Chapter 12 Review, 15.

(a) As a current-carrying conductor cuts across

external magnetic field lines, the conductor
pages 580–585 experiences a force perpendicular to both the
Knowledge magnetic field and the direction of the electric
1. (d) current.
2. (d) (b) The magnitude of the force depends on the
3. (d) external magnetic field, the current, and the angle
4. (c) between the conductor and the magnetic field it
5. (b) cuts across.
6. (d) 16. An analog meter allows you to easily observe
7. (a) (iii) the rate at which changes in readings occur, while
(b) (i) a modern digital meter does not allow you to do
(c) (iv) this.
(d) (ii) 17. (a) A split ring commutator allows a DC motor
8. Magnetic fields are present around a massive to rotate continuously. Without a split ring
magnet, such as Earth. A compass could be used to commutator in a motor, the armature would spin
detect the presence and direction of at least one of halfway around its axle. Then it would be locked
the fields. in position or would slow dramatically. The north
9. By Oersted’s principle, the current directed into magnetic pole of the coil would first be repelled by
the straight conductor produces a circular magnetic the north magnetic pole of the external magnet and
field around the conductor. Using the right-hand would then rotate. The north magnetic pole of the
rule for a straight conductor, the direction of the magnet would be attracted by the south pole of the
magnetic field lines is clockwise as viewed by external magnet. This attraction would continue
looking directly into the page. even after passing the midpoint of the south pole
10. The magnetic fields of two coils of wire that of the external magnet. A similar thing would
have the same resonant frequency can be used to happen with the magnetic south pole of the coil
efficiently transfer electrical energy without wires. and the north pole of the external magnet.
11. The magnetic fields must align in opposite (b) Increasing the number of loops, using a soft-
directions between the wires for the wires to attract iron core, and using a split ring commutator with
each other. several splits and several coils are developments
12. The circular magnetic fields around each loop that have improved the design of DC motors.
of the coil in a solenoid combine to form an overall
magnetic field that is a close approximation to the Understanding
magnetic field of a bar magnet. The magnetic field 18. (a) Earth’s magnetic field causes a force that is
lines of a solenoid point from its north pole to its nearly parallel to Earth’s surface at positions not
south pole outside of the solenoid, with small near its magnetic poles and is directed from the
irregularities close to the coiled conductor. The south magnetic pole to the north magnetic pole. At
magnetic field lines inside the solenoid point from positions near its magnetic poles, Earth’s magnetic
the south pole to the north pole, with small field causes a force that is nearly perpendicular to
irregularities close to the coiled conductor. Earth’s surface and is directed toward Earth at its
Disregarding the irregularities, the magnetic field south magnetic pole and away from Earth at its
lines of a solenoid are almost identical to those of a north magnetic pole. Earth’s gravitational field
bar magnet. causes a force that is always towards Earth’s
13. The right-hand rule for a solenoid states that centre.
the fingers of your right hand curl around the coil (b) Earth’s magnetic field only exerts a force on
in the direction of the conventional current, while magnetic objects. Earth’s gravitational field exerts
your right thumb points in the direction of the a force on any object with mass.
north magnetic pole of the coil.
14. The magnetic field in the current-carrying
copper wire interacted with the field of the bar
magnet, which caused the wire to rotate around the
bar magnet.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-2

