Q1.Define EST and EFT.

Ans-1 - EST (Earliest Start Time):The earliest time an activity can start
without delay. It is determined by the maximum of the earliest finish times of
its immediate predecessors.

- EFT (Earliest Finish Time): The earliest time an activity can finish. It is
calculated as:

\[

\text{EFT} = \text{EST} + \text{Activity Duration}

\]

Q2. Enlist different types of float.

Ans - Total Float: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without
delaying the project completion time.

- Free Float: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without

delaying the start of any succeeding activity.

- Independent Float: The amount of time an activity can be delayed without

affecting the preceding or succeeding activities.

Q3. Enlist the different time estimates in PERT analysis.

Ans - Optimistic Time (O):The shortest time in which an activity can be

completed if everything goes better than expected.

-Pessimistic Time (P):The longest time an activity might take if everything

goes wrong.

- Most Likely Time (M): The best estimate of the time required to complete
an activity, assuming everything proceeds as normal.

Q4. Briefly explain Central Limit Theorem.

Ans - The Central Limit Theorem states that the distribution of the sum (or
average) of a large number of independent, identically distributed random
variables approaches a normal distribution, regardless of the original
distribution of the variables. This theorem is fundamental in statistics
because it justifies the assumption of normality in many practical situations.

Q5. Explain about Earliest expected Event occurrence time and Latest
allowable Event occurrence time.

Ans - Earliest Expected Event Occurrence Time (TE): The earliest time an
event can occur, considering the completion of preceding activities.

\[

TE = \max(\text{EFT of preceding activities})

\]

- Latest Allowable Event Occurrence Time (TL):The latest time an event can
occur without delaying the project. It is calculated by backward pass, starting
from the project's end event.

\[

TL = \min(\text{LS of succeeding activities})

\]

Q6. Explain any two of the following phases of project management in detail.

Ans - Planning: This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives,
and steps to achieve the goals. It includes resource allocation, budget
planning, and risk management.

- Scheduling: This phase involves defining the timeline of the project,

determining the start and end dates of activities, and sequencing them in
the correct order to ensure project completion within the stipulated time.

- Controlling: This phase involves monitoring the project progress,

comparing actual performance with the planned performance, and taking
corrective actions to ensure the project stays on track.

Q7. Explain the types of time estimates in PERT analysis.

Ans - This question is similar to question 3. The three time estimates in

PERT are:
 - Optimistic Time (O)

- Pessimistic Time (P)

- Most Likely Time (M)

Q8. Explain about Milestone charts in detail with the help of a neat sketch
and also write its advantages and limitations.

Ans - Milestone Chart: A graphical representation of key events or

milestones in a project timeline. Each milestone represents a significant point
in the project.

- Advantages:

- Simplifies complex projects into key events.

- Provides a clear visual representation of project progress.

- Helps in tracking deadlines and ensuring timely completion.

- Limitations:

- Does not show detailed tasks and activities.

- Less useful for large projects with many milestones.

- Does not provide information on resource allocation or dependencies.

Let's address the questions from the second image one by one:

1. **Define EST and EFT.**

- **EST (Earliest Start Time):** The earliest time an activity can start
without delay. It is determined by the maximum of the earliest finish times of
its immediate predecessors.

- **EFT (Earliest Finish Time):** The earliest time an activity can finish. It is
calculated as:

\[

\text{EFT} = \text{EST} + \text{Activity Duration}

\]
2. **Enlist different types of float.**

- **Total Float:** The amount of time an activity can be delayed without

delaying the project completion time.

- **Free Float:** The amount of time an activity can be delayed without

delaying the start of any succeeding activity.

- **Independent Float:** The amount of time an activity can be delayed

without affecting the preceding or succeeding activities.

3. **Enlist the different time estimates in PERT analysis.**

- **Optimistic Time (O):** The shortest time in which an activity can be

completed if everything goes better than expected.

- **Pessimistic Time (P):** The longest time an activity might take if

everything goes wrong.

- **Most Likely Time (M):** The best estimate of the time required to
complete an activity, assuming everything proceeds as normal.

4. **Briefly explain Central Limit Theorem.**

- The Central Limit Theorem states that the distribution of the sum (or
average) of a large number of independent, identically distributed random
variables approaches a normal distribution, regardless of the original
distribution of the variables. This theorem is fundamental in statistics
because it justifies the assumption of normality in many practical situations.

