INFORMATION &

COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

Office Addr ess

DELHI: F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016
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 1. INTRODUCTION
 Information and communications technology ICT in Financial Services
(ICT) is an another/extensional term for
information technology (IT) which stresses the role  Every service a traditional bank provides is available
of unified communications and the integration of these days through online service.
telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless  From transferring money from one account to
signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise other up to running the daytoday transactions of
software, which enable users to access, store, the bank are provided through internet.
transmit, and manipulate information.
ICT in Entertainment
 UNESCO has defined ICT as forms of technology
that are used to transmit, process, store, create,  Internet is a major source of entertainment.
display, share or exchange information by electronic Internet is a hub of movies, games, books, and
means. social networking. Due to digital broadcasting, the
 It includes not only traditional technologies like television experience itself is changing.
radio and television, but also modern ones like  Digital cameras, printers and scanners have enabled
cellular phones, computer and network, hardware more people to experiment with image production.
and software, satellite systems and so on, as well
as the various services and applications associated ICT in Public Service
with them, such as video-conferencing.
 Both Central and State Governments are actively
 A wide range of technologies that fall under encouraging e-governance practices. Digital India
the category of ICT: initiative of Government of India is the best example
of this.
Information Technologies  We can book an LPG cylinder through the website
of the gas supplier, pay electricity bills online
Creation Personal Computers, Digital camera,
Scanner, Smartphone through an online bill desk.
Processing Calculator, PC, Smartphone  Land related RTC can be viewed through internet
Storage CD, DVD, Pen drive,Microchip, Cloud being at home.
Display PC, TV, Projector, Smartphone
 ICT is also providing a platform for a conversation
Transmission Internet, Teleconference, Video
between the public and the government through
conferencing, Mobile technology, Radio
various social networking services.
Exchange e-mail, Cell phone
ICT in Education
ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE  Education is one major sector which has undergone
the influence of innovations in ICT.
 The widespread use of ICT in Education is not just
a coincidence. It is observed in all aspects our life.  Starting from providing online content service,
Let us take a look at the extent to which ICT has platform for organizing learning experiences to
permeated our life. managing learning and assessment has been
changed greatly by ICT developments.
ICT in Business
EVOLUTION OF ICT
 Today a lot of business transactions happen through
internet and hence called e-commerce. ICT  ICT is evolving in a very fast pace. We can identify
facilitates marketing, customer visit, product five phases of ICT evolution.
browsing, shopping basket checkout, tax and  They are evolution in computer, PC,
shopping, receipt and process order. microprocessor, internet and wireless links.

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COMPUTERS and electronic component required for cluster
computing in India.
 A computer is a device that can be instructed to
carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic or Advantages and disadvantages of super
logical operations automatically. computer:
 The ability of computers to follow generalized sets
of operations, called programs, enables them to Advantages Disadvantages
perform an extremely wide range of tasks. They work over floating point wide spread size
operations so can achieve
Types of computers: multiple inputs multiple outputs
1. First generations computers: These were based Help in e-gov. navigation, tele large amount of
on vaccum tubes or an electrical relay which were education, telemedicine, citizen energy required
used as a reading device. The initial devices were based services, search & rescue,
also used for general purpose calculation. disaster prediction and mitigation,
metrology etc.
2. Gen-II: These were computers dependent on
They can be helpful in generating large amount of
transistor and semiconductor devices. They were
servers for multipoint operations heat produced
used as a calculating or reading instrument.eg. The
present day calculators.
GEN-V
3. Gen-III Computers: These are simple analog
machines based on transistors, which generate  Quantum computers : These are computers
logics from logic gates as an exited and no exited which are dependent on quantum complexities or
sets of electrons hence use binary digits for quantum interface. Such computers derive logics
computing. from quantum properties of particle.
4. Gen-IV: Cluster computers or super computers.  3 out of 4 quantum properties can be used to
They are a cluster of binary digit computers over generate logics corresponding to 0, 1 and any
a series and parallel collection machine. They work integral number between 0 and 1. which will
over multiple input multiple output patterns hence form the basis of computing or quantum bits
multiple flowing operations are created. Hence qubits.
there processing is over flops.  Generation of infinite logics increases the
1012 flops – tera flop processing abilities of a computer, which can
1015 flops – peta flop some complex equation like Einstein’s
calculations, state of matter complexities,
1018 flops – exa flop
astronomical and cosmological prediction. The
 Top 500 list of super computers yearly defines first quantum computer of the world is kept
the fastest 500 super computers in the world. online by IBM in 2016.
1. Sunway taihu light – (China) – 98 peta flop
2. Taiwan 2A (China) – 33 peta flops Gen-VI computers:
3. Titah (USA) – 17.59 peta flops  Organic computers: These are computers
4. Sequoia (IBM) – 17.2 peta flops dependent on an interface developed by organic
molecules majorly DNA or protein. Bio molecules
5. K-computer (Japan) – 10.5 P flops
can be kept at -20ºC for many years and nucleotide
6. Saharsh (IBM+HP) – (India) – 901 tera flops code A,T,G,C can be used for logic creating and
 National Supercomputing mission (2015): computing.
(Initiated by Ministry of Telecom Information &  Organic molecules of nano size nano material
Broadcasting with the Dept. of Electrical and etc. can also be used development of special.
Electronic Development). With a target of Semiconductor device like fluorine based
developing the fastest super computer in India as transistor which will also help in computing.
well as improving the manufacturing of electrical