19. (a) The diagram should have magnetic field forward toward the section of track immediately in
lines similar to Figure 4(b) on page 549 of the front of it, so it experiences a magnetic force
textbook, with the magnetic field lines flowing horizontally forward, which pulls the train
from the north end of one magnet to the south end forward. Finally, there is a magnet on the back of
of the other magnet. Magnetic field lines should the train that is repelled by the section of track
also flow from the north end of one magnet to the immediately behind it, so it experiences a force
south end of the same magnet. horizontally forward, which pushes the train
(b) The diagram should have magnetic field lines forward.
similar to Figure 5(b) on page 550 of the textbook. 23. (a) Oersted aligned a conducting wire in an
Magnetic field lines should flow from the north electric circuit with Earth’s magnetic field and
end of one magnet to the south end of the same held a compass near it. When the current was
magnet. switched on, an electric current was present in the
wire and the compass needle was deflected
perpendicular to the wire. When the current was
switched off, the compass needle went back to its
original position. This confirmed that electric
currents produce magnetic fields.
(b) Oersted was able to test his hypothesis further
to show that the magnetic field surrounding a
current-carrying wire is in the shape of concentric
(c) The illustration would look very similar, but circles, and that the strength of the magnetic field
the magnetic field lines would flow in the opposite is weaker farther away from the conducting wire.
direction. He was also able to show, by reversing the electric
current in his test, that the direction of the
20. (a) The magnetic field lines are in the incorrect magnetic field depends on the direction of the
direction. The magnetic field lines should flow current. Reversing the direction of the current also
from the north end of the magnet to the south end reverses the direction of the magnetic field.
of the magnet. So the arrowheads need to point in 24. Like charged particles (positive and positive or
the opposite direction. negative and negative) repel each other and unlike
(b) The magnetic field lines should not be equally charged particles (positive and negative) attract
spaced. The magnetic field decreases in strength as each other. This is similar to magnetic poles since
you move away from the magnet, so the magnetic like magnetic poles (north and north or south and
field lines should be increasingly farther apart. south) repel each other and unlike magnetic poles
(c) The north magnetic poles of the magnet should (north and south) attract each other.
be repelling instead of attracting. 25. (a) In the model of conventional current,
21. A magnetic field exerts a force on an iron electric current is directed from the positive
filing. Iron filings are light and can be moved terminal to the negative terminal of a power
independently. When placed in the presence of a source. In the model of electron flow, electric
magnet field, the filings are free to be forced into current is directed from the negative terminal to
position along the magnetic field lines. The pattern the positive terminal of a power source.
of iron filings can be used to visualize the (b) To determine the direction of a magnetic field
magnetic field lines, which helps us understand around a straight wire using the conventional
magnetic fields. current model, the right-hand rule for a straight
22. The Maglev train in Shanghai uses support conductor is used. To determine its direction using
magnets mounted on a train support mechanism the electron flow model, the left-hand rule for a
that curves beneath the track. The support magnets straight conductor is used. The direction of the
are attracted upward toward the bottom of the magnetic field is always the same in both cases.
track, so they experience a magnetic force acting 26. (a) Using the right-hand rule for a straight
vertically upward. This causes the train to levitate. conductor, if the fingers of my right hand curl
The train also has guidance magnets, which exert a counterclockwise on the page, my thumb will point
force horizontally on the steel track to help keep out of the page. So the direction of the current is
the train centred over the track. There is also a out of the page.
magnet on the front of the train that is attracted

