Introduction to

Computer
Fundamentals

CABRERA ANGELINE C BSIT-1B LIVING IN THE IT ERA RESEARCH EXAM 2/12/25

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Types of Computers………………………………………………………………………………………1
●​ Supercomputer
●​ Mainframe computer
●​ Minicomputer
●​ Personal computer (PC)

Android Operating Systems……………………………………………………………………2

Programming Languages………………………………………………………………………………4

Network Types……………………………………………………………………………………………………6
●​ PAN
●​ LAN
●​ MAN
●​ WAN

Cybersecurity & Data Protection……………………………………………………8

●​ What is the difference between data protection and cybersecurity?
●​ What is cybersecurity?
●​ What is data protection?
●​ Why is privacy important in cybersecurity?
●​ Benefits of Combining Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

I
Types of computers 1

Supercomputer – a powerful computer that can process large amounts of

data and do a great amount of computation very quickly.

Examples
●​ El Capitan
●​ Frontier
●​ Aurora

Mainframe computer – a high-performance computer used for large

information processing jobs.

Examples
●​ universal automatic computer from UNIVAC series
●​ ZSeries mainframe computer from IBM.
●​ IBM zSeries.

Minicomputer – a mid-range computer that is intermediate in size,

power, speed, storage capacity, etc., between a mainframe and a
microcomputer.

Examples
●​ IBM's AS/400e
●​ Honeywell 200
●​ TI-990

Personal computer (PC) – a small computer designed for use by a single

user at a time.

Examples
●​ Laptops
●​ Tablets
●​ Smartphones
LIST OF ALL THE ANDROID OPERATING SYSTEM 2

Android API
Version Code Name Level Brief Background

1 Alpha 1 First commercial release of Android.

1.1 Beta 2 Minor improvements and bug fixes.

Introduced widgets, on-screen

1.5 Cupcake 3 keyboard, and better camera support.
Added support for CDMA networks,
text-to-speech, and improved search
1.6 Donut 4 capabilities.

Enhanced multimedia support,

improved browser, and Google Maps
2.0 - 2.1 Eclair 5-7 navigation.

Increased performance and speed,

2.2 Froyo 8 improved battery life.
Improved performance, better support
for voice search and near field
2.3 Gingerbread 9-10 communication (NFC).

First version optimized for tablets,

introduced a redesigned user
3.0 - 3.2 Honeycomb 11-13 interface.

Ice Cream Unified user interface for phones

4.0 - 4.0.4 Sandwich 14-15 and tablets, introduced face unlock.

Performance improvements, smoother

4.1 - 4.3.1 Jelly Bean 16-18 animations, Google Now integration.
Improved performance, better battery
4.4 - 4.4.4 KitKat 19-20 life, full-screen immersion mode.
Material Design introduced, improved
notifications, better battery
5.0 - 5.1.1 Lollipop 21-22 management.

Enhanced permissions model, Doze

mode for improved battery life,
6.0 - 6.0.1 Marshmallow 23 Google Now on Tap.

Multi-window support, improved

notifications, Vulkan API for better
7.0 - 7.1.2 Nougat 24-25 graphics performance.
 Picture-in-picture mode,
notification channels, improved
8.0 - 8.1 Oreo 26-27 battery life and performance.

Gesture navigation, AI-powered

features like adaptive battery and
9 Pie 28 brightness, improved app actions.

Dark mode, improved privacy

10 Android Q 29 features, foldable phone support.
Improved privacy features,
conversation bubbles, media
11 30 controls.
Redesigned user interface with
Material You, improved privacy and
12 31 security features.

Improved privacy and security, media

13 33 player, spatial audio.

Latest version with enhancements in

performance, privacy, and user
14 34 experience.

3
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 4

Language Background & Description

Developed by Microsoft. Object-oriented, used for
C# game development, web applications, and more.
Originally designed for web browsers, now used for
front-end and back-end development, game
JavaScript development, and more.
Platform-independent, object-oriented language,
widely used for enterprise applications, Android
Java development, and big data.
Structured Query Language, used for interacting with
SQL relational databases.
Developed by Google, known for its efficiency,
Go concurrency, and simplicity.
Developed by Apple, used for iOS, macOS, watchOS,
Swift and tvOS development.
Primarily used for server-side scripting and web
PHP development.
Object-oriented, known for its elegance and focus on
Ruby developer happiness.
Cascading Style Sheets, used for styling the
CSS presentation of HTML documents.
A superset of JavaScript, adds static typing for
TypeScript improved code maintainability.
Focuses on memory safety and performance, often used
Rust for systems programming and game development.
HyperText Markup Language, the standard markup
HTML language for creating web pages.
Developed by JetBrains, modern language that runs on
the Java Virtual Machine, used for Android
Kotlin development.
Primarily used for statistical computing and data
R analysis.
High-level language and interactive environment for
numerical computation, visualization, and algorithm
MATLAB development.
Object-oriented A programming paradigm based on the concept of
programming "objects", which contain data and methods.
Developed by Apple, used for macOS, iOS, and other
Objective-C Apple platforms.
 Known for its flexibility and text processing
capabilities, often used for system administration
Perl and scripting.
A high-level, general-purpose programming language
that combines object-oriented and functional
Scala programming features.
Low-level language that provides direct control over
Assembly language the computer's hardware.
An extension of C, supports object-oriented
programming and is widely used for game development,
C++ system programming, and high-performance computing.
A functional language built on the Erlang VM, known
Elixir for its scalability and fault-tolerance.

High-level, general-purpose language, known for its

readability and versatility, used in various domains
including data science, machine learning, and web
Python development.

5
NETWORK AND THE INTERNET 6

NETWORK TYPES

What is a network?
A network is a computer system that allows devices to interact with
each other.

PAN
A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices close to the
user, such as a wireless mouse, a keyboard, and a computer.

LAN
The Local Area Network (LAN) is designed to connect multiple network
devices and systems within a limited geographical distance. The
devices are connected using multiple protocols for properly and
efficiently exchanging data and services.

MAN
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network type that covers the
network connection of an entire city or connection of a small area.
The area covered by the network is connected using a wired network,
like data cables.
WAN
The Wide Area Network (WAN) is designed to connect devices over large
distances like states or between countries. The connection is wireless
in most cases and uses radio towers for communication.

7
CYBERSECURITY & DATA PROTECTION—KEY DIFFERENCES & BENEFITS 8

What is the difference between data protection and cybersecurity?

Data protection is a subset of cybersecurity. While data protection

focuses on ensuring data integrity, cybersecurity takes a broader
approach by focusing on all the digital networks and systems that
collect, transmit, process, and store information.

What is cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity consists of the technologies, people, and processes that

protect systems and networks.Cybersecurity’s main objective is to keep
unauthorized users from accessing data. Cyber attackers use various
methods to gain unauthorized access so that they can steal data, also
called data exfiltration.

What is data protection?

Data protection, also called data security, ensures data integrity and
confidentiality by preventing unauthorized accidental or malicious
changes to information.

Why is privacy important in cybersecurity?

●​ User control over data: rights to opt out, be forgotten, access,
and rectification.
●​ Access: viewing and editing.
●​ Security: implementing technical controls to prevent cyber
attacks.

Benefits of Combining Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

Privacy is a fundamental human right. Now that most organizations use

digital tools, cybersecurity and data privacy are inextricably
intertwined. When you create a holistic program encompassing both, you
upgrade your cybersecurity while protecting consumers’ rights.

●​ Prevent Data Breaches

●​ Stay GDPR Compliant
●​ Build Customer Trust
●​ Protect Revenue