UNIT-III

Z -TRANSFORMATIONS AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Definition:

Let be a sequence defined for then the Z-transform of is defined

as which is known as two sided or Bilateral Z-transform of
.

If , then the Z-transform reduces to one sided or Unilateral Z-transform and is

defined as .

Z-transform for discrete values of t:

If the function is defined at discrete values of t, where ,T being the

sampling period, then .

Z-transform of standard functions:

1.

Proof: By the definition

Note:

(i) When a = 1,

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 (ii) When a = -1,

2.

Proof: By definition

3. Z

Proof: By definition

4.

Proof: By the definition

5.

Proof: By the definition

3
6.

Proof: By the definition

7.

Proof: By the definition

8. and

Proof: Let

We know that

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Equate the real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

Note: When

and

9.

Proof:

10.

Proof:

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 11. Z-Transform of unit step function:

Unit step function is denoted by and is defined by

By the definition

Note:

12. Z-Transform of unit impulse function:

Unit impulse function is denoted by and is defined by

By the definition

Note:

Properties of Z-transform:

1. Linearity property

If then

Proof: By the definition

2. Damping Rule

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 If then

Proof: By the definition

Note:

3. Differentiation in Z-domain

If then

Proof: By the definition

Differentiate w.r.t. z on both sides we get,

4. Time shifting property

If then

(i)
(ii)

Proof: By the definition

Put

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 Now

Put

Note:

Problems:

1. Find the Z-transform of

Solution:

2. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: Let

By partial fraction

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When n = -1⇒B = -1 and n = 0 ⇒ A = 1

3. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: Let

By partial fraction

⇒2n+3

When n = -2⇒B = 1 and n = -1 ⇒ A = 1

4. Find the Z-transform of .

Solution: .

5. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: By the definition

6. Find the Z- transform of

Solution: We know that

(since f(n) is a unit step function)

7. Find the Z- transform of

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 Solution: We know that

(since is a unit impulse function)

8. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: Let ⇒

By shifting theorem

9. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: We know that

By damping rule

Also

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10. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: We know that

By the property of Z-transform

11. Find the Z-transform of

Solution:

Theorems on Z-transform

1. First Shifting Theorem

If

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 Proof: By the definition of Z-transform

Note:

2. Second Shifting theorem

If

Proof: By the definition of Z-transform

Put n+1 = m

3. Initial Value theorem

If

Proof: By the definition

Taking limit as on both sides

4. Final Value Theorem

If

Proof: By the definition

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 ⇒

Taking limit on both sides

Convolution of sequences

The convolution of two sequences is defined as

5. Convolution Theorem

If

Proof: By the definition

( By the definition of convolution)

By changing the order of summation

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Problems:

1. Find the Z-transform of

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Solution:

(1) By first shifting property

(2)

(3) By the definition

(4)

2. Find the Z-transform of sin(t+T)

Solution: Let implies

By second shifting theorem

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3. Find the Z-transform of

Solution:

Let implies

By second shifting theorem

4. Find the initial value of

Solution:

By initial value theorem

5. If

Solution: By initial value theorem

By final value theorem,

6. If

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 Solution: By initial value theorem

7. Verify initial and final value theorem for .

Solution: Given .

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 By initial value theorem

Consider L.H.S

Consider R.H.S

From (1) and (2) L.H.S= R.H.S . Hence Initial Value theorem verified.

By final value theorem,

Consider L.H.S

Consider R.H.S

From (1) and (2) L.H.S= R.H.S . Hence Final Value theorem verified.

8. Find the Z-transform of the convolution of

Solution: We know that

9. Find the Z-transform of

Solution: We know that

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 We know that

The Inverse Z-Transform

If then is called inverse Z-transform of

Example:

1.