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-3

(b) Using the right-hand rule for a straight 32. (a) Answers may vary. Sample answer:
conductor, if my right thumb points in the A solenoid is a conductor that is in the shape of a
direction of the conventional current, which is into coil spring.
the page, then my fingers will curl around the (b)
conductor in a clockwise direction. So the
direction of the magnetic field is clockwise.
27. (a) Using the right-hand rule for a straight
conductor, if my right thumb points in the
direction of the conventional current, which is into
the page, then my fingers will curl around the
conductor in a clockwise direction. So the
direction of the magnetic field is clockwise.
(b) Using the right-hand rule for a straight
conductor, if my right thumb points in the
direction of the conventional current, which is out
of the page, then my fingers will curl around the
conductor in a counterclockwise direction. So the
direction of the magnetic field is counterclockwise. 33. There should be an X in each circle on the
28. (a) The magnetic field lines will be directed to right.
the right across the top of the conductor, so the 34. A solenoid can be used as an electromagnet,
compass needle will point east. that is, an electrically powered bar magnet. The
(b) The magnetic field lines will be directed to the right-hand rule for a solenoid helps us to
left across the top of the conductor, so the compass understand the operation of a solenoid by allowing
needle will point west. us to determine which end of the electromagnet is
29. Using the right-hand rule for a straight a magnetic north pole and which end is a magnetic
conductor, if my right fingers curl around the south pole.
conductor in a clockwise direction, then my thumb 35. (a) The wire will experience a force that is
will point into the page, which is the direction of perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the
the conventional current. So the direction of the direction of the electric current.
current is into the page. (b) If the current is reversed, the wire will
30. Ampère concluded from his experiments that experience a force in the opposite direction to the
two parallel current-carrying wires with opposing force originally experienced by the wire.
currents repel each other. (c)
31. (a) For the two parallel wires to experience a
magnetic force of attraction, the magnetic field
lines between them must point in opposite
directions. For this to happen, the currents in the
wires must both be in the same direction.
(b) If both currents in the wires were reversed, the
currents would still be in the same direction and
produce an attractive magnetic force.
(c) If only one current was changed, the currents
would be in opposite directions. The magnetic
field lines between the wires would now be in the
same direction, so the wires would experience a
repulsive magnetic force.
(d) If the currents were increased, the wires would
experience a greater magnetic force.
(e) If one current were switched off, there would
only be magnetic field lines around the other wire.
There would be no interacting magnetic field lines 36. Figure 6 shows a current-carrying conductor
so there would be no magnetic force between the with the conventional current directed into the
wires. page suspended between the north pole of one

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-4

magnet and the south pole of another magnet. The (b) A split ring commutator was used to make the
magnetic field lines above the conductor are transition between a galvanometer and a DC
pointed in the same direction as the magnetic field motor. The split ring commutator works by
lines between the external magnets. This causes a interrupting the current through the circuit when
repulsion force on the conductor that is directed the wire loop in the DC motor is perpendicular to
downward. The magnetic field lines below the the external magnetic field, and then allowing the
conductor are pointed in the opposite direction to current to flow in the opposite direction through
the magnetic field lines between the external the wire loop once the split ring comes in contact
magnets. This causes an attractive force on the with the circuit again. This allows the wire loop to
conductor that is directed downward. continuously rotate.
It can be seen that the force on the conductor is (c) The diagram should be similar to Figure 2 on
perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the page 567 of the student textbook.
direction of the electric current. The facts that
there is a force on a current-carrying conductor
that cuts across external magnetic field lines, and
that this force is perpendicular to both the
magnetic field and the direction of the current, are
the fundamentals of the motor principle. The
diagram shows one example of this.
37. (a) The right-hand rule for the motor principle
is as follows. To determine the direction of the
force on a current-carrying conductor placed in an
external magnetic field, point the fingers of your
open right hand in the direction of the external
magnetic field and your thumb in the direction of
the conventional current. Your palm will now face
the direction of the force on the conductor.
(b) Your right hand would be flat in a vertical
plane, with your thumb pointing to the right and
your fingers pointed upward. Your palm would be
facing toward you, so that would be the direction
of the force on the conductor. 40. (a) The external magnets are a stationary part
(c) Since the direction of the force is toward you, it of a DC motor and the wire loop is a rotating part
is directed out of the page. of a DC motor.
38. (a) An ammeter contains a galvanometer and it (b) The stationary parts of a DC motor are the
measures current in an electric circuit. A voltmeter stator. The rotating parts of a DC motor are the
contains a galvanometer and it measures electric rotor.
potential difference in an electric circuit. 41. (a) The design of a DC motor can be improved
(b) In an ammeter, a galvanometer is placed in by increasing the number of loops, increasing the
parallel with a resistor that has a much smaller current, or including a soft-iron core.
resistance than the resistance of the galvanometer (b) If increasing the current is taken to an extreme,
itself. The ammeter is then connected in series a large amount of thermal energy will be produced
with the device for which the current is to be as a side effect. This is a risk because too much
measured. In a voltmeter, a galvanometer is placed thermal energy can cause the failure of the
in series with a resistor with a very high resistance. mechanical or electronic system the DC motor is a
The voltmeter is then connected in parallel with part of, or the DC motor itself.
the device for which the voltage is to be measured. 42. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
39. (a) Answers may vary. Sample answer: A split ring commutator with one split is not ideal.
A galvanometer is a meter that measures electric If the split ring is not in contact with the brushes
current using the temporary slight rotation of a before the DC motor is turned on then the motor
coiled conductor. A DC motor is a device that will not work because the circuit is incomplete. To
causes mechanical movement using a coiled overcome this problem, DC motor designers made
conductor that continuously rotates. the split ring commutator have several splits, with

