GENERALIZED TOPOLOGY,

GENERALIZED COUNTINUITY

1.GENERALIZED TOPOLOGIES

It is easy to show that the method of considering 𝛾-open sets for some 𝛾∈Γ(X)
can produce all GT’s on X.

LEMMA 1.1
If 𝑔 is a GT on X, there is a𝛾: exp X → exp X such that g is the collection of all
𝛾-open sets. We can suppose that 𝛾 satisfies

𝛾∅ = ∅, 𝛾A , 𝛾𝛾𝐴 = 𝛾𝐴 for A X.

REMARK: with the notation we can suppose that 𝛾∈Γ02-(X).

PROOF:
Define 𝛾A to be the union of all G 𝑔 satisfying G A. Then clearly 𝛾𝐴∈𝑔 and
𝛾𝐴 ⊂ 𝐴, 𝛾∅ = ∅ Now G 𝑔 implies 𝛾𝐺 = 𝐺 ⊃ 𝐺 so that the elements of g are 𝛾-
open, while A⊂ 𝛾A implies 𝛾A=A and A g.
Finally 𝛾𝐴∈𝑔 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝛾𝛾𝐴 = 𝛾𝐴.
We write 𝑔𝛾 for the collection of all 𝛾 −open sets.

Let us consider another way for obtaining GT’s. Let𝜓: X →exp exp X satisfy x ∈ V
for V∈𝜓(x). Then we say that V∈𝜓(x) is a generalized neighborhood (briefly GN) of
x X and 𝜓 is a generalized neighborhood system (briefly GNS) on X. We denote
by (X) the collection of all GNS’s on X.

LEMMA 1 2
Let 𝜓 be a GNS on X and G 𝑔 if and only if G X satisfies
if x∈G then there is V∈𝜓 𝑥 such that V G. Then 𝑔 is a GT.

PROOF:

Clearly ∅∈ 𝑔
If G=∪𝑖∈𝐼Gi and Gi 𝑔 for i∊𝐼 = ∅ then, for x G, there is i∈𝐼 with x ∈ Gi so that
there is V∈𝜓(x) such that V⊂Gi. Obviously V⊂G, so G∈𝑔 .
Let us write 𝑔=𝑔𝜓 in this case. Conversely:

LEMMA 1.3

If 𝑔 is a GT on X then there is a 𝜓∈Ψ (X) satisfying 𝑔 = 𝑔𝜓. We can suppose that 𝜓

fulfils:
V∈ 𝑔 for V∈𝜓(𝑥), x∈X. (1)

PROOF:

Let us define V∈𝜓 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥∈𝑉∈𝑔.

Then clearly 𝜓∈Ψ(𝑥) fulfils (1).
If G∈𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥∈𝐺 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥∈𝐺∈𝜓(𝑥).
Suppose that 𝑥∈𝐺 implies the existence of V∈𝜓 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑉 ⊂ 𝐺.
Then G is union of these sets V∈𝑔 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐺∈𝑔 .
 Let us write 𝜓 = 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓∈𝛹𝑔 𝑥 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝜓 fulfils (1).

Observe that possibly 𝜓𝑔 (𝑥)=∅ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔∈ℌ 𝑥 ,𝑥∈𝑋.

More Generally, We can define 𝜓𝑎 ∈Ψ 𝑋 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 ⊂ 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑋(thus need to be a GT): V∈

ψa 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥∈𝑋 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑥∈𝑉∈𝑎.

Another construction is the following one: Let 𝑔∈ℌ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾∈

Γ 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝛾𝐴 ⊃ 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋 𝑖.𝑒.𝛾∈Γ + 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 5
.
We write V∈𝜓 𝛾,𝑔 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥∈𝑋 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑉 = 𝛾𝐺 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐺∈𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥∈𝐺
.Then clearly 𝜓 𝛾,𝑔 ∈Ψ 𝑥 .

If 𝑔 is a GT on X and A⊂ 𝑋, we write 𝑖𝑔 A for largest G∈𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝜑ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

G⊂ 𝐴;𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐺 ⊂ 𝐴,𝐺∈𝑔.