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 Optical computers: Those computers in which  Luminousence – absorbs lights and then reflect
an interaction b/w photons and particles can create (like moon)
multiple logics based on which computing can be  (Methods)
developed become the basis of photonics.
 Flurosence – atomic phenomena – higher orbit to
Others tools dependent on optical computing are lower orbit and emit light.
(a) Compact disc
 Phosphorosusence (metaloids) – real time
(b) Lifi phenomena – phosphorous
(c) Laser interface etc.
Actuator – (Output device)
Inputs devices
 Digital to analog signal conversion.
 Keypad – used in ATM and EPOS – As well as Motor, Buzzers, light, heaters, etc. work over the

personal identification. input of actuator.
 Touch pad – Pressure dependent Microphone – input

 Tracker ball – used in mouse Headphone – Output (generally both as built

 Joystick – Gaming consoles interactive tools incomplete
 Remote controls – work over infrared red  Speakers – Output – digital to analogue.
 Magnetic strip reader (MSR) – Used in identification  Multimedia projector – output
in credit cards, debit card or EPOS.
MEMORY
 Smart card reader – Based on a microchip, helps
in general identification.
Terms related to memory
 Chip and PIN reader and touch screen –
Developed over CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) the TFT Resistors:
(LCD based) They can be program counter, instruction resistors

 Scanners : Image replication, OMR (Optical mark memory address resistors. Memory buffer resistors
reader) (recognizes the mark over an image) and accumulators.
 OCR(Optical character recognisition) Cache Memory
 Conversion of image into text.
 It is a high speed highly volatile buffer memory
 Webcam analog to digital conversion. which upholds the data or instruction temporarily
 Digital camera – input as well as output device. during processing. It acts below the resistors and
(analog to digital) helps in reduction of congestion of the data just
 Barcode reader – input device helps in EPOS can above the CPU.
also be linked with RFID RAM : Random access memory
(Radio frequency identification)
 They hold the data temporarily for a programe.
 MICR (Magnetic ink character recognition) Used Instruction or a pre and post processing completion
in banking cheques drafts for identification. three different types of Ram are defined.
 Graphics pad, graphics tablet- help in writing over  Static Ram – stores data over electrical signals.
the display developed over CRT as well as TFT Data is lost once electric current is lost.
act as input as well as output device.
 Dynamic Ram – stores data over charged
 Sensors acts as a butter to convert analog signals capacitors Data remains even if electrical current
into digital signals. is cut down.
Output devices  Synchronous Dynamic Ram – SD ram it is the
dynamic ram synchronysed over the clock speed
 Displays - CRT, LCD, LED, OLED, plasma, HD of the processor.

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 Static Ram or S Ram is very fast but is costly disc can have dia in the range of 90 to 100 mm.
dynamic ram has higher capacity but requires  Two diff. lasers are used in reading the data from
continuous refreshing. SD Ram is commonly used these disc (Red and Green) Green laser help in
in high end data processing system. reading the data while red laser helps as fixing the
position of the data.
ROM : (Read only memory)
 It acts as the primary memory which is either inbuilt Protein coated disc :
over the motherboard or act as a permanent chip  These are optical disc which can be coated with a
involved in processing and programming. device layer of bioluminating proteins which are
 ROM can be of following types: extracted as photosynthetically active pigments
 Manufactures programe ROM used for system derived from genetically altered bacteria.
boot or reboot functioning.  Data can be stored in multiple optical wavelengths
 Users program ROM: In this user can program produced by these proteins. Such disc can have a
the data. This data can either be permanent theoretical storage upto 50TB.
which becomes programmable ROM or it can Networking
be erasable electrically or by another mode as
in the case of EPROM, EEROM, EAROM,  Connection inside the computer or computer
EEPROM, flash EEPROM. ports.
 Wifi – wireless frequency interface
External memory:
 Lifi –
 HDD [0,1] – Hard drive disc works over magnetic  Li-Fi is a bidirectional, high-speed and fully
polarization and depolarization in storage of the networked wireless communication technology
data. It stores the data in the layers of similar to Wi-Fi.
ferromagnetic materials as different bits created
 Developed over blue, green or red waves.
by an oscillator.
 Not only LAN but also in MAN/WAN
 Long distance wireless connectivity.
 MAN – Metropolitan area network
DATA
Storage in  200km2 wired
USB transistor  Copper wire based – existing telephone lines
Connection
 Optical fibre based
USB 2.0 USB 3.0  Optical fibres:
Four wire based Services base connection  Long tubes of glass, inner surfaces can be
connectivity developed polished.
Data transfer in single data transfer in both  Light waves used in signal transmission.
direction 60mb/sec. direction  Light falls at critical angle – Total internal
Maximum data range 625 Mb/s – maximum data reflections.
485 mbit/sec. 5 gigabit/sec transfer note  Signal augmentation can be done.
 Networking of
Holographic versatile disc:
NATIONAL OPTICAL FIBERNETWORK (NOFN)
 It is an optical disc technology where data can be
stored in holographic patternor 3D occupancies. Connectivity by Optical Fibers
Using such disc the dimensions of the disc can be
reduced. Digital India programme
 Such disc can store data upto terra bites or  It is the flagship scheme of Govt. of India
hypothetically between 100 GB to 10 TB. This conceptualize in 2014, initiated in 2015. It is headed