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-5

each segment of the split ring connected by its own point where the strength of the magnetic force
coil to its corresponding segment on the opposite from the conductor is decreased and is less than
side. This ensures a segment of the split ring is the strength of the magnetic force from Earth.
always in contact with the brushes, even when the 47. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
motor is turned off. Advantage of
43. Answers may vary. Sample answer: electromagnet Useful example
Oersted was the first scientist to confirm that can be turned on and off starter motor in a car
electric current in a wire produces magnetic fields. pick things up and then electromagnetic relay
This new knowledge led to further investigation of let go
the magnetic fields produced by current-carrying cause motion and then electric bell
conductors and their applications. Faraday showed reverse the motion
that a magnetic field causes a current-carrying wire 48. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
to move. Subsequent scientists wanted to use the (a) A magnetic latch on a cabinet.
motor principle (the principle that magnetic fields (b) The latch uses its magnetic field to produce a
cause current-carrying conductors to move) to force on a metal piece on the door of the cabinet.
create a device that was electrically powered and (c) The magnet used is a permanent magnet.
created continuous motion. The device these (d)
scientists created was the DC motor, which had a
coiled loop of wire placed between external
magnets. A device called a split ring commutator
allowed the rotating parts of the DC motor to
rotate continuously. Further improvements of the
DC motor design allow modern DC motors to be
powerful, efficient, reliable, and versatile devices
that are found in countless machines and electronic
devices.
44. X-rays provide images of bones in your body 49. (a) The voice coil is surrounded by a
but cannot provide images of soft tissue permanent magnet. Current is directed through the
effectively. X-rays are also potentially harmful if voice coil by the amplifier, which creates a
done too often or during pregnancy. Ultrasound magnetic field that interacts with a permanent
provides good images of soft tissue but cannot magnet’s magnetic field and repels the voice coil
provide images of bones effectively. Magnetic away from the magnet. The amplifier then reverses
resonance imaging technology provides images the direction of the current and the solenoid’s poles
that show both bone and soft tissue in good detail, reverse, causing the voice coil to be attracted
but the machines are very expensive. toward the magnet. The process repeats
continually.
Analysis and Application (b) A high-quality speaker should have a strong
45. Answers may vary. Sample answer: solenoid, so its solenoid should have a large
The aurora borealis is a display of light that is number of loops, a large current, and a core made
caused by charged particles from the Sun from a material that is quickly magnetized.
interacting with Earth’s magnetic field. 50. The magnetic pole on the bottom of the lower
46. (a) This illustrates that magnetic field lines get coil is a magnetic north pole and the magnetic pole
farther apart as you move away from the magnet, on the bottom of the upper coil is a magnetic south
meaning that the magnetic field gets weaker. pole. The shape of the magnetic field at the side of
(b) No matter how the compass is moved, its the bottoms of the cores is similar to that of a
position relative to Earth will barely change. The horseshoe magnet.
magnetic force from Earth’s magnetic field on the 51. With many windings and a large electric
compass needle will be approximately the same at current, the loops in the electromagnet of the MRI
all positions. The needle’s return to Earth’s machine will produce a large amount of thermal
magnetic north pole illustrates that magnetic field energy as a side effect. This is not desirable for an
lines get farther apart as you move away from the MRI machine because the large amount of thermal
magnet. So, when the compass is moved away energy could damage the machine.
from the conductor, it must eventually reach a