We also call 𝑔-open sets the elements of 𝑔 and 𝑔-closed sets their complements.
C𝑔A is by definition the smallest 𝑔-closed set containing A, i.e. the intersection of
all 𝑔-closed sets containing A.
If 𝑔=𝑔𝛾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝛾∈Γ x then we write 𝑖𝛾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑔𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝛾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑔𝛾 .

We define similarly 𝑖𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝜓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜓∈Ψ x :iψ = i𝔤ψ ,cψ = c𝔤ψ .

For 𝜓𝜖 Ψ 𝑥 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 Γ 𝑥 :𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝜓 𝐴

consists of all 𝑥 𝜖 𝑋 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑉𝜖 𝜓 𝑥 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉 ⊂ 𝐴

and let 𝛾𝜓 A be the set of all those x ϵ X for which V ϵ ψ x implies

V ∩ 𝐴 ≠ ∅.wo more elements f all g −

closed sets containing A.ets their complements. c
LEMMA 1 4

We have 𝜄𝜓, 𝛾𝜓 ∈ Γ X 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝜓 𝐴 = 𝑋 − 𝜄𝜔𝜓 𝑋 − 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜓 𝜖 Ψ 𝑋 ,

𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋.𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝜄 𝜓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝜓 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑐𝜓 𝐴.

PROOF:

The first equality is obvious.

If 𝑥∈𝑖𝜓 𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝐺 𝜖 𝑔 𝜓 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝜖 𝐺 ⊂ 𝐴.𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠

V∈𝜓 𝑥 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉 ⊂ 𝐺 ⊂ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥∈𝜄 𝜓 𝐴. The last equality results by

considering the complements.

In general,𝜄 𝜓 𝐴 ≠ 𝑖𝜓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝜓 𝐴 ≠ 𝑐𝜓 𝐴.𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑋 = 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝜓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1,𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝜖 𝑅.𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 ,𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑎,𝑏 ,𝑏 − 𝑎 > 2,

Clearly 𝜄𝜓 𝐼 = 𝑎 + 1,𝑏 − 1 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑔 𝜓 = ∅,𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝜓 𝐼 = ∅.

LEMMA 1.5

If 𝜓∈Ψ𝑔 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑇 𝑔 = 𝑔 𝜓 𝑜𝑛 𝑋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜄 𝜓 = 𝑖𝜓 and 𝛾𝜓 = 𝑐𝜓.

PROOF:

𝐼𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝜄𝜓 𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐴 ⊂ 𝑋 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑉∈𝜓 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝜖 𝑉 ⊂A

𝐵𝑦 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠,𝑉∈𝑖 𝜓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝜖𝑖𝜓 𝐴.𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝜓 𝐴 ⊂ 𝜄𝜓 𝐴

follows from 1.4. The other equality results by considering the
complements.
 2. GENERALAIZED CONTINUITY

With the help of the concepts introduced in section 1, it is possible to

define several forms of generalized continuity. Let X and X' be two sets and
f: X→X'.

Consider first two GT’s 𝑔 and 𝑔' on X and X', respectively. We say that f is
(𝑔,𝑔')-continuous iff G'∈𝑔 ′ 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 −1 𝐺′ ∈𝑔.
In the literature, we find a lot of generalized continuity definitions
belonging to this type.
E.𝑔.𝑖𝑓𝔬 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝔬 ′ 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
𝑜𝑛 𝑋′ ,𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝔬,𝔬′ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝔬,𝔬′ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒(11),
𝑝𝔬,𝔬′ − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓(13),(s𝔬,𝑠𝔬′)
-continuity maps are called irresolute in (4),(𝛽𝔬,𝔬′)-continuous maps are
said to be 𝛽-continuous in(1) or (23),(p𝔬,𝑝𝔬′)-continuous
maps are preirresolute according to (24).Further (𝛽𝔬,g')-continuous
maps are called faintly 𝛽-continuous in (20) provided g'=𝑔 𝜓 and
𝜓=𝜓(𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′).Also (𝛼𝔬,𝛼𝔬')-continuous maps are called 𝛼-continuous in
(14)and (𝛼𝔬,𝛼𝔬')-continuous maps are said to be 𝛼-irresolute in (12),but
these concepts are simple particular cases of the classical continuity concept
since 𝛼𝔬 is in fact a topology.