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 over by the PM of India and the nodal ministry is which are created for identification or data sharing
Ministry of Information Broadcasting and at any point.
Telecommunication.
VPN: (Core banking)
 The target of the programme is to create optical
fibre based network upto the Gram panchayat level  Virtual private network act as a wide area network
to avail broad band internet services at the rural in which the enterprise which lay down the
levels. network has the exclusivity over the network as
well as the data available over the network.
DiGi- locker :
 In this network the remote user can also be
 It is a 20MB virtual space provided by GOI to included through the layers of internets connectivity
every citizen to store documents related to identity in an authorized sharing of the data.
of Government. Service transactions in soft copies.  In this network the remote user also has the
 It will be protected by an authenticated number authorization to access as well as to modify the
which also helps in rapid sharing of the information data but exclusivity pertinacity to the user only.
to avail government services.  In this way the enterprise has exclusive right over
the data but remote user can also use a part of
Wimax: (Wireless micro based connectivity) that data.
 It is a pattern through which metropolitan area
network can be created with a range of 20 kms Courier services:
maximum linear distance. It helps in creation of VAN (Value added network)

MAN as well as WAN so termed as world wide
inter operatability for microwave access.  It is a type of EPN or a WAN which is developed
by more than one enterprise for sharing the data
 Wimax work over radio waves and microwaves in but is maintained by any 3rd pact.
a range of 2 to 6 GHz and near microwaves at 7
to 8.1 GHz.  This type of network is seen in courier services.

 It helps in connection across mobile tower or MHSBRP

dedicated transmission hubs, which can connect
infinite devices at a time. Maximum level distance  Modem: It act as a modulating and demodulating
achievable is 20 km a range of 40 km diameter. device which helps as conversion of digital signals
into analog signals or vice/versa.
 It helps in relay of wireless broad band internet.
 It allow computers or devices to connect to any
PRIVATE NETWORK network, hence act as device network interface.
EPN (Enterprise Pvt. Network) Modems can be following types :

 VPN (Virtual Pvt. Network) Analog (Modulation)
 Value added Network)
 Dial up modem: They use the existing telephone
line to connect or dial over the network. Such
EPN:
lines are used to slow data transfer.
 It is an exclusive network created by any enterprise  DLS: (Digital subscribers line) : Dedicated lines
or private organization. This network is created to provide internet connectivity through copper
outside the domains of interval and the enterprise lines or optical fibers. In many cases a network
holds the exclusive rights of the data stored over line is also supported in conjunction with either
EPN. many other line or a telephone line – such modem
 The stored information can be shared partially at becomes ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)
exclusive open points which are also under the Cable model: They help in relay of internet

control of enterprise. services using the existing TV cable networks.
 There are multiple restrictions or authorizations,  Network Hub: It acts as common connection

