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Lecture 6.1 Permutations - and - Combinations

The document covers key concepts of permutations and combinations, including definitions, formulas, and applications. It explains permutations with and without repetition, providing examples such as arranging objects and forming numbers. Additionally, it discusses advanced applications like cinema seating arrangements.

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29 views2 pages

Lecture 6.1 Permutations - and - Combinations

The document covers key concepts of permutations and combinations, including definitions, formulas, and applications. It explains permutations with and without repetition, providing examples such as arranging objects and forming numbers. Additionally, it discusses advanced applications like cinema seating arrangements.

Uploaded by

abhishek36063
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Notes: Permutations and Combinations

Key Concepts

1. Permutation Definition:
- An ordered arrangement of all or some of \( n \) objects.
- Three critical aspects: ordered, arrangement, and distinct objects.

2. Formulas for Permutations:


- nPr = n! / (n-r)!
n: Total objects, r: Objects taken at a time.
- Special cases:
- nP0 = 1 (1 way to arrange zero objects).
- nP1 = n (Number of ways to arrange one object from n).
- nPn = n! (Arranging n objects in n positions).

3. Permutations with Repetition:


- When repetition is allowed, the formula is n^r.

4. Applications:
- Arranging People/Objects:
- Example: Arranging n = 4 objects, r = 4: nPn = 24 ways.
- Choosing and Arranging Positions:
- Example: From 8 people, selecting a chairman and vice-chairman (r = 2): 8P2 = 56.
- Forming Numbers:
- Example: Forming 4-digit numbers from 5 digits without repetition (n = 5, r = 4): 5P4 =
120.
- For even numbers, fix the last digit as even and calculate arrangements.

5. Counting Using Blocks:


- For situations like cinema seating where empty seats form a "block," treat blocks as
distinct objects to calculate arrangements.

6. Summary of Permutation Rules:


- Without Repetition: nPr = n! / (n-r)!.
- With Repetition: n^r.

Example Problems

1. Permutations without repetition:


- Total arrangements of A, B, C: 3! = 6.
- Selecting 2 objects from A, B, C: 3P2 = 6.

2. Permutations with repetition:


- Arranging A, B, C with repetition (n = 3, r = 3): 3^3 = 27.
- Arranging 2 objects from A, B, C with repetition: 3^2 = 9.

3. Advanced Applications:
- Cinema seating: Arranging 6 people in 10 seats (10P6), with constraints like empty seats
forming a block (7P6).

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