We obtain another (more general) kind of generalized continuity if we

consider two GNS’s 𝜓∊𝛹(X'). Let us agree in saying 𝑓 to be (𝜓,𝜓')-
continuous iff, given x ∊ X and V'∊ 𝜓'(𝑓(x)), there is V∊ 𝜓(x) such that
𝑓(V)⊂V'.This is infact a more general concepts:

PROPOSITION 2.1
A(𝜓,𝜓')-continuous map is (𝑔 𝜓 ,𝑔𝜓′)-continuous.

PROOF:
Suppose G'∊𝑔 𝜓′, x ∊ X and 𝑓(x)∊G'.
Then there is V'∊ 𝜓'(𝑓(x)) such that V'⊂G'.
By hypothesis, there is V∊ 𝜓(x) satisfying 𝑓(V)⊂ V'. Thus 𝑓(V)⊂G'
and V⊂𝑓−1 𝐺′ .𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓 −1 𝐺′ 𝜖𝑔 𝜓.

The following example shows that (𝜓,𝜓')-continuity is in fact a strict

generalization of (𝑔,𝑔')-continuity since the converse of 2.1 is not true.

EXAMPLE 2.2
Let X= 𝑎,𝑏,𝑐 and 𝔬, 𝔬' be two topologies on X:

𝔬 = ∅,𝑋, 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑎,𝑏 , 𝔬′ = ∅,𝑋, 𝑎 , 𝑐 , 𝑎,𝑐 .

We consider 𝜓=𝜓(𝑐 𝔬 ,𝔬) and 𝜓'=𝜓(𝑐 𝔬 ,𝔬′).

Then 𝑔𝜓 = ∅,𝑋 .𝐼𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡, 𝑖𝑓 𝐺∈𝑔 𝜓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝜖 𝐺 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝜖 𝔬 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑐𝔬 𝑎 = 𝑎,𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑐∈𝐺.𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑏∈𝐺 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐∈𝐺.
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐∈𝐺 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐺 = 𝑋 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝔬-open set containing c.
A similar reasoning shows 𝑔𝜓′ = ∅,𝑋 .𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑖𝑑 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝜓 ,𝑔𝜓′ -
continuous.
However, 𝑓 is not (𝜓,𝜓')-continuous. In fact, 𝑓(a)∊ 𝑎 ∊𝔬′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝔳′ 𝑎 = 𝑎,𝑏 .
Hence 𝑎,𝑏 𝜖 𝜓′ 𝑎 .𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝜖 𝜓 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉 ⊃ 𝑐𝔬 𝑎 = 𝑎,𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎,𝑐 ⊄
𝑎,𝑏 .
In order to obtain a sort of converse of 2.1,let us first observe:

LEMMA 2.3
If 𝑔 is a GT on X, 𝜓=𝜓𝑔 then 𝑔𝜓 = 𝑔.
PROOF:
If G ∊ 𝑔 and x ∊ G then clearly G∊𝜓𝑔(x), hence G∊𝑔𝜓.

Conversely,
If G∊𝑔𝜓 and x∊ G then there is V∊𝜓(x) such that V⊂G; by hypothesis, V∊𝑔
and G being the union of these sets V, also G∊𝑔.

Now we can prove:

PRPOSITION 2.4
If 𝑓 is (𝑔𝜓 ,𝑔𝜓′)- continuous and 𝜓'=𝜓𝑔' for some GT 𝑔' then 𝑓 is (𝜓,𝜓')-
continuous as well.

PROOF:
Let x ∊ X and V'∊𝜓'(𝑓(x)). Then by hypothesis 𝑓(x)∊V' and V'∊𝑔'=𝑔𝜓’
by 2.3. Therefore x ∊𝑓-1(V') ∊𝑔𝜓 .
Thus there exists V∊ 𝜓(x) such that V⊂𝑓-1(V'), i.e. 𝑓(V)⊂ V'. Consequently 𝑓
is (𝜓,𝜓')-continuous. ⧠

In the literature, various examples of (𝜓,𝜓')-continuity can be found.