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 points between computers where data can be stand  If is a govt organization developed in co-ordination
and shared between the computers. Usually with scientist, engineers, local groups, Govt. in
network hubs have a disadvantage when many internet participating countries. It help in defining
devices are connected over the hub, as it slows protocol related with recognition and registry of
down the data transfer rate. the internet users.
 Switch: It also acts as a hub or common connection
point but is only used in transferring the data ICANN defines IP (Internet protocols)
forward and not storing it. Switches usually help in  IEEE (institute of electrical and electronic engineers)
connecting many devices in a LAN. It is a non govt. organization which develop set
 Bridges: Bridges connect any LAN to another slots and codes for the development of electrical
LAN. and electronic devices, multiple codes of IEEE are
defined like 802.11 for wifi. 802.16 for wimax
 Router: It helps to connect a GAN across a LAN
or even to assemble many LANs together. Protocol Acronym Purpose
 Proxy server: Acts as a buffer between GAN and Internet protocol IP Physical network/registry
WAN or LAN. It also creates modes to transfer and recognition of user.
the data in the form of web pages or any user Internet control ICMP Status messaging end to
friendly formal. message protocol end status recognition.
Transmission TCP Guaranteed delivery
Internet control protocol (Helps in sending Layer
files and ensures the
 It acts as network of the network. The first uplink and downlink
developed was ARPANET in 1983 which was used delivery of data without
for strategic purposes by US dept of defense. getting corrupted,
User datagram UDP Coordination, Audio help
 The pattern is now evolved into a common protocol in defining control over
network over a network hub, which is www, which audio signals.
eventually is developed by IETF.
Internet protocol
IETF: Internet engineering task force
 It is the principle communication protocol which
 It is a non government nonprofit organisation which
helps in establishing the internet enables internet
is developed by an association of computer
working as well as helps in establishment of
scientist, organization institutes and private bodies.
recognition protocol across the internet.
 It helps in defining and developing the required for
 The commonly used recognition protocol is IPVy-
global network, behaviour pattern and functioning
2011, IETF and ICANN developed the new
of the internet.
version or IPV6.
 It also helps to co-ordinate amongst various
IPV4 IPV6
organization internet agencies, national group,
institutes and government. It is a 32 bit naming 128 bit naming system contains
system. 8 sub names each of 16 bits
 It controls the type of content and data as well as which are device using semi
the pattern of network across the internet. columns.
Each character defines 47.6 trillion name can be
Internet society: G.A., W.A., metropolitan developed each upto a singular
area and the LAN. device.
 It helps to coordinate with IETF in developments
Address are sufficient Advantage of IPV6 help in
of multiple codes and protocol in long term
for 4.7 billion users. recognizing the mobile devices
evolution pattern of the internet.
4 characters are used Point to point device
 ICANN: International coordinate for accredited/ between 0 to 255. connectivity as well as
assign names and numbers. recognition over a LAN.

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Web page: Digital Divide
 It is a pattern through which data is related across  A digital divide is an economic and social inequality
internet reader. It is developed using hyper text with regard to access to, use of, or impact of
transfer protocol. information and communication technologies (ICT).
 The major languages that can be used are HTML  (97, 000 villages need 90,000 remain now)
(Hyper text markup languages).  Google – Loonfi
 It can be relayed over special software or web  Microsoft – white-fi
browsers
 Commonly used web browsers. Loon fi (project loon) : / Loon fi
 MSIE (Microsoft internet explorer), Opera, Safari,  Proposed help in spread of rural internet
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, PNAS – Scientific  Wireless internet
browser.
 4 day – 25 days
Web 1.0 Web 2.0
 1/6 of time 1/4 of rupees
HTML Dynamic
Image like pages HTML  Project proposed by Google one corporation for
(Only readable) Modification the development of wireless internet services in
(no modification) Comment possible the areas.
Social media development  Internal is the remote areas can be received using
transponders and receives over a balloon.
ICT/INTERNET/DIGITAL INDIA:
 This decreases the cost of service relay as well as
 Awareness at the Grassroute level the three spent in erecting the infrastructure can
 Tools for quick connection remedy also be reduced.
 Kisan call Centre – scientist authority Microsoft – white-fi
 Kisan vikas Kendra - scientist authority
 It is proposal given by Microsoft to keep in relay
 ATMA – Automated Tillage Management Agency of internet services in the rural areas.
 Soil, Seed, New varieties  Spectrum of radio waves b/w 200 to 600 MHz or
 TKDL: Traditional knowledge digital library microwaves b/w 6 to 9 GHz are used in the relay
 VSAT (Very small aperture terminal): Used of TV signals.
for teleducation teleconference, Availability of  Majority of this spectrum is transmitted but is not
educational lectures, used in relay of digital signals.
 Smart Education: Samsung and Jawahar  This spectrum is under spectrum which can be
Navodaya Vidyalaya used in the relay of internet signals.
 Advantages could be cost benefits for development
E-Governance Advantage of ICT
of new infrastructure.
 Accountability / Transparency
Network Neutrality :
 Govt. schemes
 Direct benefit transfer Neutralism or Net neutrality:
 Healthcare services improvement
 It is a general social revolution against any kind of
 Telemedicine the commercial misuse of the internet based
 Economic Benefit schemes infrastructure.
 Disaster management  It started as an opposition to the condition of
private enterprises to available the internet services
free of cost and create a charge for the content

