C

Contd..1​ Q2. Why C is called middle-level language?

Q1. Define programming languages. Compare ​ Explain. (4)?
OOP and POP. Why C is called middle-level POP (Procedural-Oriented Programming): 1. ​
language? Explain.​ Based on functions and procedures, following a ANS: C as a Middle-Level Language:
​ step-by-step approach. 2. Does not provide data C is called a middle-level language because it
ANS: Programming Language: A programming hiding, making data vulnerable. ​ combines the features of both low-level and
language is a set of instructions used to 3. Lacks built-in support for code reusability; high-level languages.
communicate with a computer to perform specific functions must be rewritten. ​
tasks. It defines syntax and semantics for writing 4. Has a top-down approach, making 1. **Low-Level Features:** C provides direct
programs. Examples include C, Java, Python, modifications more difficult. ​ access to memory using pointers, supports
and JavaScript.​ 5. Functions depend on each other, reducing bitwise operations, and allows manipulation of
OOP (Object-Oriented Programming): ​ modularity. ​ hardware, similar to assembly language.
1. Based on objects and classes, focusing on 6. Uses global data that can be accessed by any 2. **High-Level Features:** C has structured
real-world entities. ​ function, increasing the risk of errors. 7. programming, functions, and libraries, making it
2. Uses encapsulation to protect data from Examples include C, Pascal, and Fortran. ​ easy to write complex programs like in high-level
unauthorized access. ​ languages.
3. Supports inheritance, allowing code reuse and 3. **Portability:** C programs can run on different
reducing redundancy. ​ hardware with minimal modification, bridging the
4. Follows a modular approach, making the gap between machine-dependent low-level
program easy to modify and extend. ​ languages and machine-independent high-level
5. Uses polymorphism, allowing the same languages.
function to operate differently based on the 4. **Balance of Control and Simplicity:** C gives
object. ​ programmers control over system resources
6. Implements abstraction, hiding complex while maintaining readability and efficiency,
implementation details from the user. ​ making it suitable for both system programming
7. Examples include Java, C++, and Python (like operating systems) and application
development.

Q3. Define C operators and their need in Contd..3​ Q6. Explain characteristics of good
programming. Also, explain types of C 2. **Relational Operators:** Compare values and algorithms and develop an algorithm and
operators with syntax and examples. (1+3+6)​ return true (1) or false (0). flowchart to calculate the sum of N natural
​ Syntax: `if(a > b) { ... }` numbers. ​
ANS: C Operators: Operators in C are symbols Example: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=` ​ ​
that perform operations on variables and values. ANS: ​
They are essential for arithmetic calculations, 3. **Logical Operators:** Used for logical Characteristics of a Good Algorithm:
logical decisions, comparisons, and memory expressions. 1. **Well-Defined Input and Output:** It should
manipulation in programming. Syntax: `if(a > 0 && b > 0) { ... }` take valid input and produce the correct output.
Need for Operators: Example: `&&` (AND), `||` (OR), `!` (NOT) 2. **Finite Steps:** It must complete execution in
1. **Performing Arithmetic Operations** – Used a limited number of steps.
for calculations like addition, subtraction, 4. **Bitwise Operators:** Perform bit-level 3. **Unambiguous:** Each step should be clear
multiplication, etc. operations. and precise.
2. **Decision Making** – Comparison and logical Syntax: `int result = a & b;` 4. **Efficient:** Should use minimal time and
operators help in conditions and loops. Example: `&`, `|`, `^`, `<<`, `>>` resources.
3. **Memory and Bit Manipulation** – Operators 5. **Independent:** It should be
like bitwise and pointer operators help in 5. **Assignment Operators:** Assign values to language-independent and follow a logical
system-level programming. ​ variables. sequence.
Types of C Operators: Syntax: `a += 5;` Algorithm to Calculate the Sum of N Natural
1. **Arithmetic Operators:** Used for Example: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=` Numbers:
mathematical operations. 1. Start
Syntax: `int sum = a + b;` 6. **Increment & Decrement Operators:** 2. Input N
Example: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%` Increase or decrease a value by 1. 3. Initialize sum = 0
Syntax: `a++;` 4. For i = 1 to N, add i to sum
Example: `++` (increment), `--` (decrement) 5. Print sum
6. Stop