Methods of finding inverse Z-transforms:

1. Method of partial fraction

2. Method of residues
3. Convolution method
Partial Fraction Method:

1. Find the inverse Z-transform of

Solution:

Put z =1 A =1

Put z = 2 B=1

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2. Find the inverse Z-transform of
Solution:

Put z =1 A = -3

Put z = 2 B = -2

Equating coefficient of z2 A + C = 0, C = 3

3. Find the inverse Z-transform of

Solution:

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 ……….(1)

Solving (1) we get A= -1 , B = 2, C = 1, D=0

Method of Residues

To find inverse Z- transform using residue theorem

If then f(n) which gives the inverse Z-transform of is obtained from the
following result

Where C is the closed contour which encloses all the poles of the integrand.
By Residue theorem,

 zn−1F(z) dz = 2isum of residuesof z

n−1
F(z) atits poles 
C
Substituting (2) in (1)

1. Find the inverse Z – transform of

Solution: Let

zn
z n−1 F (z) =
(z − 1)( z − 2)

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 The poles are z = 1, z = 2 ( simple poles)
f(n)= sum of the residues zn−1F (z) at its


poles Re s z n−1 F (z)  z =1
= lim (z −1)
z→1
zn
(z −1)( z − 2)
= −(1)n


Re s z n−1 F (z) = lim (z − 2)
z→2
zn
(z −1)( z − 2)
= 2n
z =2

f(n)= sum of the residues zn−1F (z) at its poles

= 2n − (1)n , n 0

2. Find by Residue theorem.

Solution: Let

……………..(1)

Let

Equate the denominator to zero, we get

z = 2 is a pole of order 3

By Residue theorem
( by (1)

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 3. Find by

Residue theorem.

Solution: Let

……………..(1) Let

Equate the denominator to zero, we get

By Residue theorem
( by (1)

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Convolution Method:

1. Find the inverse Z-transform of using convolution theorem.

Solution:
By convolution theorem

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2. Find the inverse Z-transform of using convolution theorem.

Solution:

By convolution theorem

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3. Find the inverse Z-transform of using convolution theorem.

Solution:

By convolution theorem

4. Find the inverse Z-transform of using convolution theorem.

Solution:

By convolution theorem

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Difference Equations:

A difference equation is a relation between the differences of an unknown function at

one or more general values of the argument.

Example:

1.
2.

Formation of difference equation

1. Form a difference equation given

Solution:

Given …………..(1)

………………..(2)

……………….(3)

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 ( By (1)

2. Form a difference equation given

Solution:

Given ……….(1)

……….(2)

……………(3)

(3) - (2) gives ………….(4)

(2) - (1) gives …………..(5)

(4) – (5) gives which is the required difference equation.

3. Form a difference equation given

Solution:

Given …………..(1)

………..(2)

……….(3)

Eliminating and from equations (1) (2) and (3)

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 4. Form a
difference equation by eliminating from the sequence

Solution:

Given …………(1)

………..(2)

………..(3)

………..(4)

1 1
un -1
2 2
un+1 1 −3 2=0
un+2 2 −9 8
un+3 4 − 27 32

Expanding by usual determinant method, we get

which is the required difference equation.

Solution of Difference Equation Using Z-Transform:

The following results are used to solve difference equation.

(i) 0)

(ii)

(iii)

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 And so on…

1.Solve
using Z-transform.

Solution:

Given

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

By partial fraction ………………(1)

Put z =-3 Put z =2

Equate the co-efficient of on both sides, we get

A+B=0

Equation (1) becomes

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2.Solve
using Z-transform.

Solution:

Given

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

By partial fraction ………………(1)

Put z =1

Equate the co-efficient of on both sides, we get

A+B=0

Equate the co-efficient of z on both sides, we get

-B + C = 0 C = B =- 1

Equation (1) becomes

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 3.Solve

using Z-transform.

Solution:

Given

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

By partial fraction ………………(1)

Put z = 2

Equate the co-efficient of on both sides, we get

A = -1

Equate the co-efficient of z on both sides, we get

-4A + B = 6 B=2

Equation (1) becomes

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4.Solve
using Z-
transform.

Solution: Given ………………(1)

Changing ‘n’ into ‘n+2’ we get,

…………………..(2)

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

By partial fraction ………………(3)

Put z =-4 Put z =1

Equation (3) becomes

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5.Solve
using

Z-transform.

Solution:

Given

Taking Z-transform on both sides,

By partial fraction ………………(1)

Put z = 1 Put z = -2

Equate the co-efficient of on both sides, we get

A +C = 0

Equate the co-efficient of on both sides, we get

3A +B + D =1 3A = 1 – B - D = 1-

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Equation (1) becomes

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