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 available over the networks. (iii) 110 to 158 MHz – TV, low frequency band,
(i) Initiatives like Airtel zero, facebook free basics short distance
India triggered a revolution for neutralisation (iv) 198 to 236 MHz – TV, High frequency band
and use of internet based services which (v) 400 to 480 MHz – TV, ultra high frequency
became net neutrality. band
It is dependent over two concepts: (vi) 400 to 2600 MHz – Mobile phone technology
(ii) Network or internet based services are
develop by the Government for the common Wireless communication
benefit of the people and must always remain
 Mobile phone communication 1983 1 G Mobile
in the hand of government or government
phone – 350 MHz (USA, JAPAN)
organization.
 Bidirectional voice over communication
(iii) The private enterprises act as helping hand to
the Government and must never be given a  Geographical limit 35 Sqkm
chance to control the network or internet  TDMA : Time division mobile access Restriction
infrastructure. over the use of infrastructure dependent over the
(iv) Wireless communication (over EM waves) time allotted to use in the infrastructure GSM
General Service mobile
Radio wave propagation :  850 < 1850 MHz radio wave spectrum CDMA
 Ground waves (3MHz to 3MHz) : These waves Code Division Multiple Access use of the
have wavelets in terms and hence they can be infrastructure dependent over the multiple sub
propagated across the curvature of the earth by division codes over the channel. 400 MHz ratio
simple reflection from the ground. They can travel based spectrum.
very long distances on the earth surface. Hence  FDMA frequency division access 2G Europe Japan
are useful in amateur radio communication.
CDMA GSM
 Uses: Defense radio, Naval radio, pirate ratio, long
distance alternative modulation, international It is development of a It is communication across
communication in multiple a channel for fixed duration
ammeter radio. codes of a signals channel. of the time
 Disadvantages: Sky waves : 3 to 30 MHz The communication The use of the channel is
These waves are easily projected across the is faster exclusive, Hence
communication is faster
curvature of the earth as they are reflected back
The code can remain useful There are no sub codes so
from the lower layers of ionosphere. Hence help
for long duration, hence noise is minimum.
in long distance communication.
the cost per unit time is low
 Use: Am radio broad casting (show distance), The disadvantage is the Since services can be
special frequency bands in local defence continuous noise created used for limited to hence it
communication etc campus radio. because of near by used is much costly.
Frequency is 400 MHz
 Line of signal waves/space waves : These waves
are so protected that they can either travel across
in a storage line using multiple antenna path, hence GPRS (Global Packet Radio Services)
are line of straight waves or they can be received
beyond the curvature of the earth by an  GPRS 64 kb/s to 128 kb/s
international satellite bond communication are  2.75 G
space waves.  2G voice + Edge 256 Kb/s
Frequency of space wave communication  static, 128 Kb/s
(i) 54 to 78 MHz ( TV) technology low frequency Moving (internet) (enhance data for GSM)

band,
(ii) 89 to 110Mz – frequency modulation, (FM
radio)

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3G  Mobile phone companies enforce these glitches or
premature termination to extract money or
 (2100 to 2400 MHz) after 200 monitoring benefits from the consumers.
 Voice – 2100 – 2400 MHz
 Much of the loss is seen over fixed plan connection
 India – practically static – 512 Kb/s where every call has a fixed pulse of money.
 256 Kb/s moving  This is called as call drop or enforced can drop.

3.5 G  TRAI has regulated the telecoms in 2015 to cut

down the channel of call drops and said that the
 3.75 – G (4G LTE) maximum frequency of call drop in 24 hours must
 4 G (China) number of more then 3 per customer. If it goes
beyond 3 then the telecoms is liable to pay 3 times
 Sri Lanka South East Asia the money that the customer has lost.
 Voice – 2400 MHz In 2016 Honorable SC has stayed the TRAI

 Internet – Wimax – 21 Mb/s static 3 moving device regulations and call regulations remain unanswered
till date.
Difference between 3G and 4G
Satellite Communication:
3G 4G
It works over 2100 to 2400 It work over 2600 MHz Keplers law:
MHz spectrum for voice R.W spectrum
(1) elliptical orbit
communication.
(2) equal time equal area
The channel connectivity In this channel connecting
the spectrum is divided into the spectrum is further (3) t2  a3
multiple sub channels divided into sub channels
hence connectivity can be codes and sub codes Mechanics:
faster and it can be broader
Internet services provided In 4G simultaneous multiple Circular e < 1
1. Eccentricity
by edge and in Wimax. connection can be provided coefficient Elliptical e = 1
i.e. in ideal stage voice and
internet can be connected Hyperbolic e > 1
simultaneously. Shape of orbit

Internet developed on 2. Inclination or orbit

Wimax.
On the basis of centre of orbit
5G Communication: Sun – Heliocentric
Earth – Geocentric
 2012 onwards – Europe, Germany, USA, China
Moon – Luna centric
2016
Mans – Areocentric
(1) Multi device connectivity to a web or a hotspot.
Jupiter – Juno centric
(2) Every device has connectivity at 1 Gb/s, CDMA
in India — 2016 Reliance withdrawn (voice)  Transfer orbits or the defined path which help in
establish any satellite in the higher orbit altitude.
(3) Internet relay, WCDMA, WDCDMA, CDMA
These are concentric path location.
2000
 The most common transfer orbit is Hohmann’s
Call drops : transfer orbit
 It is a pattern of premature termination of a call Space waste – e-waste accumulation:
are a frequency due to technical glitches or
microwave or radiowave interferences cheated Kessler’s syndrome Hindrance
during communication. 

