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Lecture 2-2

The document covers the concepts of temperature, its measurement, and the various scales used, including Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit. It explains thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics, emphasizing the relationship between temperature and thermal energy. Additionally, it provides conversion methods between temperature scales and examples for practical understanding.

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11 views19 pages

Lecture 2-2

The document covers the concepts of temperature, its measurement, and the various scales used, including Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit. It explains thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics, emphasizing the relationship between temperature and thermal energy. Additionally, it provides conversion methods between temperature scales and examples for practical understanding.

Uploaded by

gondweabigail93
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

LECTURER
MR. M C Zulu
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Define temperature.
 Convert temperatures between the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales.
 Explain thermal equilibrium
 Explain the zeroth law of thermodynamics
INTRODUCTION

 The concept of temperature has


evolved from the common concepts
of hot and cold
 Human perception of what feels hot
or cold is a relative one.
 The scientific definition of
temperature is less ambiguous than
your senses of hot and cold.
Temperature is operationally defined
to be what we measure with a
thermometer.
TEMPERATURE

 Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity


of what we measure with a thermometer.
 As we will see in detail in a later chapter on the
kinetic theory of gases, temperature is proportional
to the average kinetic energy of translation.
 The three temperature scales are Celsius, Kelvin, and
Fahrenheit
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
 Any physical property that depends on
temperature, and whose response to
temperature is reproducible, can be used as
the basis of a thermometer.
 For example, volume increases with
temperature for most substances. This
property is the basis for the common
alcohol thermometer, the old mercury
thermometer, and the bimetallic strip.
 Other properties used to measure
temperature include electrical resistance and
color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
TEMPERATURE SCALES

 Thermometers are used to measure temperature according to well-defined scales


of measurement, which use pre-defined reference points to help compare
quantities.
 The three most common temperature scales are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and
Kelvin scales.
 A temperature scale can be created by identifying two easily reproducible
temperatures.
 The freezing and boiling temperatures of water at standard atmospheric pressure
are commonly used
CELSIUS

 Most commonly used by scientists throughout the world


 The Celsius scale has the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point at
100°C .
 Its unit is the degree Celsius (°C)
KELVIN

 The Kelvin scale is the temperature scale that is commonly used in science.
This is SI unit of temperature
 It is an absolute temperature scale defined to have 0 K at the lowest possible
temperature, called absolute zero.
 The official temperature unit on this scale is the kelvin, which is abbreviated
K, and is not accompanied by a degree sign.
 Kelvin uses the same scale as Celsius.
 The freezing and boiling points of water are 273.15 K and 373.15 K,
respectively.
FAHRENHEIT

 The unit of temperature on this scale is the degree Fahrenheit (°F)


 On the Fahrenheit scale (still the most frequently used in the United
States), the freezing point of water is at 37°F and the boiling point is at
212°F
 Note that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius is greater than a
temperature difference of one degree Fahrenheit.
 Only 100 Celsius degrees span the same range as 180 Fahrenheit degrees,
thus one degree on the Celsius scale is 1.8 times larger than one degree
on the Fahrenheit scale 180/100=9/5 .
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE FAHRENHEIT, CELSIUS, AND KELVIN TEMPERATURE SCALES

 Relationships between the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales, rounded to
the nearest degree are also shown bellow.
CONVERTING BETWEEN SCALES
 The relationships between the three common temperature scales is shown in Figure.
Temperatures on these scales can be converted using the equations in Table.
EXAMPLE 1
 “Room temperature” is generally defined to be 25°C (a) What is room temperature in °F ? (b)
What is it in K
Solution for (a)
Choose the right equation. To convert from °C to °F , use this equation.
9
T F = TC + 32
5
9
Solution for (b)
T F =  25 + 32 = 77 F
5
Choose the right equation. To convert from °C to K , use this equation

TK = TC + 273.15
TK = 25 + 273.15 = 298 K
TASK

 “Average body temperature” is generally defined to be 36.5°C (a) What is the temperature in
°F ? (b) What is it in K?
TASK

 The Reaumur scale is a temperature scale that was used widely in Europe in the 18th and
19th centuries. On the Reaumur temperature scale, the freezing point of water is 0°R and
the boiling temperature is 80°R . If “room temperature” is 25°C on the Celsius scale,
what is it on the Reaumur scale?
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL ENERGY

 Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.


 Thermal Energy is the total of all the kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a
substance
 Differences in temperature maintains the transfer of heat, or heat transfer, throughout the
universe.
 Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a
difference in temperature
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

 Two objects are in thermal equilibrium if they are in


close contact that allows either to gain energy from
the other, but nevertheless, no net energy is
transferred between them.
 Even when not in contact, they are in thermal
equilibrium if, when they are placed in contact, no
net energy is transferred between them.
 If two objects remain in contact for a long time,
they typically come to equilibrium. In other words,
two objects in thermal equilibrium do not exchange
energy.
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.

Consider the case where A is a thermometer in the figure below.


 The zeroth law tells us that if A reads a certain temperature when in equilibrium with B, and it is then
placed in contact with C, it will not exchange energy with C; therefore, its temperature reading will
remain the same.
 In other words, if two objects are in thermal equilibrium, they have the same temperature
End of Lecture 2 part 2

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