Q.5 Explain Entry control and Exit control Contd..5​ Contd..6 ​

loops. Write a program to calculate the sum of ​ Flowchart:
digits of an integer entered by the user. (4+6) int i = 1; +----------------+
​ do { | Start |
ANS: Entry Control and Exit Control Loops: printf("%d ", i); +----------------+
|
Loops in C are used to execute a block of code i++; v
multiple times based on a condition. } while(i <= 5); +----------------+
| Input N |
+----------------+
1. **Entry Control Loop:** The condition is Program to Calculate Sum of Digits of an Integer:​ |
checked before executing the loop body. If the #include <stdio.h>​ v
condition is false initially, the loop will not execute int main() {​ +----------------+
| sum = 0, i = 1 |
even once. Examples: `for` loop, `while` loop. int num, sum = 0, digit;​ +----------------+
Example: printf("Enter an integer: ");​ |
```c scanf("%d", &num);​ v
+----------------+
int i = 1; while(num != 0) { ​ | i <= N ? |
while(i <= 5) { digit = num % 10; // Extract last digit​ +----------------+
printf("%d ", i); sum += digit; // Add digit to sum​ / \
i++; / \
num /= 10; // Remove last digit​ v v
} }​ +----------------+ +----------------+
printf("Sum of digits: %d", sum​ | sum = sum + i | | Print sum |
2. Exit Control Loop: The condition is checked |i=i+1 | +----------------+
return 0;​ +----------------+ |
after executing the loop body at least once. Even }​ v
if the condition is false, the loop will execute Example Output:​ +----------------+
once. Example: do-while loop. Enter an integer: 456 ​ | Stop |
+----------------+
Example: Sum of digits: 15
Q.4 Explain types of user-defined functions Contd..4​ Q.7 What are conditional and branching
and write a program to display the factorial of int getNumber() { statements? Explain types of conditional and
a number provided by the user using a return 10; branching statements with syntax, flow, and
examples.
function. (4+6) }​
ANS: Conditional and Branching Statements:
​ Function with Arguments and Returns a
Conditional and branching statements are used
ANS: Types of User-Defined Functions: Value: Takes input and returns a result.​
to execute different blocks of code based on
In C, user-defined functions allow modular Example:​
certain conditions, allowing decision-making in a
programming by dividing a program into smaller int add(int a, int b) { ​
program. Types of Conditional and Branching
functions for better readability and reusability. return a + b; ​
Statements: 1. **if Statement:**
}​
Used to execute a block of code if the condition
1. **Function with No Arguments and No Return Program to Display Factorial of a Number:​
is true. Syntax:
Value:** Performs a task but does not take input #include <stdio.h>​
if(condition) {
or return output. int factorial(int n) {​
// code to be executed if condition is true
Example: if(n == 0 || n == 1) ​
} Flow: If the condition is true, execute the
void greet() { return 1; ​
block; if false, skip.
printf("Hello, User!"); return n * factorial(n - 1); ​
Example:
} }​
if(a > b) {
​ int main() {​
printf("a is greater than b"); } ​
Function with Arguments but No Return int num;​
2. **if-else Statement:**
Value: Takes input but does not return a value.​ printf("Enter a number: ");​
Executes one block if the condition is true and
Example: scanf("%d", &num​
another block if false.
void square(int num) { printf("Factorial of %d is %d", num,
Syntax:
printf("Square: %d", num * num); factorial(num));​
if(condition) {
}​ return 0;​
// code if true
Function with No Arguments but Returns a } OUTPUT: Enter a number: 5
} else {
Value: No input, but returns a result. Factorial of 5 is 120
// code if false
Example:
}

Contd… 7 Flow: If the condition is true, execute

the first block, else execute the second.
Example:
if(a > b) {
printf("a is greater");
} else {
printf("b is greater");
} 3. **else-if Statement:**
Used when there are multiple conditions to
check.
Syntax:
if(condition1) {
// code if condition1 is true
} else if(condition2) {
// code if condition2 is true
} else {
// code if all conditions are false
} Flow: Checks the conditions sequentially and
executes the corresponding block.
Example:
if(a > b) {
printf("a is greater");
} else if(a == b) {
printf("a and b are equal");
} else {
printf("b is greater");
}