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 Junkyard orbit space waste accumulated  We have 3 SAR:
 NISSAR (NASA ISRO synthetic Aperture
Satellite communication Remote sensing
Radar MOV).
Sensing
Rador  It is the joint initiative of NASA and ISRO
Remote Tele
sensing communication Sonar started in 2016 for development of SAR in
Lidar India which can be used in astronomy and
Observation Point + Point Sudor cosmology
connectivity
 Advantages:

Rador: Normal radar point

Normal
radar
 Radio detection and Ranging
 Uses :
 search and Rescue, cryptography (creation of SAR
map, weapons. cartography (marking lines
somewhere) Doppler’s Radar :
 Maneuvering of aircraft missile or air bound
vehicles like UAV (unmanned aerial vehicles).  It works over Doppler’s principle and can define
the precisions of motion of any object against a
 Radio tagging and radio frequency identification.
moving body using Doppler’s correction.
RFID (Radio frequency identification)
SONAR (Sound Navigation amplification and
 Multiple radio waves ranging)
 Dependent on frequency
In this sound waves are used for detection and
 Identification on the basis of must frequency is ranging of objects under water.
of object.
 Applications:
Application :
 Maneuvering of under water objects, tagging of
(1) Warehousing. marine animals, search rescue and ranging under
(2) Radio taging (wild life conservation water, communication with under water objects.
(3) Local banking transaction (Mobile Banking)  SODAR (Sound detection and ranging)
(4) M-pesa  When sound waves are projected towards the
(5) SAR (search and rescue) sky for detection and ranging based on water
vapour it becomes SODAR,
SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radars) :  It helps in metrology, cloud seeding, cloud
 These are radar systems which can help in widening etc.
development of 3D holographic projection of any  Under water to sky communication (SODAR)
geographical area. This help in better understanding
of the surrounding. Locates the precise location as LIDAR (Light detection and ranging)
well as defines the shape of any object. (Based on light waves)

 It increases the maneuverability of the plying object  It is pattern based analysis of any object its colour
with a precision. shape and size using reflection patterns gathered
 It also helps in development of Stealth technology from light.
to use object from radar for missiles and aircrafts LIDAR is useful in
 Note: 2010 India – Israel, MOU :India has joint (a) Forestry to define green cover
part with Israel for the impart of SAR system to be (b) Geology to define nutrients and moisture in soil
used in strategic purposes
(c) Geography to define structures boundaries with

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 precision Beidou – China – 8
 Urban planning to define the planned NAVIC – Navigation in Indian constellation (7)
construction of urban streets etc. GAGAN (4) – GPS aided G
 GIS (Geographical information system) NAVIC (Navigation in Indian Constellation) –
 GIS is a pattern of geographical imaging using IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellites system)
a satellite consultation of LANDSAT.
IRNSS  1 1a 1b,1c 1d,1e 1f,1g
 Geo synchronous satellites were placed in 4-
different faces of the earth to image the co-    
ordinates in 3D with a precision resolution of Dev  2013 2013 2014 2015 2016
5ms. 3 Geo stationary (Restricted to land boundary)
 The images were then joined together using 4 Geo synchronous (till 1500 km away from
software driven tool or GIS boundary)
 Maximum satellites used 12 to 16.
Advantage of NAVIC:
Application of GIS
 Navigation  Earth imaging
 Cartography  Objects location Geosynchronous
 Transport Geostationary
 Urban planning and Development etc.
 GPS i. Navigation and transport
ii. Civilian utilities
iii. Urban planning and development
6-8 iv. Precise positioning aided by GPS for strategic
24-32 purposes
v. Search and rescue
 GAGAN (GPS aided GEO augmentation and
 GEO navigation): (7 geosynchronous satellite) (Aircraft
navigation channel)

G20NASS
20mQ Beidou
GPS
location JNS
GAGAN
ANS
Std. positioning : 6 to 8 satellite Brazil
future
20m precision : normal what we set in mobile
Precise positioning : 24 to 32 satellite  GSAT – 8, 10, 15, 14
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)  Application: Used for aircraft navigation.
10 cm precision
RECENT INDIAN SATELLITE
Regional navigation satellite system (RNSS)  RISAT – weather radar Imaging satellite
1. GPS – US  Megha Tropiques-Joint satellite of India & France
2. GLONASS – Russia used to measure water vapour in the atmosphere.
3. Galileo – EU  SARAL – Used for oceanic studies
4. IRNSS-India  IRNSS – Navigation
Galleleo – EU – 16  IRSS – Remote sensing

