1.

INTRODUCTION
A. Introductory sentence ( 1st sentence)
Type of Visual Verb Focus
Information
table Shows
chart Describes
diagram Illustrates
graph Indicates
Reveals that
Present how..
Gives the number of..
the amount of..
THE the proportion of
the percentage of
Figures Show information on
Statistics Describe data on
Illustrate
Indicate
Reveal
Present
Give
 - The chart show the number of road accidents in
Britain over a period of six years.
- The chart indicates the subjects studied by university
students in Australia during the latter part of the last
century
- The line graph reveals the amount of fast food
consumed by Australian teenagers over a 25-year
period,specifically between the years 1975 and 2000
- The bar chart illustrates the percentage of employees
in different occupations who were absent from work
in a given week in the year 2001.
- The graph presents the numbers of men and women
working within the police force in Malaysia between
1990 and 2000.
B. Overall trend ( 2nd sentence )
- There was an overall increase in earnings across the board.
- The general trend is that the amount of television watched
increases with age.
 - All four continents saw a general population growth.
- Overall ,there was a decline in male smokers
- A downward trend is noticed in the retail sales,and a similar
situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector
- At first glance, we can see that classical music is far less
popular than pop or rock music.
- The amount of calories consumed daily per person
genrally increased over the period.

2. BODY
A.Starting expressions
As (is) shown by the table, …
As can be seen from chart,
the diagram,
As is illustrated by the graph,
From the figures,

It can be seen from table (that)…

We can see the chart
It is clear/apparent diagram
graph
figures

- As can be seen from the chart ,great changes have been

taking place in the ownership of mobile phones in Laos.
- It can be from the graph that the population of Vietnam
grew in the 20th century.
 - Form the graphs,we can see that most car production took
place between 2000 and 2010
- It is clear from the table that the popularity of K-pop grew
in the 20th century.
B. Time-related language
Preposition Example
in in 2000
in five years between..and…
in the last century, there was a
in October, significant
for for decades, decrease in
for the first two weeks, business

during during most of the last

century,
during the remainder of the
year,
around around 2000
from A to/until B from January anf March, there was a
from 2000 to 2010, dramatic
increase in
production.
between A and B between January and March,
between 1990 and 2000,
before before 1900,
after after 1900,
by by the early 20th century
at at the beginning of the year, the most
dramatic
 increase
could be
seen .
since since the 20th century, there has a
steady
drop

C.Language of comparison

Comparative
Subject Adverb Amount Comparison Noun
Structure phrase
a/one the (total) students
quarter of number of
almost half of
School nearly a/one third
A has approximately of
about three
quarters of

a quarter as many school B

half students as
three as much
quarters space as
twice
three times
 Comparison of Equality
Subject Adverb Comparison Noun
structure phrase
School almost as many students as school B
A has nearly as much space as
approximately
about
exactly the same number of students
precisely porportion as
approximately of school B
about quantity of
Steady drop----sharp rise----peak----dramatic fall/sharp drop----
(to)reach the bottom----trough----bottom out----(to)reach a
plateau/(to)remain steady----gradual increases

Structure 1: Subject + Verb

Subject Verb Adverb of Period of time

degree
increased suddenly
jumped rapidly
rose dramatically
grew significantly
went up sharply from January to
the climbed steeply March
number decreased steadily between Jannuary
of dropped consistently and March.
students fell smoothly
reduced continually
went down stably
fluctuated gradually
varied slowly
slightly
 Structure 2: Subject + Adverb

Period of Subject Verb Adverb of Degree

time
increased suddenly
went up rapidly
grew dramatically.
the rose significantly
From population declined sharply
January the number dropped steeply
to March of students went down steadily
th number of fell consistently
workers smoothly
the birth rate continually
 stably
gradually.
slowly.
slightly.

Structure 3: Adjective + Noun

Subject Adjective Noun Focus Period of

Time
sudden increase
rapid jump
dramatic rise
significant growth
sharp
There steep decrease in the from
was/were large drop number of January to
(a) marked fall students March
steady decline between
gradual reduction January
slow fluctuations and March
small variations
slight

Structure 4 : No changes
The number of remained steady
students stable from January to
stay the March
 same between January
There little change in the and March
was hardly number
no of
students

Structure 5 : Expressing extremes

peaked
reached a peak
The monthly a high point in March
profit bottomed out at 80% (20%)
The figures reached the bottom
The situation a low point
hit a trough

3.CONCLUSION
In summary, we can say/see
To sum up, it can be
In short, said/seen
In conclusion,
To conclude,
On the whole,
Altogether,
Overall,
Finally, that
Therefore, it can be concluded
Thus, deduced
On this basis, inferred
Given this,
From the table, it can be seen concluded
chart, shown
diagram, inferred

In summary,we can see that the area devoted to grain production

was affected by both-govern-ment policy and market forces.
In conclusion,it can be said that men occupy a greater
percentage of high executive positions in the K-oil Company.
Therefore,it is clear that looking after children often affects
wonen’s work availability.
From the diagram,it ca be safely concluded that from the years
1990 to 2000,Florida developed much more rapidly than the
United States did as a whole.
From the figures above,we can draw a conclusion that most
language students in private col-leges came from Asia.
 LINE
GRAPH
Step 1: Read the subject of the graph
Step 2: Read the main information on the graph to include it in
your passage
Step 3: Examine the two axes of the graph
Step 4: Look for the main features and obivious trends
Step 5 : Write your report

CASE 1 : HIGHEST INCREASE

Key word : peak,top,reach the highest point,topmost
Ex:
o It reached a peak of 350 in March
o There was a peak in March
o It peaked at 350 in March
o A peak amount of 500 was reached in March
o The highest level is 350

CASE 2: DOWNWARD TREND

Key words: down/downward: descending,sliding
o The trend moved downward.
o The number continued to go down between 2005 and
2014.
o It moved in a downward direction during the 9-year
period.
o The graph showed a descending trend from 2005 to
2014

CASE 3 : UPWARD TREND

Key words : up/upward:increasing,rising,growing,ascending
o The level went up from 10 in 1975 to over 30 in
2005.
o The general trend is upward.
o An upward shift in the figure was seen between
1975 and 2005.
o The amount moved in an ascending manner from 30
to at least 30.

CASE 4 : NO CHANGE
Key words: stable: constant,steady,even
stabilise: even out, become constant,steady
o The trend was stable from Monday to Sunday
o The figure registered a steady amount of 15
o The quantity stabilised at 15
o The number remained constant throughout the week.

CASE 5 : Fluctuation
Key words: fluctuate: vary,keep changing,swing
Fluctuation: variation,rise and fall
o The amount fluctuated during the nine-year period
o There were fluctuations between 35 and 80 from 2005 to
2010
o The fluctuations happened during the first seven months of
the years
o The value swung between 35 and 80 from October,2019 to
Jun,2020

CASE 5 : REVERSE
Key words: opposite,contrary,inverse
o Group A’s trend was the reverse of Group B’s movement
o The trends of Group A and B took contrary directions
o Group A and Group B showed inverse movements from
1990 to 2020
o Group A was the opposite of Group B based on its
performance from 1990 to 2020.

BAR GRAPH