1.

INTRODUCTION
This is one of the very interesting and much useful circuits in our life named “TOUCHLESS
DOORBELL”. If we install this door bell using object detection circuit, the circuit will
automatically sense the presence of the person and it rings the door bell. This circuit operates using
a pair of transmitter and receiver modules which are used to detect the person and then if the person
is detected, the door bell is automatically turned in when the person is in-front of door. In which
we use the circuit to continue the process.

Fig. 1 – Project image

We can use this circuit without any experience of physics. It is easily to process and enable to
anyone. This product is very useful in pandemic situation because it is used by censor without
touching the door bell and we can call the owner of house without touching the door bell. In the
pandemic situation when some infected person press the button and when a non infected person
touch this button the virus spread to that person. We can avoid this danger by using the touch less
doorbell. The existing Dobell can convert to a touch less doorbell. Infrared technology addresses
a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are sensing and remote controls. Touch less
door bell is very unique product in this pandemic situation. This touch less door bell is easy to
cooperate to skin because of sensor. This sensor.

1
 2. HOW IT WORKS ?

We all have a doorbell at our homes. When a guest comes to our house, they search for the doorbell
switch and then ring it to let us know their presence. If who came to our house and unable to find
doorbell, else person is so short then they cannot find the doorbell in this case we need a solution
that can find the presence of a person and rings the doorbell automatically.

Here we are producing something that can be a sensing based “TOUCHLESS DOORBELL”
by using “INFRARED RADIATION PROXIMITY SENSOR” with some locally available
components. It can detect the presence of a person and then if the person is detected, the door bell
is automatically turned “ON” when the person is in front of the door.

WORKING AND CONSTRUCTION

This project is made up of IC LM358 dual comparator, IR transmeter and receiver, some variable
Resistance, some LEDS and some resistance. As an output purpose we have used a buzzer. First a
9v battery source is being connected with an IR led light which is also connected with 220 ohm
register and it shows that IR LED is switched ON with an infrared light is coming out .

Now if we take any object or our hand and the light is going to reflect, this reflection will be
received by an another IR sensor which is connected in series with 10k ohm register. When the IR
sensor is reflecting its light then it also passes some current through 10k registor. With this 10k
registor an IC LM358 (OPAMP) is connected. Here Lm358 is being used as a comparator.

When an IR sensor passes the non-holding signal to the OPMAP it becomes set which means
it produces a high output signal. This output signal is captured by the buzzer and a red LED starts
glowing. For producing high frequency from the buzzer we have connected BC547 (a transistor)
which is helping us to convert the voltage into 9v.

2
 3. COMPONENTS USED & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

COMPONENTS USED

1. 220 ohm resistor

2. 10k ohm resistor (for this variable potentiometer can also be used)
3. Buzzer
4. IR sensor
5. LM 358
6. Breadboard
7. Battery
8. Battery caps

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig. 2 – circuit diagram

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 4. COMPONENT FEATURES

FOLLOWING THE NEEDED COMPONENTS ARE:

1. Resistors (220 ohm, 10k ohm, 100 ohm)

2. Potentiometer/variable resistor 10k ohm
3. IR transmitter
4. IR receiver
5. Normal LED (any color)
6. Connecting wires
7. Battery/DC source (4 to 9 volt)
8. Buzzer

RESISTOR

A resister is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance is a
circuit element. The current through a resister is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resister's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the
intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance.

Fig. 3 - resistor

4
V=IR

Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of
ohms. More specifically, Ohms law states that the current I flowing through the conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference (v) across its ends provided the physical conditions
like temperature, strain etc.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits ‘ Practical resistors
can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-
resistivity alloy, such as nicked-chrome).

Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can
also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

IR LED (TRANSMTTTER)

An IR Led is also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays
in the range of 100 nm wavelength. Such as LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or
aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers are commonly used as sensors.

Fig. 4 -IR Led transmitter

5
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations,
it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not unlike a common
LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us
the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

The IR LED or Infrared LED has polarity i.e. it has a positive and negative pin. The pin which is
long is the positive pin (anode) and the pin which is short is the negative pin (cathode) as shown
in the above IR LED pin out.

FEATURES

● High Reliability

● Excessive radiant intensity

● Forward voltage is low

● Having lead spacing of 2.54mm

● Maximum wavelength is 940nm

USES

IR LED is used in various daily used electronic appliances. As in the remote of the television,
Infrared cameras, transmission systems. We can make various projects, sensor using the IR LED
like obstacle detector, visitor-counter and line-followers.

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PHOTO DIODE

A photo-diode is a reverse-biased silicon or gernanium pn junction in which reverse current

increases when the junction is exposed to light. The reverse current in a photo-diode is directly
proportional to the intensity of light falling on its pn junction. This means that greater the intensity
of light falling on the pn-junction of photo-diode, the greater will be the reverse current.