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 GSAT 6 – Satellite to mark re launch of GSLV. e-governance [1.0] – National e-gov. plan
 Sputnik-I (Russia)  Idealized-2001 formulated-2006
First satellite in the world Development of computer technology

 Echo-I (USA)  Mobile phone technology development
First successful remote sensing satellite
 E-gov. over computer and mobile tools
 First Indian satellite Aryabhatta-I
 Governance must be all over electronic tools
 First Indian remote sensing satellite – Rohini-I
 First Indian telecom satellite – INSAT-I e-gov. [2.0] – NeGP 2.0
 First Indian meteorlogicalsatellite Kalpana  e-Kranti (2015/16)
 Astrosat – 1st astronomical satellite of India- 2016,  Computer, Mobile + Internet based service
Cartosat, Cartosat-II-Remote sensing and oceanic  DBT by internet and associated tools
monitoring.
 Development of ecommerce
Microwave propagation  Governance via social media tools
Name of Frequency Uses  More responsive government
the wave of the Initiatives
band wave
e-post Initiated by department of post, where
L-Band 1-2 GHz Military telemetry, GPS, GSM works done are automated with the help
based phones, amateur ratio of internet – used for retail and corporate
S-Band 2-4 GHz Weather Radar, Surface and customers.
ship radar, microwave ovens, eIPO Helps in transfer of money through
wireless LAN or wifi,Bluetooth, (electronics electronic channels developed by India
GPS long distance radio, Indian postal post. (Started 2014)
Communication, specially in order)
Astronomy e-district Started in 2011, to provide citizen based
C-Band 4-8 GHz Long dist radio, Communication, services at the block level, managed and
Supply in astronomy supervised at district level, with the help
X-Band 8-12 GHz Terestrial Broadband connection, of common service centres developed for
Space communication, Satellite service delivery.
phones etc.
e-Bharat It is a project to develop egov. in the
K-Band 18-26 GHz Radar and Astronomical country and involve the financial support
observations for the task which is also aided by loans
from world bank.
KU-Band 12-18 GHz Very long distance satellite
communication Megh Raj First dedicated cloud computing of the
country.
KA-Band 26-40 GHz Satellite communication, and the
band of NATO communication WAN WAN

WW
e-governance
WAN WAN
Government
Advantage : Secure
PSU Pinates Disadvantage : Kills long amount of
Citizens memories over the grid.
2nd gigantic system, - cost of operation/
system is high.
PI PPP P4

Cloud computing:
e.gov
Governance
Rapid ICT  It is a dedicated open source connection channel
Citizen +Governance created across, multi device connection platforms
+Citizen

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 through which any data can be read modified and intended to built trust and confidence across online
saved in an open source of any device which helps transactions through this a persons identity can be
in reducing the memory dependence for verified based on UID and authentication channels
computing, is cost effective, connectivity is faster and certificates can be developed to access any e-
and is more flexible. gov. service.
 NOFN (National optical fibre network): A  e-gov. in education purposes:
dedicated optic fibre connect village CGP’s for the  NPTEL (national program on technology
transmission of Broadband Internet. enhanced learning) joint initiative of IIT’S and
 Dial Govt.: A govt. based interface to host all the IISC to provide, e-learning across web portals
information related to eligibility for attaining and v-sat based tele conferencing to link
benefits from government based schemes. academicians from MIT (UK) and share the
knowledge regarding science, tech,
 e-Taal: Electronic transactions aggregation and
analysis layer. Used to take a track of all the management and Humanity etc. presently 125
payments or transactions done under central & web 35 video based comes.
state government schemes and projects.  Gyan-darshan (2001)

National Knowledge Network (NKN): An  Gyandarshan and gyanvani – initiative of HRD


interconnection of all the institutes, organisation, to relay education based programs over
agencies and universities. Where the knowledge doordarshan and aakashvani, with the content
or the resource person can be made all over the hosted by IGNOU.
network to share the content or the ideas.  Contain: 4 major digital channel, GD-1, GD-2, GD-
 NIC (National informatics Centre) (1976): 3 (EKlanya), 4D-4 (Vyas)
Helps development of ICT infrastructure for e-
gov. as well as central state govt. and the local EDUSAT:
govt. together.  First dedicated satellite for development of
 NIC net: Dedicated platform created by NIC to education in the country.
link the educational institutes at central state level  SWAYAM (study webs for active learning for young
with the respective departments and ministries. aspring minds)
 Digital India: Provision of broadband internet and  MOOC – Massive open online courses.
e-gov India services as well as ensuring the delivery
 Project to provide online courses through
of citizen based services and provision of IT based
webbased format or video based format for
jobs through a network of broadband internet
students at 9th to 12th level, graduate &PG etc.
provided upto GPS level.
 2000 comes, across grid and cloud computing
 Data govt. in: Initiative of GoI and USGovt helps
channels.
in publishing data, documents and creating a
common platform for service delivery and its  NMEICT: P-156
information to the general public from different  SAKSHAT: Initiatives of KVS, NVS, NCERT, IGNOU
ministries and departments. and NIOS. With a target of making knowledgeover
 Pragati (Proactive governance and timely ICT platforms free of cost.
implementation): It is an initiative of govt. of
India where PMO, Union Secretaries and chief Unnat Bharat Abhiyan
secretaries of state would be linked through a  Initiative of IIT’s &NIT’s and other leading Engg.
common network to take a feedback of works Bodies to adopt atleast 5 villages each and provide
and services provided by government on monthly imovations and knowledge to fill the technology
basis. gap which is created in the Urban and Rural areas.
 Every last Wednesday of the month after 3:30 PM  KYC (Know your college)
would be pragati day in the govt.
 Initiative regarding admission and quality of
 (National e-authentication service offered by deity) education in any college.