Let 𝔬 and 𝔬' be topologies on X and X', respectively, The case 𝜓=𝜓𝔬, 𝜓'=𝜓(
𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′) is called weak continuity in (14), While 𝜓=𝜓(𝑐 𝔬 ,𝔬), 𝜓'=𝜓(𝑐 𝔬′ ,𝔬′)
furnishes 𝜃-continuity in the sense of (6), and 𝜓=𝜓(c𝔬,s𝔬), 𝜓'=𝜓(c𝔬',s𝔬') gives
𝜃-irresolute maps in (9), 𝜓=𝜓𝔬, 𝜓'=(c𝔬,s𝔬) leads to weakly 𝜃-irresolute maps
in the sense (7). If 𝜓=𝜓𝛽𝔬 , 𝜓′ = 𝜓 𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′ then we obtain weakly 𝛽-
continuous maps of (21), if 𝜓 is the same and 𝜓'=𝜓(𝑖 𝔬′ 𝑐𝔬′ , 𝔬′) then we get
almost 𝛽-continuous maps of (20).

Further example are: 𝜓=𝜓𝛼𝔬, 𝜓'=𝜓 𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′ (weakly 𝛼-continuous

maps of (18)); 𝜓=𝜓(cs𝔬,s𝔬),𝜓'=𝜓(c𝔬',𝔬') (𝜃-semi-continuous maps of (2)); the
same 𝜓 and 𝜓'=𝜓(cs𝔬',𝔬') (almost strongly 𝜃-semi -continuous maps of (13));
the same 𝜓 and 𝜓'=𝜓𝔬' (strongly 𝜃-semi-continuous maps of (8));
𝜓=𝜓s𝔬,𝜓'=𝜓(𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′) (weakly semi-continuous maps of (2)); the same 𝜓 and
𝜓'=𝜓 𝑖𝔬′ 𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′ (𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡
semi-continuous maps of (2)); 𝜓=𝜓(𝑐 𝑝𝔬 ,𝑝𝔬), 𝜓'=𝜓𝑝𝔬′(strongly preirresolute
maps of (22)); 𝜓=𝜓𝑝𝑜,𝜓'=𝜓(𝑐𝑝𝔬 ,𝑝𝔬') (quasi-preirresolute maps of (22)); 𝜓=𝜓(

𝑐𝑝𝔬 ,𝑝𝔬),𝜓'=𝜓 𝑐𝑝𝔬′ ,𝑝𝔬′ (𝜃-preirresolute maps of (19)); 𝜓=𝜓𝔬 ,𝜓'=𝜓(𝑖𝔬′ 𝑐𝔬′ ,𝔬′)
(almost continuous maps of (25)); 𝜓=𝜓𝔬 ,𝜓'=𝜓(𝑐𝔬′,𝔬′) (weakly continuous
maps of (25)).

In order to get further examples, let us recall that, with respect to a

topology 𝔬 on X, a set R⊂ X is said to be regularly open (called open domain
in (10)) iff R=𝑖𝔬 𝑐𝔬 𝑅. We denote by ρ𝔬 the collection of all regularly open
subsets of the space (X,𝔬).

Now we can list the example: 𝜓=𝜓p𝔬 ,𝜓'=𝜓p𝔬’ (almost precontinuous

maps of (15)); the same 𝜓' and 𝜓=𝜓𝛽𝔬 (almost 𝛽-continuous maps of (15));
𝜓=𝜓p𝔬, 𝜓'=𝜓p𝔬' (𝛿-continuous maps of (17)).

The above list (certainly without being complete) shows how many
varieties of (𝜓,𝜓')-continuity are discussed in the literature.
With the help of the map 𝛾𝜓,it is not difficult to give a characterization
of (𝜓,𝜓')-continuous maps.

THEOREM 2.5

If 𝑓 : X→X', 𝜓∊ 𝛹(X), 𝜓'∊ 𝛹(X'), the following statements are equivalent:

(a) 𝑓 is (𝜓,𝜓')-continuous.

