦𝑆0
𝜏𝑏 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑦𝑆0
For non-erodibility of the channel surface, the calculated values of shear stresses at the
bed and the walls for incipient motion condition should be equal to the respective shear
stresses for uniform flow through the channel.
𝜅1 𝜅2 𝜏𝑐 = 0.75𝛾𝑤 𝑦𝑆0
𝜅2 𝜏𝑐 = 𝛾𝑤 𝑦𝑆0
Solve for y from the above equations and consider the lower value as the design flow depth.

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Numerical Problem: Example 1
Design a stable non-erodible channel to carry 10 𝑚3 /𝑠 of clear water through a bed of
rounded gravels of size - 𝑑75 = 10 𝑚𝑚. A longitudinal slope of 0.0008 and side slopes
of 2(H):1(V) are to be adopted for the channel.
Given that:
➢ Angle of repose of rounded gravel of size 10 mm = 32°
➢ For 𝑑 > 6 𝑚𝑚, critical shear stress is given by: 𝜏𝑐 = 0.905𝑑.
➢ For a straight channel: 𝜅2 = 0.9.

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Kennedy’s Method
R. G. Kennedy (Executive Engineer, Irrigation Department, Punjab) on the basis of his
observations of data collected from 22 canals of Upper Bari-Doab region (presently in
Pakistan) in 1895 proposed the following equation:

𝑈0 = 0.55𝑦 0.64 Kennedy’s Equation

𝒚: Flow depth (m).
𝑼𝟎 : Critical velocity (m/s) – the mean velocity which does not allow scouring or silting
in the canal.

Kennedy’s equation is applicable to only those channels which have the same type of sediment
as was there in the canal systems of the Upper Bari-Doab region.

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Kennedy’s Method
On recognizing the effect of sediment size on critical velocity, Kennedy modified his
equation to account for the variation of sediment size as:

𝑈 = 0.55𝑚𝑦 0.64 Modified Kennedy’s

𝒎: Critical velocity ratio expressed as: Equation
𝑈
𝑚=
𝑈0
𝒚: Flow depth (m).
𝑼: Critical velocity for any sediment size (m/s).
𝑼𝟎 : Critical velocity for the sediment size of the Upper Bari-Doab canal system (m/s).

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Kennedy’s Method
➢ Kennedy did not establish any separate
relationship for the bed-slope (𝑺𝟎 ) of the regime
channel in terms of the critical velocity (𝑼) or the
flow depth (𝒚).
➢ Kennedy suggested to use the Manning’s
equation along with the modified Kennedy’s
equation for the design of a stable alluvial
channel.
Generally side slopes of 1(H):2(V)
➢ Manning’s equation can be expressed as: are considered for regime channels
1 2 1
𝑈 = 𝑅3 𝑆0 2
𝑛
➢ Design of a stable alluvial channel requires to 𝒏: Manning’s roughness coefficient
determine 𝑩, 𝒚, and 𝑼 for the given values of 𝑸, 𝑹: Hydraulic radius
𝒎, 𝒏, and 𝑺𝟎 . 𝑺𝟎 : Bed-slope
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Design Procedure (Kennedy’s Method)
Case 1
Given: 𝑸, 𝒎, 𝒏, and 𝑺𝟎
Step 1: Assume a trial value of 𝒚 (m).
Step 2: Calculate the critical velocity 𝑼 from the Modified Kennedy’s equation.
Step 3: Calculate the cross-sectional area:
𝑄
𝐴=
𝑈
Step 4: Assume the side slopes and calculate 𝑩 from 𝑨.
Step 5: Calculate the wetted perimeter 𝑷.
Step 6: Calculate the hydraulic radius 𝑹.
Step 7: Calculate the average velocity 𝑼 from the Manning’s equation.
Step 8: Repeat Steps 2-7, changing the assumed value of 𝒚, as long as the values of 𝑼
are not almost equal.
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Design Procedure (Kennedy’s Method)
Case 2
𝑩
Given: 𝑸, 𝒎, 𝒏, and ratio
𝒚
𝑩
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area 𝑨 as a function of 𝒚 using the ratio and
𝒚
assuming the side slope.
Step 2: Express the critical velocity 𝑼 from the Modified Kennedy’s equation as a
function of 𝒚.
Step 3: Solve for 𝒚 from the following equation:
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑈
𝑩
Step 4: Calculate 𝑩 from ratio.
𝒚
Step 5: Calculate the wetted perimeter 𝑷.
Step 6: Calculate the hydraulic radius 𝑹.
Step 7: Calculate the critical velocity 𝑼 from the Modified Kennedy’s equation.
Step 8: Calculate the bed-slope 𝑺𝟎 from the Manning’s equation.
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Assumption of B/D ratio
𝑩
The Central Water and Power Commission (CWPC), New Delhi has recommended
𝒚
ratio for canals carrying discharge in the range of 𝟎. 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 from the following
curve:

