Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry

LECTURER
MR. M C Zulu
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Explain phenomena involving heat as a form of energy transfer

 Solve problems involving heat transfer
 INTRODUCTION
.
 Heat transfer is fundamental to such everyday
activities as home heating and cooking, as well
as many industrial processes.
 We also introduce the concept of internal
energy, which can be increased or decreased by
heat transfer.
 We discuss another way to change the internal
energy of a system, namely doing work on it.
Thus, we are beginning the study of the
relationship of heat and work, which is the
basis of engines and refrigerators and the
central topic of thermodynamics.
 INTERNAL ENERGY AND HEAT

 A thermal system has internal energy (also called thermal energy), which is the sum of the
mechanical energies of its molecules.
 A system’s internal energy is proportional to its temperature.
 As we saw earlier in this chapter, if two objects at different temperatures are brought into contact
with each other, energy is transferred from the hotter to the colder object until the bodies reach
thermal equilibrium.
 HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
 The meaning of “heat” in physics is different from its ordinary meaning.
 For example, in conversation, we may say “the heat was unbearable,” but in
physics, we would say that the temperature was high.
 Heat is a form of energy flow, whereas temperature is not.
 Incidentally, humans are sensitive to heat flow rather than to temperature.
 Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J).
 Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), defined as
the energy needed to change the temperature of 1.00 g of water by 1.00°C
 Also commonly used is the kilocalorie (kcal), which is the energy needed to
change the temperature of 1.00 kg of water by 1.00°C .
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT
 It is also possible to change the temperature of a substance by doing work, which
transfers energy into or out of a system.
 This realization helped establish that heat is a form of energy.
 James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) performed many experiments to establish the
mechanical equivalent of heat—the work needed to produce the same effects as
heat transfer. In the units used for these two quantities, the value for this
equivalence is
1.000 kcal = 4186 J
 We consider this equation to represent the conversion between two units of
energy.
 MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT CONT.
 It is also possible to change the temperature
of a substance by doing work, which transfers
energy into or out of a system.
 James Prescott Joule (1818–1889) performed
many experiments to establish the mechanical
equivalent of heat—the work needed to
produce the same effects as heat transfer. In
the units used for these two quantities, the
value for this equivalence is
1.000 kcal = 4186 J
 It helped establish the principle of conservation of
energy.
 TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND HEAT CAPACITY

 We have noted that heat transfer often causes temperature change

 The heat capacity C of a particular sample is defined as the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of that sample by 1°C.

Q = C T
 where Q is the symbol for heat transfer (“Energy”), C is heat capacity and ΔT is
the change in temperature.
 TEMPERATURE CHANGE AND SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
 Specific heat capacity is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1K

Q = mcT
 where Q is the symbol for heat transfer (“quantity of heat”), m is the mass of the
substance, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
 The specific heat is numerically equal to the amount of heat needed to change the
temperature of 1.00 kg of mass by 1.00°C .
 The SI unit for specific heat is 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 or 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐶. (Recall that the temperature
change ΔT is the same in units of kelvin and degrees Celsius.)
 SPECIFIC HEAT
 Values of specific heat must generally be measured, because there is no simple way to calculate them
precisely
Specific Heat Specific Heat
Substance
(c) J/kg⋅oCJ/kg⋅oC (c) kcal/kg⋅oC|2|kcal/kg⋅oC|2|
Solids
Aluminum 900 0.215
Asbestos 800 0.19
Concrete, granite (average) 840 0.20
Copper 387 0.0924
Glass 840 0.20
Gold 129 0.0308
Human body (average at 37oC37oC) 3500 0.83
Ice (average −50oC−50oC to 0oC0oC) 2090 0.50
Iron, steel 452 0.108
Lead 128 0.0305
Silver 235 0.0562
Wood 1700 0.40
Liquids
Benzene 1740 0.415
Ethanol 2450 0.586
Glycerin 2410 0.576
Mercury 139 0.0333
Water (15.0oC15.0oC) 4186 1.000
 EXAMPLE

 Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise temperature of 100g of water from
25 degrees to 80 degrees Celsius. (𝑐𝑤 = 4186 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐶)