Fig. 5 – Photo diode

Characteristics of Photo-diode

There are two important characteristics of photodiode

(i) Reverse current-Illumination curve

(ii) Reverse voltage-Reverse current curve.

Applications of Photo-diodes

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 1. A photo diode is use in an alarm system
2. A photo diode may be used to count items on a convey or belt.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Light-emitting diodes are not made from silicon or germanium but are made by using elements
like gallium, phosphorus and arsenic. By varying the quantities of these elements, it is possible to
produce light of different wavelengths with colors that include red, green, yellow and blue. For
example, when a LED is manufactured using gallium arsenide, it will produce a red light. If the
LED is made with gallium phosphide, it will produce a green light.

Fig. 6 - LED

ADVANTAGES OF LED

The light-emitting diode (LED) is a solid-state light source. LEDs have replaced incandescent
lamps in many applications because they have the following advantages:

(i) Low voltage

(ii) Longer life (more than 20 years)
(iii) Fast on-off switching

8
APPLICATIONS OF LED

The LED is a low-power device. The power rating of a LED is of the order of mill watts’ this
means that it is useful as an indicator but not good for illumination. Probably the two most common
applications for visible LEDs are –

(a) As a Power indicator

(b) Seven-segment display

PRESET OR VARIABIE RESISTOR

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in
a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be
done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not very linearly but rather
varies in exponential or logarithmic marines . Such variable resistors are commonly used for
adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single
terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance
which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the hack terminals are used, a preset acts as a
fixed resistor. Presets are specified by the fined value resistance.)

Fig. 7 - variabie resistor

9
BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or

piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation
of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Fig. 8 - Buzzer

BATTERY/ SUPPLY (DC)

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors
and various types of circuits. The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary
carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in
nickel-cadmium, nickels metal hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format,
once common, have not been manufactured in many years due to their mercury content. Most nine-
volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a wrapper.

10
Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture resistant wrapper
to prevent drying. Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series. The smaller circular
(male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative
contact.

Fig. 9 - Battery 9v

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 5. LM358 IC

The 1M358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp f c. It is designed and
introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency compensated, high
gain, and independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to operate from a single power
supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM35g IC is available in a chip sized package and
applications of this op amp include conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer
amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good, standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for our needs. It
can handle 3-32v DC supply & source up to 20mA per channel.

Fig. 10 – LM358 IC

PIN CONFIGURATION OF LM358 IC

The pin diagram of 1M358 IC comprises of 8 pins,

Where

 Pin-1 and pin-T are o/p of the comparator

 Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/p supply
 Pin-3 and pin-5 are non-inverting i/p supply
 Pin-4 is GND terminal
 Pin-8 is VCC+
12
 Fig. 11 - Pin configuration of LM358

FEATURES OF LM358 IC

 The features of the LM358 IC are:

 The large voltage gain is 100 dB .
 Wide bandwidth is 1MHz .
 Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies .
 Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V .
 Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V .
 The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 µA

APPLICATIONS OF LM358 IC

 LM358 IC is used in Dark Sensor Circuit.

 LM358 IC is used in Shock Alarm Circuit.
 The LM358 can be used as a DC gain block.
 The LM358 can be used as a transducer amplifier.
 The LM358 can be used in temperature controllers.
 The LM358 can amplify signals and is often used in audio amplifiers.

13
 6. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF IR SENSOR

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained using the
following figure below.

An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and IR Photodiode.Together they are called as PhotoCoupler

or Opto-Coupler.

Fig. 12 – Working of IR sensor

When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation reflects
back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the output of the
sensor is defined.

14
Although infrared detectors can be designed to perform different functions, all infrared detectors
are made of pyro electric materials, whether natural or artificial, the pyro electric material produces
an electrical voltage whenever it is heated or cooled.

Most infrared detectors are coated with either parabolic mirrors or Fresnel lenses to retrieve the
infrared waves from an entire room or area, as the infrared waves reach the sensor from different
areas, they cause the sensor to generate a voltage in different waves that can be used to trigger an
alarm or activate some other type of system.

INFRARED SENSOR USES

Infrared detectors are used in a wide variety of applications, they can be used in any situation that
requires thermal energy detection, and they are most used in the conjunction with an infrared
emitter to transfer the infrared light.

Infrared detectors are used as motion detectors to open the doors, track the objects, or activate
specific systems based on the thermal energy which is irradiated from the people' the animals and
moving objects.

Infrared detectors are used in night-vision applications, laser range finding and heat seeking
missiles, Television remotes emit infrared light to change the channels and the television itself has
a built-in infrared sensor to receive the remote.

