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Practical 2 Complete-1

The document outlines a practical lab session for first-year mechanical engineering students focusing on 2D geometric modeling. It introduces key concepts in geometry, including points, lines, planes, angles, curves, and surfaces, and discusses their relevance in various fields such as computer graphics and architecture. The lab aims to teach students how to draw, modify, and label dimensions in 2D models.

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deepakkumarbubusahil6
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11 views4 pages

Practical 2 Complete-1

The document outlines a practical lab session for first-year mechanical engineering students focusing on 2D geometric modeling. It introduces key concepts in geometry, including points, lines, planes, angles, curves, and surfaces, and discusses their relevance in various fields such as computer graphics and architecture. The lab aims to teach students how to draw, modify, and label dimensions in 2D models.

Uploaded by

deepakkumarbubusahil6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY


(A constituent Autonomous Institute)
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
(Established by State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
("A+" Grade, NAAC Accredited)

SUBEJCT: EGD (P) CLASS: 1st YEAR (Common subject for all branches) Lab Duration: 3hrs
Practical No. 2
Aim: To Draw, modify (select & erase) & label dimensions in 2D modelling.
2.1 INTRODUCTION: A 2D geometric model is a geometric model of an object as a two-
dimensional figure, usually on the Euclidean or Cartesian plane. Even though all material objects
are three-dimensional, a 2D geometric model is often adequate for certain flat objects, such as
paper cut-outs and machine parts made of sheet metal.
2D geometric models are also convenient for describing certain types of artificial images, such as
technical diagrams, logos, the glyphs of a font, etc. They are an essential tool of 2D computer
graphics and often used as components of 3D geometric models, e.g. to describe the decals to be
applied to a car model. Modern architecture practice "digital rendering" which is a technique used
to form a perception of a 2-D geometric model as of a 3-D geometric model designed through
descriptive geometry and computerized equipment.
2.2 SIMPLE 2D GEOMETRY:
Contemporary geometry has many subfields:
(1) Euclidean geometry is geometry in its classical sense. The mandatory educational
curriculum of the majority of nations includes the study of points, lines, planes, angles,
triangles, congruence, similarity, solid figures, circles, and analytic geometry. Euclidean
geometry also has applications in computer science, crystallography, and various branches
of modern mathematics.
(2) Differential geometry uses techniques of calculus and linear algebra to study problems in
geometry. It has applications in physics, including in general relativity.
(3) Topology is the field concerned with the properties of geometric objects that are unchanged
by continuous mappings. In practice, this often means dealing with large-scale properties of
spaces, such as connectedness and compactness.
(4) Convex geometry investigates convex shapes in the Euclidean space and its more abstract
analogues, often using techniques of real analysis. It has close connections to convex
analysis, optimization and functional analysis and important applications in number theory.
(5) Algebraic geometry studies geometry through the use of multivariate polynomials and
other algebraic techniques. It has applications in many areas, including cryptography and
string theory.
(6) Discrete geometry is concerned mainly with questions of relative position of simple
geometric objects, such as points, lines and circles. It shares many methods and principles
with combinatorics.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent Autonomous Institute)
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
(Established by State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
("A+" Grade, NAAC Accredited)

SUBEJCT: EGD (P) CLASS: 1st YEAR (Common subject for all branches) Lab Duration: 3hrs

2.3 KEY CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY


(1) Points: Points are considered fundamental objects in Euclidean geometry. They have been
defined in a variety of ways, including Euclid's definition as 'that which has no part and through
the use of algebra or nested sets. In many areas of geometry, such as analytic geometry, differential
geometry, and topology, all objects are considered to be built up from points. However, there has
been some study of geometry without reference to points.
(2) Lines: Euclid described a line as "breadth-less length" which "lies equally with respect to the
points on itself". In modern mathematics, given the multitude of geometries, the concept of a line
is closely tied to the way the geometry is described. For instance, in analytic geometry, a line in the
plane is often defined as the set of points whose coordinates satisfy a given linear equation, but in
a more abstract setting, such as incidence geometry, a line may be an independent object, distinct
from the set of points which lie on it. In differential geometry, a geodesic is a generalization of the
notion of a line to curved spaces.
(3) Planes: A plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely far. Planes are used in
every area of geometry. For instance, planes can be studied as a topological surface without
reference to distances or angles; it can be studied as an affine space, where collinearity and ratios
can be studied but not distances; it can be studied as the complex plane using techniques of
complex analysis.
(4) Angles: Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other, in a plane, of two lines
which meet each other, and do not lie straight with respect to each other. In modern terms, an
angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint,
called the vertex of the angle. The acute and obtuse angles are also known as oblique angles. In
Euclidean geometry, angles are used to study polygons and triangles, as well as forming an object
of study in their own right. The study of the angles of a triangle or of angles in a unit circle forms
the basis of trigonometry. In differential geometry and calculus, the angles between plane curves
or space curves or surfaces can be calculated using the derivative.
(5) Curves: A curve is a 1-dimensional object that may be straight (like a line) or not; curves in 2-
dimensional space are called plane curves and those in 3-dimensional space are called space
curves. In topology, a curve is defined by a function from an interval of the real numbers to another
space.
(6) Surfaces: A sphere is a surface that can be defined parametrically (by x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin
θ sin φ, z = r cos θ) or implicitly (by x2 + y2 + z2 − r2 = 0.) A surface is a two-dimensional object,
such as a sphere or paraboloid.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent Autonomous Institute)
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
(Established by State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
("A+" Grade, NAAC Accredited)

SUBEJCT: EGD (P) CLASS: 1st YEAR (Common subject for all branches) Lab Duration: 3hrs

Exercise: 2.1

Exercise: 2.2

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent Autonomous Institute)
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
(Established by State Legislature Act XII of 1956)
("A+" Grade, NAAC Accredited)

SUBEJCT: EGD (P) CLASS: 1st YEAR (Common subject for all branches) Lab Duration: 3hrs

Exercise: 2.3

Exercise: 2.4

Page | 4

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