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Numerical Problem: Example 2
Design an unlined alluvial irrigation canal carrying a discharge of 5 𝑚3 /𝑠 with the
𝐵
critical velocity ratio 𝑚 = 1, Manning’s roughness coefficient 𝑛 = 0.0225, and =
𝑦
3.24.

Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi

 Unlined canals carrying sediment-laden water
Regime Channel Method
➢ Regime channels are alluvial channels carrying sediment-laden water and existing in
a state of dynamic equilibrium.
➢ In regime channels, there is suspended load, bed load and formation of bed forms.
➢ In the initial periods of the life of the channel there may be alterations in flow depth,
width and bed-slope, until the dynamic equilibrium is reached (Regime state).
➢ On attaining the regime state, the cross-sectional parameters along with the bed-slope
becomes invariant with time as long as the discharge and other flow characteristics
remain unchanged.
➢ In a regime channel, change in discharge results in changing of the cross-sectional
parameters and the bed-slope, and finally a new regime state is achieved.
➢ With respect to discharge variation, a regime channel has three degrees of freedom
(flow depth, width and bed-slope) when compared to a rigid-boundary lined channel
which has only one degree of freedom (flow depth).
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Lacey’s Method
Lacey’s philosophy of regime channel concept:
“When an artificial channel is used to convey silty water, both bed and banks
scour or fill, changing depth, gradient and width until a balance is attained at
which the channel is said to be in regime.”
➢ Lacey recognized that hydraulic radius is more appropriate than the flow
depth for the design of regime channels.
➢ Lacey proposed three primary equations to represent the three
degrees of freedom of an alluvial channel – flow depth, width and bed-slope.
➢ Lacey expressed the role of the sediment size in an approximate way, by
the fourth primary equation.
➢ From these primary equations, another set of equations were derived
which are useful for the design of alluvial channels.
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi
 Lacey’s Method – Primary & Derived Equations
𝑸: Discharge in the channel (m3/s)
1. Wetted Perimeter:
𝒅: Representative particle size diameter (mm)
𝑃 = 4.75 𝑄
2. Hydraulic Radius:
𝑄
1
3 Design Procedure
𝑅 = 0.48 Given: 𝑸 and 𝒅 or 𝒇
𝑓
3. Bed-slope: Step 1: Calculate silt factor 𝒇 if 𝒅 is given.
5
𝑓3 Step 2: Calculate 𝑷, 𝑹, and 𝑺𝟎 .
𝑆0 = 0.0003 1 Step 3: Considering a suitable side slope of the
𝑄6 channel, determine the value of 𝑩 and 𝒚 from
4. Silt factor (Sediment size): the calculated value of 𝑷 and 𝑹.
𝑓 = 1.76 𝑑
5. Mean velocity: Generally side slopes of 1(H):2(V) are considered
2 1
𝑈 = 10.8𝑅3 𝑆0 3 for regime channels
Dr. Saumava Dey, IIT Delhi