Fig. 13 – IR block diagram

15
 7. OBSTACLE SENSING CIRCUIT OR IR SENSOR CIRCUIT

It consists of an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an IC Operational amplifier and an LED.

IR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An IC Op-Amp is used as
a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the output of the sensor according to
the requirement.

When the light emitted by the IR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an object, the
resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the inputs of the op-amp is at
threshold value set by the potentiometer

Fig. 14 – connection diagram

The other input to the op amp is from the photodiode's series resistor. When the incident radiation
is more on the photodiode, the voltage drop across the series resistor will be high.

In the IC, both the threshold voltage and the voltage across the series resistor are compared. If the
voltage across the resistor series to photodiode is greater than that of the threshold voltage, the
output of the IC Op-Amp is high.

As the output of the IC is connected to an LED, it lightens up. The threshold voltage can be adjusted
by adjusting the potentiometer depending on the environmental conditions.

16
The positioning of the IR LED and the IR Receiver is an important factor. When the IR LED is
held directly in front of the IR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. In this case, almost
the entire radiation from the IR LED will fall on the IR receiver.

Hence there is a line of sight communication between the infrared transmitter and the receiver. If
an object falls in this line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the receiver other by reflecting
the radiation or absorbing the radiation.

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 8. PURPOSE OF PRODUCT

Anti-Corona Touch less Doorbell using Arduino and IR Sensor- in this Covid-19 situation we are
going to make a very practical project that you can build yourself if you follow my instruction.
You know during this Covid-19 Corona Virus situation we need to keep the distance from others
and stop touching things which may be easily infected. Doorbell is touched by everyone, and what
if the Doorbell button is pressed by someone who is Corona positive then? We need to stop Corona
Virus from spreading, not only Corona Virus there may be some other diseases which may spread
through touching. As an engineer, I will show you how to make your doorbell touchfree or touch
less. So, in this article, you will learn how to make your own touch less doorbell system using
Arduino and an IR Sensor. By touch-free doorbell I quite literally mean touch-free. So you do not
need to press the bell button anymore. You just wave your hand in front of the IR sensor and the
doorbell will start ringing. So the purpose behind this project is, as you all might know one of the
most recommended precautions to take against the covid-19 is to maintain social distance and
avoid contact with each other or strangers. So what happens is whenever a person comes to our
houses the first thing that they do is they touch or press the doorbell and by doing so they are
leaving the germs that were previously on their hands to the doorway and the next time someone
from your family presses the doors doorbell the same germs gets transferred to their hands. So to
avoid this kind of situation we completely eliminate the need to press the doorbell itself. So when
there will be no need to press the doorbell no one will touch it and that’s when no germs will be
transferred.

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 9. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Firstly I want to tell you what is financial feasibility. Financial feasibility is describes whether or
not your project is fiscally viable. A financial feasibility report includes a cost/benefit analysis of
the project. It also forecasts an expected return on investment (ROI), as well as outlines any
financial risks.

In my innovation I have used these components:-

COMPONENTS/ITEMS Rs

Resistors (220 ohm, 10k ohm, 100 ohm) 12

Potentiometer/ variable resistor 10k ohm 30

IR receiver 30

Normal LED (any color) 10

Connecting wires 15

Battery/ DC source (4 to 9 volt) 50

Buzzer 50

Labor cost 70

My mental and physical contribution 50

Breadboard 100

TOTAL COST 467

In my innovation cost is Rs. 467 which is easy to buy for everyone and also it is very easy to use.

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 10.OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

Operational feasibility is the measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and
takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the
requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development.

In my innovation I have used these components :-

RESISTOR

A resister is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance is a
circuit element. The current through a resister is in direct proportion to the voltage across the
resister's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the
intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance.

Where is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference
measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of
ohms.

More specifically, Ohms law states that the current I flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (v) across its ends provided the physical conditions like
temperature, strain etc.

IR LED (TRANSMTTTER)

An IR Led is also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays
in the range of 100 nm wavelength. Such as LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or
aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers are commonly used as sensors.

PHOTO DIODE

A photo-diode is a reverse-biased silicon or gennanium pn junction in which reverse current

increases when the junction is exposed to light. The reverse current in a photo-diode is directly

20
proportional to the intensity of light falling on its pn junction. This means that greater the intensity
of light falling on the pn-junction of photo-diode, the greater will be the reverse current.

BATTERY/ SUPPLY (DC)

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors
and various types of circuits.

The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry,
in primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel metal
hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury-oxide batteries of this format, once common, have not been
manufactured in many years due to their mercury content.

Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5 V LR61 cells enclosed in a
wrapper. Carbon-zinc types are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture resistant
wrapper to prevent drying.