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-6

52. The fundamental difference is that the 57. Table 1
magnetic object in a compass is a permanent Increase the Decrease the
magnet and the magnetic object in Faraday’s motor motor
motor is a current-carrying conductor. Variable strength/speed strength/speed
53. The magnetic field lines from the external current increasing decreasing
magnet are directed from the north pole to the number of loops increasing decreasing
type of armature soft-iron no armature
south pole, or from left to right. The conventional
armature
current flowing through the conductor on the left
strength of increasing decreasing
side is directed into the page. Using the right-hand external magnets
rule for the motor principle, the loop (not shown) 58. No, it would not be possible to reverse the
is forced down on this side. The conventional direction of rotation of this motor design.
current flowing through the conductor on the right Reversing the current direction in the external
side is directed out of the page. Using the right- circuit would reverse the direction of the current in
hand rule for the motor principle, the loop (not the electromagnets, causing their poles to switch
shown) is forced up on this side. This indicates that sides. Reversing the current direction in the
the galvanometer needle will rotate to the left. external circuit would also cause the direction of
54. The loop will rotate counterclockwise. The the current through the wire loop to be reversed,
conventional current is directed from the positive and so the magnetic field lines would all still align
terminal toward the brushes, making contact with in the same way and the motor would rotate in the
the split ring commutator on the left side of the same direction.
loop. Charges flow into the left of the loop and exit 59. (a) An electric motor in a gasoline-electric
from the right and flow back to the negative hybrid car runs on a battery stored inside the car
terminal. Using the right-hand rule for the motor and propels the vehicle until the battery runs low.
principle, the force is downward at the left of the (b) An automobile running on an electric motor is
loop and upward at the right of the loop. This will not burning gasoline or diesel fuel, so the
start a counterclockwise rotation. automobile is not polluting the atmosphere
55. The conventional current is directed into the directly.
split ring at the bottom of the armature. As a result, (c) A hybrid car cannot be completely pollution
the charges go down the coil at the front of the coil free for several reasons. If the battery that the
and exit from the split ring through the opposite electric motor runs on is charged by a gasoline
side. Using the right-hand rule for a coil, my engine, then the gasoline engine must be running
fingers go down the coil following the at some point and this produces pollution. If the
conventional current, and myright thumb points battery is not charged by a gasoline motor, then the
right, indicating that the right side of the coil is a electricity used to charge the battery may be
north magnetic pole. For the motor to spin generated using a method that produces pollution.
counterclockwise, the external magnet pole next to Finally, electric motors contain heavy metals,
this end of the coil must repel the armature, so it which can be toxic to living things. If old electric
should be a north pole. So the external magnet pole motors are not disposed of properly, these heavy
on the right should be a north pole and the external metals can pollute the environment.
magnet pole on the left should be a south pole.
56. A variable resistor could be placed in series Evaluation
with a DC motor in a variable speed electric drill
60. Answers may vary. Sample answers:
to control the amount of current entering the
(a) Magnets can be used to attract or repel moving
motor. When the drill is switched on, increasing
metal components in a machine, and in this
the resistance of the variable resistor (by rotating
manner they could be used to slow motion rather
the dial) would decrease the amount of current
than produce motion. This use could be applied to
entering the motor and so would decrease the
design magnetic brakes that replace traditional
speed of the drill. Decreasing the resistance of the
brakes in an automobile.
variable resistor would increase the amount of
current entering the motor and so would increase
the speed of the drill.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-7

