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 Answer:
Positive Sequence Impedance and Network
synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical windings, it induces emfs of
Since a sequence voltages are induced in it. When
positive sequence only i.e. no negative or zero
the machine carries positive sequence currents only the mode of operation is.balanced.
value rduces from sub
The machine equivalently offers a direct axis reactance whose
transient reactance (x) tó' transient reactance (x) are finally to steady state
(synchronous) reactance (X):as the short circuit transient progresses in time. Assuming
armature resistance negligible, the positive sequence impedance of the machine is:
Z, = jX, (if lcycle of transient is of interest) ... (1)
= jX, (if3 -4 cycle of transient is of interest) ... (2)
= jX, (if steady state value is of interest) ...(3)
If the machine short circuit takes place from unloaded conditions, the terminal voltage
constitutes the positive sequence voltage; on the other hand, if the short circuit occurs
loaded conditions, the voltage behind appropriate reactance (sub transient, transient or
synchronous) constitutes the positive sequence voltage.
Reference bus

(a) Three-phase model (6) Single-phase model

Fig: 1Positive sequence network
of synchronous machine
 In the abOve Fig. l(a) the three-phase
positive sequence
machine is shown. Z, does not appear in the model asnetwork model of a Synei
L =0 for
currents. Since it is a balanced network it can be represented by the positive Sequ
model of Fig 1(b) for purposes of analysis. The reference bus forsingle-phase
a
net
positive Seque
network is at neutral potential. Further. since no cument flows from ground
neutra! is at ground potential. to neural,
With reterence to Fig. 1(b), the positive sequence voltage of terminal a with
the reference bus is given by respect o
Va=E,-Z,al ... (4)
Negative Sequence Impedance and Network
It is known that a synchronous machine has zero negative sequence
induced
Subsequent to the flow of negative sequence current in the stator a rotating volta3efield 15
created which rotates in the opposite direction to that of the positive sequence field and,
therefore, at double synchronous speed with respect to rotor. Currents at double the stator
frequency are therefore induced in rotor field and damper winding. In sweeping over the
rotor surface, the negative sequence mnf is alternately presented with reluctances of
direct and quadrature axes. The negative sequence impedance presented by the machine
with consideration given to the damper windings, is often defined as

Z, = j
2
: z,|<|z ... (5)
Reference bus

(b) Single-phase model

(a) Threephase model
Fig: 2. Negative sequence network of synchronous machine
The above Fig. 2.(a) and Fig. 2.(b) represent the negative sequence network model of the
synchronous machine on a three phase and single-phase basis. However, the reference
bus is at neutral potential which is the same as ground potential.
If the Fig, 2.(b) is referred to, the negative sequence voltage of terminal a with reference
bus is
... (6)

ero Sequence Impedance And Network

Lero sequence network models on a three and single-phase basis are shown in Fig. 3(a)
and (b). In Fig. 3(a), the current flowing in the impedance Z, between neutral nnd
 =310" The zero seauence volteoe of terminal a with respect to ground, Uhe
Svand S ,
reference bus, is therefore
... (7)
Vao =-3Z,o-Zoleo =-(3Z, +Zo,)lso Since the single
where Zor is the zero sequcnce impedance per phase of the machine.
network of Fig. 3(b) carries onlv per phase zero sequence current, its
P eTO Sequence
total zero sequence impedance must be
Z, = 3Z, +Zor ...(8)
here
n order tor it to have the same voltage from a to refcrence bus. The reference bus
is, of course, at ground potential.
From Fig. 3(6) zero sequence voltage of point a with respect to the reference
(9)
bus 1s
Reference bus

Z
n n Vo

Zog 000Zos b

(a) Three-phase model

(b) Single-phase model
Fig: 3 Zero sequence network of synchronous machine
 +3Vao'a0
pow
Vat] nd
I,=
Ai, 0 1|=30
10 10 0
VaeVeo av] av] 3Va2la
0 of
a0 Va 1|Vao
V¡1 Va2
V,=
and VJ
+ o'++V, V,+ comp
3Vlat
Var
+ V2
oVa
t
11
aV, I;
+ + =V,
+
Va + 1 1|
Va 0 =V, =V,
b
VAA
+ 1 V, = symm
t A1 1
Vo aV = Va
AV 1 1
circuit., 1||
2 1
= 11
1 3
= 3 1 1 3V
= =
VJ V, V,
A-1
= Van =
Vo [AIJ' 1a?a =
V, V phase
a
UI of
(AV] Sum
30 3V
1
three
currents, AA
=
1
= AA
= S= =
a
in s
of pOwer
set
a complex
for
Similarly Conside,
where, Total
and
or or
Solution:
Connection Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

(a) A|A
Reference bus

(b) A|Y
Reference bus

3 Z,

(d)

(e) YY
 (d) (C) (b) Advantages (a)
svalues
transformer quantities.
The Thep.u. phase
three rather has In
With
arameters large a
been
ective p.u than
ly impedance system found of
which
interconnected
in
absolute per-unit
of
is there quite
nsformersof not of
us their convenient system
inthe values
is
case less power
ratings transtormer
in chance of in
as of quantities systempower
this when to
if well work
m.
ressed as is
considering of system:
with
rotating same maing with
various
per-unit
whether
in
machines mistake
per absolute voltage
(pu.)
unit referred
in
system
of lie value phase levels
roughly
their on
of to and for and
ratings; these
primary
in quantities
line various
the
impedances.
ectness same voltages,
or
secondary capacity
for
range analysis
single
equipments it
of of
numerical side
analysis phasepurposes
of
the or
Radial Distribution System:
system is used only when substation or generating station is located at the center of
This from a substation or 'a generating
the consumers. In this system, different feedersS radiate main characteristic of a radial
station and feed the distributors at one end. Thus, the Single line diagram of
distribution system is that the power flow is in only one direction.
system is as shown in the figure below. It is the simplest
a typjcal radial distributjoninitial cost.
system and has the lowest HVMV
substation
Fuse
Service drops

LV feeders
feederMV
(overhead)

LV feeders
(cable)
Although this system is simplest and least expensive, it is not highly reliable. A major
drawback of a radial distribution system is a fault in the feeder will result in supply
failure to associated consumers as there won't be any alternative feeder to feed
distributors.
Ring Main Distribution System:
A similar level of system reliability to that of the parallel feeders can be achieved by
using ring distribution system. Here, each distribution transformer is fed with two feeders
but in different paths. The feeders in this systemn form a loop which starts from the
substation bus-bars, runs through the load area feeding distribution transformers and
returns to the substation bus-bars. The following figure shows a typical single line
diagram of a ring main distribution system.
Substation

Distributor

Distributor

Distributot
 Line
T X=X T;
00000 90000
00000 X=X=Xo X=X-Xo
Gencrator G1 Generator G
X,=X, X=X

G E

Reference Bus
Positive sequence network
T; Line T:
0O000 r0000 00900

Reference Bus

TË
Negative sequence
Line
network
T;
XË=X= Xo
00000
X=X=Xo X=X=Xo
09000
Generator G
Xo Generator G
Xo

Reference Bus
Zero sequence network

70/187