5. **Explain about Earliest expected Event occurrence time and Latest

allowable Event occurrence time.**

- **Earliest Expected Event Occurrence Time (TE):** The earliest time an

event can occur, considering the completion of preceding activities.

\[

TE = \max(\text{EFT of preceding activities})

\]
 - **Latest Allowable Event Occurrence Time (TL):** The latest time an
event can occur without delaying the project. It is calculated by backward
pass, starting from the project's end event.

\[

TL = \min(\text{LS of succeeding activities})

\]

6. **Explain any two of the following phases of project management in

detail.**

- **Planning:** This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives,

and steps to achieve the goals. It includes resource allocation, budget
planning, and risk management.

- **Scheduling:** This phase involves defining the timeline of the project,

determining the start and end dates of activities, and sequencing them in
the correct order to ensure project completion within the stipulated time.

- **Controlling:** This phase involves monitoring the project progress,

comparing actual performance with the planned performance, and taking
corrective actions to ensure the project stays on track.

7. **Explain the types of time estimates in PERT analysis.**

- This question is similar to question 3. The three time estimates in PERT

are:

- Optimistic Time (O)

- Pessimistic Time (P)

- Most Likely Time (M)

8. **Explain about Milestone charts in detail with the help of a neat sketch
and also write its advantages and limitations.**

- **Milestone Chart:** A graphical representation of key events or

milestones in a project timeline. Each milestone represents a significant point
in the project.
 - **Advantages:**

- Simplifies complex projects into key events.

- Provides a clear visual representation of project progress.

- Helps in tracking deadlines and ensuring timely completion.

- **Limitations:**

- Does not show detailed tasks and activities.

- Less useful for large projects with many milestones.

- Does not provide information on resource allocation or dependencies.

Q9 Let's determine the critical path, project completion time, and all the
floats for each activity from the given table.

Ans. Step-by-Step Solution:

Given Activities and Durations:

- A: 7

- B: 5

- C: 10 (Immediate Predecessor: A)

- D: 5 (Immediate Predecessor: A)

- E: 8 (Immediate Predecessor: B)

- F: 6 (Immediate Predecessor: B)

- G: 5 (Immediate Predecessor: C)

- H: 4 (Immediate Predecessor: C)

- I: 10 (Immediate Predecessor: D)

- J: 8 (Immediate Predecessor: F)

- K: 8 (Immediate Predecessor: F)

- L: 9 (Immediate Predecessors: G, H, I, J)

Step 1: Calculate Earliest Start Time (EST) and Earliest Finish Time (EFT)
1. Activity A:

- EST = 0

- EFT = EST + Duration = 0 + 7 = 7

2. Activity B:

- EST = 0

- EFT = EST + Duration = 0 + 5 = 5

3. Activity C:

- EST = EFT of A = 7

- EFT = EST + Duration = 7 + 10 = 17

4. Activity D:

- EST = EFT of A = 7

- EFT = EST + Duration = 7 + 5 = 12

5. Activity E:

- EST = EFT of B = 5

- EFT = EST + Duration = 5 + 8 = 13

6 Activity F:

- EST = EFT of B = 5

- EFT = EST + Duration = 5 + 6 = 11

7. Activity G:

- EST = EFT of C = 17
 - EFT = EST + Duration = 17 + 5 = 22

8. Activity H:

- EST = EFT of C = 17

- EFT = EST + Duration = 17 + 4 = 21

9. Activity I:

- EST = EFT of D = 12

- EFT = EST + Duration = 12 + 10 = 22

10. Activity J:

- EST = EFT of F = 11

- EFT = EST + Duration = 11 + 8 = 19

11. Activity K:

- EST = EFT of F = 11

- EFT = EST + Duration = 11 + 8 = 19

12. Activity L:

- EST = Max(EFT of G, H, I, J) = Max(22, 21, 22, 19) = 22

- EFT = EST + Duration = 22 + 9 = 31

Step 2: Calculate Latest Start Time (LST) and Latest Finish Time (LFT)
(Backward Pass)