Primary lithium types are made with three cells in series. The smaller circular (male) terminal is
positive, and the larger hexagonal or octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact.

LM358 IC

The 1M358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp f c. It is designed and
introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency compensated, high
gain, and independent op-amps.

This IC is designed for specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of
voltages.

The LM35g IC is available in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp include
conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transduce amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good,
standard operational amplifier and it is suitable for our needs. It can handle 3-32v DC supply &
source up to 20mA per channel.

21
INFRARED SENSOR USES

Infrared detectors are used in a wide variety of applications, they can be used in any situation that
requires thermal energy detection, and they are most used in the conjunction with an infrared
emitter to transfer the infrared light.

Infrared detectors are used as motion detectors to open the doors, track the objects, or activate
specific systems based on the thermal energy which is irradiated from the people' the animals and
moving objects.

22
 11.MARKETING FEASIBILITY

Market feasibility is a study that identifies the success of a product in a particular market. It helps
to identify the potential markets, market competition, potential development in the market, and
market analysis to evaluate the business idea.

What to Include in a Market Feasibility Study. Market feasibility studies should include a
description of the industry, current market analysis, competition, anticipated future market
potential, potential sources of revenue, and sales projections.

The main objective of a market research feasibility study is to understand the market and determine
whether enough demand exists to make the venture successful. In this innovation we can use the
advertisement through T. V., radio and so on. It is easily affordable to all.

Advertisement is the source of growing growth of the business. Marketing is the best method for
the growth of business. With the use of newspaper,

we can say that everyone read the newspaper nowadays so we can advertise our product on
newspaper. We also can provide the sample for particular sector of the product. And we can also
distribute on the local shops. We have advertised on social media also.

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 12.DETAIL DESCRIPTION

ADVANTAGES

The proposed system is easy to install as well as has low cost of manufacturing and maintenance
.Moreover, the wiring required in comparison to conventional doorbells is also reduced. The
system is more secure as well as is portable and thus, can be carried and used anywhere. However,
it has some disadvantages as well. One of the major disadvantages of the system is that it works
on a battery that might get discharged without your knowledge. Both the Transmitter and Receiver
parts of the circuit must be always turned on i.e. there should always be power. Wireless doorbell
can be used in homes offices, hospitals banks and in various industrial applications.

Advantages of touch less Door Bell:

1. The house owner can open the door very quickly.

2. It is very helpful for short people.
3. Save time for searching doorbell switch.
4. Save electricity
5. Save manpower

Applications of touch less Door bell System:

Some general applications of the touch less doorbell system are

1. Fire engines,

2. in telephone,

3. Railroad crossing,

4. School bells and

5. Alarm in industrial plants etc.

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 13.VRIO FRAMEWORK

VALUABLE

The first question of the framework asks touch less door bell is valuable? Yes it is valuable. It is
very important in pandemic situation. We all have a doorbell at our homes. When a guest comes
to our house, they search for the door bell switch and then ring it to let us know their presence.

If who came to our house and unable to find doorbell, else person is so short then they cannot find
the doorbell in this case we need a solution that can find the presence of a person and rings the
doorbell automatically. Social distancing is the one of the best method to escape from COVID19.

I strongly recommend to stay at home. But we can’t avoid some emergency visits to some homes.
When we arrived at infront of a house, first we search the doorbell button/ calling bell button. And
press the button. But in this special situation this doorbell button can cause the virus to spread.

When some infected person press the button the virus hold on that button and when a non infected
person touch this button the virus spread to that person. We can avoid this danger by using the
touch less doorbell. The existing doorbell can convert to a touch less doorbell.

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 14.CONCLUSION

There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection systems an infrared source,
transmission medium, optical components infrared detectors or receivers and signal processing.
Infrared lasers and Infrared LED's of specific wavelength can be used as infrared sources. The
three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and optical.
Fibers, Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the spectral response.
Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and Silicon are focus the infrared radiation. Infrared
receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors are some important specifications of infrared
receivers are photosensitivity, directivity and noise equivalent, power Signal processing is done by
amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small. The presented circuit of wireless
controlled doorbell is employs two major section i.e. transmitter and receiver. The working
principal of the circuit is based on both circuits. This transmitter section is designed around
oscillator transistor. The output from transistor gives to emitter to generate radio frequency from
its collector. We also adjust this transmitter frequency using trimmer. The receiver section has two
main sections i.e. RF amplifier section and bell trigger section. An aerial is used to receive the
transmitted frequency from remote which is further amplified by amplifier and trigger circuit. The
whole receiver circuit utilizes seven transistors. In future invention we can modify doorbell as with
sensors and camera ;when person come near to door bell area, then sensor will detect the person
and ringer will ringing sound and camera will captures this image at displayed that image in home.

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