(b) One benefit of magnetic brakes over tool drilling, a computer fan cooling, or a DVD
conventional parts is that they can produce a strong player spinning.
stopping force without any wear on the parts, since
the parts of the magnetic brakes do not need to Reflect on Your Learning
come in contact with each other to exert a force. 63. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
One drawback of magnetic brakes is that they are Oersted’s experiment showed that an electric
more expensive to build and maintain than current in a conductor produces a magnetic field.
conventional brakes. This understanding of electromagnetism led to the
(c) Magnets could be used to launch satellites development of the solenoid, a type of
instead of rockets. electromagnet found in many common electric
61. Answers may vary. Sample answer: devices today. Oersted’s experiment also inspired
Comparison of natural magnetic phenomena other scientists to learn more about the connection
and technologies involving magnetism between electricity and magnetism. This led to
Similarities Differences Faraday’s experiment and eventually to the
Earth’s magnetic field A DC motor causes development of the modern DC motor, which is a
is similar in shape to continuous motion, key part of many electric devices that produce
that of an which is usually not mechanical movement.
electromagnet. found with magnetic 64. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
phenomena in nature. Over the course of a day I interacted with the
Earth’s magnetic field An MRI machine following objects that use DC motors: an electric
interacts with particles exposes the human toothbrush; a rotating plate in a microwave; a
from the Sun in the body to strong rotating blade in a blender; a car starter; a
atmosphere. This is magnetic fields. mechanism that operates electric car windows; a
similar to particle Magnetic fields this computer fan, hard drive and an optical disk drive
accelerators strong are usually not in a computer; a DVD drive; a fan in my video
accelerating subatomic found in nature. game console; and a vacuum cleaner.
particles and colliding 65. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
them with a target or Without electromagnetism, car starter motors
other particles. would not work. Cars and trucks would have to be
Some animals can use Magnetic fields are started with a hand crank, which is time-
Earth’s magnetic field used to levitate heavy consuming, unreliable, and potentially dangerous.
to navigate, which is Maglev trains.
similar to the Magnetism in nature Research
technology of a usually does not create 66. Answers may vary. Students should clearly
compass. forces that have such a indicate the topic of their report, how their topic is
dramatic effect. currently being investigated by the LHC, and the
62. Answers may vary. Sample answer: future implications of the research by the LHC.
One innovation that uses electromagnetism is the 67. Answers may vary. Students should compare a
electromagnet. Electromagnetism is used by an mythological explanation of the northern lights to
electromagnet to turn things on and off, pick things a modern scientific explanation of the
up and then let go, or cause motion and then phenomenon.
reverse the motion. Electromagnets impact daily 68. Answers may vary. Topics could include using
life and society by simplifying and enhancing the wireless electricity to power common household
design of some common devices, such as speakers, electric devices, transmitting energy into outer
electric bells, car locking mechanisms, and car space, or the development of new military
starters. Another innovation that uses weapons. Students should indicate how these
electromagnetism is the DC motor. applications could affect our everyday lives. Slide
Electromagnetism is used by a DC motor to cause presentations should be colourful and pages
mechanical movement, usually in the form of a logically laid out for ease of reading. Audio and
rotation. DC motors impact daily life and society narration of each slide could be provided.
by allowing electrical devices to produce 69. Answers may vary. Students’ reports should
mechanical motion, which allows the devices to include a brief history of the company of their
perform a wide range of tasks, such as a power choice, its technological advances or strategies for

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-8

staying competitive, its successes and failures, and
students’ impression of the company’s vehicles.
70. Answers may vary. Students could provide a
list of where or how solenoids are used. Students
should select one use and discuss its application. A
diagram of the solenoid should be provided.
71. Answers may vary. Students’ reports should
include a description of how a mass spectrometer
works and how it uses magnetic fields to separate
compounds or elements in a mixture. Students
should include how the mass spectrometer is used
when attached to a gas chromatograph. A
description of a gas chromatograph should also be
provided, as well as the types of information that
can be obtained from the chromatograph.

Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 12: Electromagnetism 12-9