Q = mcT = (0.1kg )(4186 J / kg  C )(80 − 25) = 23023 J

 TASK

 A 90.0-g sample of copper is at 20.0°C. If 1500 J of energy is added to it by

heat, what is the final temperature of the copper? (𝑐𝐶𝑈 = 387 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐶)
 EXAMPLE: CALCULATING THE REQUIRED HEAT

A 0.500-kg aluminum pan on a stove and 0.250 L of water in it are heated from
20.0 C to 80.0°C . (a) How much heat is required? What percentage of the
heat is used to raise the temperature of (b) the pan and (c) the water?
 Strategy
➢ We can assume that the pan and the water are always at the same
temperature. When you put the pan on the stove, the temperature of the
water and that of the pan are increased by the same amount. We use the
equation for the heat transfer for the given temperature change and mass of
water and aluminum.
EXAMPLE: CALCULATING THE REQUIRED HEAT CONT.
 Solution
1. Calculate the temperature difference:
T = T f − Ti = 60C
2. Calculate the mass of water. Because the density of water is 1000𝑘𝑔/
𝑚3 , 1 L of water has a mass of 1 kg, and the mass of 0.250 L of water is
𝑚𝑤 = 0.250𝑘𝑔.
3. Calculate the heat transferred to the water. Use the specific heat of water
in table (𝑐𝑤 = 4186 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐶)

Qw = mw cw T = 0.250  4186  60 = 62.8kJ

EXAMPLE CONT.

3. Calculate the heat transferred to the aluminum. Use the specific

heat for aluminum in Table (𝑐𝐴𝑙 = 900 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔 ∙ °𝐶)

QAl = mAl  c Al  T = 0.500  900  60 = 27.0kJ

4. Find the total transferred heat:

QTotal = 62.8kJ + 27.0kJ = 89.8kJ
 TASK
Calculate the temperature increase of 10 kg of brake material with an average
specific heat of 800𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ⋅ °𝐶 if the material retains 10% of the energy from a
10,000-kg truck descending 75.0 m (in vertical displacement) at a constant
speed.
 Strategy
➢ We calculate the gravitational potential energy (Mgh) that the entire truck
loses in its descent, equate it to the increase in the brakes’ internal energy,
and then find the temperature increase produced in the brake material
alone.
 CALORIMETRY

 A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a

calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements
(typically of heat or specific heat capacity) is called calorimetry.
 An important idea in solving calorimetry problems is that during a
heat transfer between objects isolated from their surroundings,
the heat gained by the colder object must equal the heat lost by
the hotter object, due to conservation of energy.

Qhot + Qcold = 0

 We express this idea by writing that the sum of the heats equals
zero because the heat gained is usually considered positive; the
heat lost, negative.
 EXAMPLE: CALORIMETRY

Suppose you pour 0.250 kg of 20.0°C water (about a cup) into a 0.500-kg
aluminum pan off the stove with a temperature of 150 °C . Assume no heat
transfer takes place to anything else: The pan is placed on an insulated pad, and
heat transfer to the air is neglected. Also assume that a negligible amount of
water boils off. What is the temperature when the water and pan reach thermal
equilibrium?
 EXAMPLE: CALORIMETRY
 Solution
1. Use the equation for heat transfer to express the heat lost by the aluminum pan in terms of the
mass of the pan, the specific heat of aluminum, the initial temperature of the pan, and the final
temperature:
Qhot = mAl c Al (T f − 150 )
2. Express the heat gained by the water in terms of the mass of the water, the specific heat of water,
the initial temperature of the water, and the final temperature:
Qcold = mw cw (T f − 20 )
3. But 𝑄ℎ𝑜𝑡 + 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 0:
−Qhot = Qcold
− mAl c Al (T f − 150 ) = mw cw (T f − 20 )
150mAl c Al + 20mw cw
Tf = = 59.1C
mAl c Al + mw cw
 TASK 1

 If 25 kJ is necessary to raise the temperature of a rock from 25°C to 30°C ,

how much heat is necessary to heat the rock from 45°C to 55°C ?
 TASK 2

 A cowboy fires a silver bullet with a muzzle speed of 200 m/s into the pine
wall of a saloon. Assume all the internal energy generated by the impact
remains with the bullet. What is the temperature change of the bullet?
End of Lecture 3 part 2