(b) 𝑓(𝛾𝜓A) ⊂ 𝛾𝜓'𝑓(A) for A ⊂ X.

PROOF:

(a) ⇒ (b).

If x ∊ 𝛾𝜓A then 𝑓(x) ∊ 𝛾𝜓' 𝑓(A), otherwise there would exist V ∊ 𝜓'(𝑓(x))

such that V∩𝑓(A)=∅.

By hypothesis, there would be U∊ 𝜓(x) satisfying 𝑓(U) ⊂V and 𝑓(U)∩

𝑓(A)=∅, hence U∩ A=∅: a contradiction.

(b) ⇒ (c).

Let A =𝑓−1 𝐵 .𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑏 𝑓 (𝛾𝜓 𝐴) ⊂ 𝛾𝜓′ 𝑓 𝐴 = 𝛾𝜓′ 𝑓 𝑓−1 𝐵 ⊂

𝛾𝜓′ 𝐵, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛾 𝜓 𝑓−1 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑓−1

(𝛾𝜓′ 𝐵).

(c) ⇒ (a).

If V∊ 𝜓'(𝑓(x)) then, setting B=X'−V, 𝑓(x)∉𝛾 𝜓′ 𝐵, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥𝜖𝑓 −1(𝛾𝜓'B).

By (c), x ∉ 𝛾𝜓' 𝑓-1(B) so that there is U∊ 𝜓(x) such that U∩ 𝑓-1(B)=∅,

i.e. 𝑓(U)∩ B=∅, 𝑓(U)⊂ V.

In the case 𝜓=𝜓𝔬, 𝜓'=𝜓𝔬' for topologies 𝔬 and 𝔬' on X and X' respectively,
one gets of course a well-known characterization of continuity.

3. GENERALIZED 𝜃-CONTINUITY

We mentioned above the concept of 𝜃-continuity in the sense of (6). A

natural generalization is the following: let 𝑔 and 𝑔' be GT’s on X and X',
respectively and 𝜓=𝜓(𝑐 𝑔′ ,𝑔′). We say that 𝑓: X → X' is 𝜃(𝑔,𝑔')-continuous iff
it is (𝜓,𝜓')-continuous. In detail, if x ∊ X and V∊ 𝑔', 𝑓(x)∊ V, then there is U∊
𝑔, x ∊U such that 𝑓(c𝑔U)⊂ c𝑔' V.
 The special case 𝑔=p𝔬, 𝑔'=p𝔬', 𝔬 and 𝔬' topologies on X and X',
respectively, is studided in (19).
We can state a corollary of 2.5:

THEOREM 3.1
Let 𝑔 and 𝑔' be GT’s on X and X', respectively, 𝑓 : X → X', U∊ 𝜓(x) iff
U=c𝑔G for some G ∊ 𝑔, x ∊ G, and similarly V∊ 𝜓'(x') iff V= c𝑔'G' for some
G'∊𝑔′, x'∊ G', further x ∊ 𝛾𝜓 A iff x ∊ G ∊ 𝑔 implies c𝑔G∩ A ≠∅, and
similarly x' ∊ 𝛾𝜓'B iff x' ∊ G'∊ 𝑔' implies c𝑔' G'∩ B≠ ∅ (A⊂X, B⊂X').
The following statements are equivalent :
(a) 𝑓 is 𝜃(𝑔,𝑔')-continuous (i.e. x ∊ X, 𝑓(x)∊ G'∊ 𝑔' imply the existence of
G ∊ 𝑔 such that x ∊ G and 𝑓(c𝑔G)⊂ c𝑔'G').
(b) 𝑓(𝛾𝜓A)⊂ 𝛾𝜓'𝑓(A) for A⊂ X.
(c) 𝛾𝜓𝑓-1(B) ⊂ 𝑓-1(𝛾𝜓'B) for B ⊂ X'.

The special case valid for 𝑔=p𝔬, 𝑔'=p𝔬' with topologies 𝔬 and 𝔬' is theorem
3.1 of (19).