1. **Activity L:**

- LFT = Project Completion Time = 31

- LST = LFT - Duration = 31 - 9 = 22

2. **Activity G:**

- LFT = LST of L = 22

- LST = LFT - Duration = 22 - 5 = 17

3. **Activity H:**

- LFT = LST of L = 22

- LST = LFT - Duration = 22 - 4 = 18

4. **Activity I:**

- LFT = LST of L = 22

- LST = LFT - Duration = 22 - 10 = 12

5. **Activity J:**

- LFT = LST of L = 22

- LST = LFT - Duration = 22 - 8 = 14

6. **Activity K:**

- LFT = Min(LST of J) = 14

- LST = LFT - Duration = 14 - 8 = 6

7. **Activity C:**

- LFT = Min(LST of G, H) = Min(17, 18) = 17

- LST = LFT - Duration = 17 - 10 = 7

8. **Activity D:**

- LFT = LST of I = 12
 - LST = LFT - Duration = 12 - 5 = 7

9. **Activity E:**

- LFT = Min(LST of succeeding activities) = ∞

- LST = LFT - Duration = ∞ - 8 = ∞ (Not on critical path)

10. **Activity F:**

- LFT = Min(LST of J, K) = Min(14, 6) = 6

- LST = LFT - Duration = 6 - 6 = 0

11. **Activity A:**

- LFT = Min(LST of C, D) = Min(7, 7) = 7

- LST = LFT - Duration = 7 - 7 = 0

12. **Activity B:**

- LFT = Min(LST of E, F) = Min(∞, 0) = 0

- LST = LFT - Duration = 0 - 5 = -5 (Not on critical path)

Step 3: Identify Critical Path

The critical path is the longest path through the network, which determines
the project duration.

- **Path 1: A → C → G → L**

- Duration: 7 + 10 + 5 + 9 = 31

- **Path 2: A → D → I → L**

- Duration: 7 + 5 + 10 + 9 = 31
Both paths have a total duration of 31, so they are the critical paths.

Step 4: Calculate Floats

- **Total Float (TF) = LFT - EFT**

- **Free Float (FF) = EST of next activity - EFT**

**Critical Activities (TF and FF = 0):**

- A, C, D, G, I, L

**Non-Critical Activities (Compute TF and FF):**

- B, E, F, H, J, K

For these calculations, the values for some activities may not be meaningful
because they are not on the critical path.

Summary

- **Critical Path:** A → C → G → L and A → D → I → L

- **Project Completion Time:** 31

- **Floats:** (Critical path activities have zero float)

Q10 A Detailed Project Report (DPR) is a comprehensive, in-depth document

that outlines the various aspects of a proposed project. It provides detailed
information on the project's objectives, scope, planning, financing, risks, and
implementation strategies. The DPR is essential for securing approvals and
funding, as it demonstrates the feasibility and potential impact of the project.

Guidelines for Preparing a Detailed Project Report

1. **Executive Summary**:

- Brief overview of the project.

- Key highlights and critical points.

- Summary of objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

2. **Introduction**:

- Background and context of the project.

- Need and justification for the project.

- Objectives and scope of the project.

3. **Project Description**:

- Detailed description of the project components.

- Technological and methodological approaches.

- Location and site analysis.

- Design and layout plans.

4. **Market Analysis**:

- Demand and supply assessment.

- Target market identification.

- Competitive analysis.

- Marketing and sales strategies.

5. **Technical Feasibility**:

- Technical requirements and specifications.

- Process flow and technology selection.

- Resource and raw material availability.

 - Environmental impact assessment and mitigation measures.

6. **Financial Analysis**:

- Cost estimates and budget.

- Revenue projections and financial forecasts.

- Funding sources and financial structuring.

- Break-even analysis and return on investment (ROI).

7. **Implementation Plan**:

- Project schedule and timelines.

- Milestones and deliverables.

- Resource allocation and management plan.

- Risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

8. **Management and Organizational Structure**:

- Governance and management team.

- Roles and responsibilities.

- Project management practices and tools.

9. **Legal and Regulatory Compliance**:

- Regulatory requirements and approvals.

- Compliance with local, state, and national laws.

- Risk management and contingency plans.

10. **Monitoring and Evaluation**:

- Key performance indicators (KPIs).

- Monitoring and evaluation framework.

 - Reporting and documentation processes.

11. **Conclusion**:

- Summary of the DPR.

- Emphasis on the project's feasibility and benefits.

- Final recommendations and next steps.