Basic Design Concepts

 The main object of reinforced concrete design is:

 to achieve safe and economical sol to structure or part
structure.
 The design problem consists of the following steps:
 Idealization of structure for analysis
Estimation of loadings.
Analysis of idealized structural model
Design of structural elements
Detailed structural drawings and bar
schedule.
 Design Philosophies (Methods)
Structural design should be performed to satisfy
three criteria:
 Strength:-integrity and safety of the structure
under extreme load conditions; withstand
occasional overloads without severe distress and
damage during its lifetime.
 Serviceability:-the proper functioning of the
structure under service load conditions.
 Economy concerns the overall material and labor
costs required in all processes of the structure.
 Design Philo Con’t
 To achieve safe and economic structures, three
philosophies of design had been adopted by codes
of practices.
These are:
Working Stress Design (WSD) or Elastic
Design Method)

Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method, and

Limit State Design (LSD) Method.

 Design Philo Con’t
1 Working Stress Design (WSD) method:
It is based on the assumption that concrete is
elastic, steel & concrete together act
elastically. Obey Hooke’s law.

The allowable stresses of materials

= material strengths
factor of safety.
Safety factors for load is not considered.
 WSD Method Con’t
 The elastic theory assumes a linear variation of
strain & stress from zero at NA to a maximum at
the extreme fibers.
 The main drawbacks of WSD method are as
follows:
 Concrete is not elastic material.
There is no way to account for uncertainty of
loadings.
 Beside these drawbacks, the method does not
ensure consistence safety of structure and also
provide uneconomical section.
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method
 It is based on ultimate load theory;
 In ultimate load theory, it is assumed that the
section of member of structure failed
plastically when the maximum compressive
strain of concrete reaches the ultimate
compressive strain of concrete.
 The desired ultimate loads are obtained by
increasing sufficiently the service loadings
using specified factors.
 USD Method Con’t
 Structures designed by USD method require
less reinforcement than those designed by the
WSD method.
 The main draw backs of USD method are as
follows:
No way to account the uncertainty in
material strengths variation.
There is complete disregard for control
against excessive deflections.
 3. Limit State Design Method
 It has developed from USD method in
order to apply service load and ultimate
load conditions.

 Thelimit state of structure is the

condition of its being unfit for use.

 Thatis, it will not reach any of the

specified limit state.
 LSD Method Con’t
 A structure with appropriate degrees of
reliability and withstand safely all
possible combinations of design loads.
 It satisfy the serviceability requirements,
such as, limitations on deflection and
cracking.
 Able to maintain the required structural
integrity during and after accidents.
 LSD Method Con’t
 These limit states examined in design are
broadly classified in to two:
 These are:
 Ultimate strength limit state (Limit
state of collapse), and
Serviceability limit state
 LSD Method Con’t
A. Ultimate strength limit state: which deals with
the strength and stability of the structure under
the maximum over load it is expected to carry.
 Whole of the structure or part of it should not fail
under any combination of expected design load.

 Ultimate strength limit state may include ultimate

limit state for:
flexure - shear - compression -torsion
 tension and stability of structure for over-turning
& sliding
 LSD Method Con’t
B. Serviceability limit state:-which deals with
conditions such as deflection, cracking of structure
under service loads, durability, excessive vibration,
fire resistance, fatigue, etc.
 associated with safety and serviceability
requirements of the structure.
 The various criteria required to define the
serviceability or usefulness of any structure can be
described under the following headlines.
- Deflection - Cracking - Vibration
-Durability - Fatigue -Fire resistance
 Partial Safety Factors
A. Partial Safety Factors for Materials (m)
 The value of partial safety factor for material
strength account for the following parameter:
Deviation of the strength of material
Deviation of the sectional dimensions
Accuracy of the calculation procedure
Risk to life and economic consequences
 Hence the design strength of a material is
given by: Table
 B. Load safety factors
 Characteristic Load: -It is load which has a 95%
probability of not being exceeded during the life of
structure
o The nominal values given by codes may be taken
as characteristic values.
 Design loads: - loads that may actually come on a
structure as compared to their characteristic value.
o The design load, Ld = γf. Lk
Where Lk - characteristic load
γf - partial safety factor appropriate to
the nature of loading and LS being considered.
Patterns of Live Load Arrangement for Maximum
Effects
 A structure should be analyzed for all possible
arrangement of live loading (including dead load)
which produce the maximum stresses-resultant at
particular point of structure.
 Live load arrangement on continuous beam to cause:
a) Max +ve span moment is to load that particular
span and alternate span.
b) Max -ve support moment is to load the adjacent
span of that support and then alternate span.
 Load Combination
 Design load combinations for Limit state according to EBCS-1, 1995
are given as follow:
i) Ultimate Strength Limit State:
 DL & LL → 1.3DL+1.6LL
 DL, LL & WL→ 1.3DL+ 1.35(LL+WLi)
 DL & WL → 0.9DL+1.3WLi
→ DL+1.6WLi
 DL, LL & EQ → 0.75*(1.3DL+1.6LL) +EQi
→ 1.3DL + 1.35(LL + EQi)
 DL & EQ → 1.3DL +1.6EQi
 ii) Serviceability Limit State:
 DL & LL → DL+LL
 DL, LL & WL→ DL+0.9(LL+WLi)
 DL, LL & EQ →DL +0.9(LL + EQi)
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete
Mechanical property of concrete