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 E-pathshala: Initiative of Mo HRD to bring the  Malware: They are the malicious programmes
NCERT books over internet platforms. developed to disrupt programming, gather
 Shaala siddhi: Initiative to know regarding the information, gain access, extort payment, sabotage
performance of the school as well as to provide or any act of computer linked activities which is
feed backs. malice.

 Saransh: Initiative to identify the areas of  Malwares are of following types:

improvement in the schools related to curriculum 1. Computer viruses: These are self replicating
syllabus etc. infections programmes which can infect (effect)
files, servers, CPU, Hard disc or corrupt the data
TKDL: or may promote the display of illicit content,
political humour or may promote over the web or
Recent trends in ICT:
internet.
 Smart cities: (Using ICT in Development and
Urbanisation)  They are of following types self replicating codes,
read request intercepts, encrypted codes and
 Urban development + ICT programmes, polymorphic codes etc.

Energy Env. Management Transport Resource Worms:

development & Conservation utilization
Citizen  They are infected programs, which target and infect
services the network across a computer.
 Trojan Horse: They are rapid moving malicious
 2014 – smart cities (100) programmes developed to hack into a computer
 2016 – phase-I (20) through email or social media access which can
Internet of things: gain unauthorized access and initiate data theft or
modification. Loss of data. Formatting the disc
1. Using things for relay of internet
spying and surveillance.
2. Influencing things by the relay of internet
 Ransomeware: They are unauthorized security
3. Creation of a sync. of things
files which are once downloaded restrict the entry
Internet of things: into the system or its use until a payment being
Over Consumer done.
Water motor end
Spyware:
Application
Influence Used in spying and surveillance:

 Adware:
 Which run unauthorized advertisement over the
Geyser system.
Washing machine  Scare ware

Cyber security and computer viruses Gray ware:

 Cyber security is a pattern of creating a secure  Authorised prog which slows down the system
network over internet tools. programe.
 Cyber crime: It involves methods like malrious  Cyber security policy- 2016
programmes, viruses, insecure transactions,  IT ACT sec 66 A
monetary frauds, data theft, social kiosk etc.
If in any case cyber crime involves any act of blood 3D-printing:

shed it becomes cyber terrorism.  It is a tool of printing 3D-objects using a laserjet

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 printer and its raw material. A 3D virtual model UID : Unique identification
can be created upto micro level special. The laserjet
printer then fills the composite material in the  It is a flagship scheme started by GoI in 2010 for
model forms the object. identification based on biometrics to the citizens.
It is headed over by the PM and the nodal ministry
It can be used in
is Ministry of information and Broadcasting for
1. Manufacturing of new materials, nano materials supervision and technical assistance. A unique ID
or even complex giant. number can be given to every citizen based on
2. It can help in reducing the labour time and their biometric profile.
cost spent during construction.  It can be linked to identification of any individual
3. It can help in education by creating 3D-models. for many governance based citizen services like
4. Bio printing – 3D printers can print human or transfer of subsides to DBT, wages allotment in
animal organs which can be used in drug testing MGNREGA minimum support price for agri etc.
and pharmacology (development of new  In 2015 GoI has initiated JAM trinity to links JAN
pharmaceutical materials, organ transplant etc) DHAN YOJANA, Aadhar to Mobile banking
5. 3D printing can be used in food and nutrition together for DBT of subsidies.
by developing desired nutritive food using
simple 3D-models. UAN
 It is the unique account number given to employees
Biometric :
under the new pension scheme for their PF
 It is a pattern of identification of any individual operations.
based on its biological identifying factors like  The nodal agency involved is EPFO under MOF.
physical and behaviouristic patterns. Physiological
patterns or genetical patterns.  Using UAN, employees can operate their PF
account independent of the interference created
 It may include the following – finger print or thump by the employer.
imprint/cornea scan, heart beat, DNA codes, Gait,
voice, walking patterns, typing pattern speed etc.

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