employees :

employee_id first_name last_name department salary

1 John Doe Sales 50000

2 Jane Smith Marketing 60000

3 Emily Johnson Sales 55000

4 Michael Brown IT 75000

5 Sarah Davis Marketing 62000

Now, let's list the possible SELECT queries along with their notes, syntax, examples, and outputs
for the employees table:

1. Basic SELECT
Note: Retrieve data from a database.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees;

Output:

2. SELECT ALL
Note: Retrieve all columns.
Syntax: SELECT * FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT * FROM employees;

Output:

3. SELECT DISTINCT
Note: Retrieve unique values.
 Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT column1 FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees;

Output:

4. WHERE Clause
Note: Filter records.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';

Output:

5. ORDER BY Clause
Note: Sort results.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC|DESC;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees ORDER BY last_name ASC;

Output:

6. LIMIT Clause
Note: Limit the number of records.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name LIMIT number;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees LIMIT 3;

Output:
 7. JOINs
Note: Combine rows from two or more tables.
Inner Join Syntax: SELECT columns FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.common_
column = table2.common_column;
Example:

Sql

SELECT employees.first_name, departments.department_name

FROM employees
INNER JOIN departments ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id

Output: This example assumes the presence of another table departments with depart
ment_id and department_name columns.

8. GROUP BY Clause
Note: Group rows that have the same values.
Syntax: SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;
Example:

Sql

SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department;

Output:

9. HAVING Clause
Note: Filter groups.
Syntax: SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1 HAVING conditi
on;
Example:

Sql

SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING COUNT(*

Output:

10. Aggregation Functions

Note: Perform calculations on data.
 Syntax: SELECT AGG_FUNC(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;

Output:

11. SUM Function

Note: Calculate the sum of a column.

Syntax: SELECT SUM(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;

Output:

12. MIN Function

Note: Find the minimum value.
Syntax: SELECT MIN(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees;

Output:
13. MAX Function
Note: Find the maximum value.
Syntax: SELECT MAX(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;

Output:

14. COUNT Function

Note: Count the number of rows.
Syntax: SELECT COUNT(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;

Output:

15. LIKE Operator

Note: Search for a pattern.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column LIKE pattern;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE 'S%';

Output:

16. IN Operator
Note: Specify multiple possible values.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column IN (value1, va
lue2, ...);
Example:

Sql
 SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department IN ('Sales', 'IT

Output:

17. BETWEEN Operator

Note: Select values within a range.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column BETWEEN value1
AND value2;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 60

Output:

18. IS NULL
Note: Test for null values.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column IS NULL;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department IS NULL;

Output:

19. IS NOT NULL

Note: Test for non-null values.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE column IS NOT NULL;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department IS NOT NULL;

Output:

20. String Functions - CONCAT

Note: Concatenate two or more strings.
 Syntax: SELECT CONCAT(string1, string2, ...) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name FROM employees;

Output:

21. String Functions - LENGTH

Note: Get the length of a string.
Syntax: SELECT LENGTH(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, LENGTH(first_name) AS name_length FROM employees;

Output:

22. String Functions - SUBSTRING

Note: Extract a substring.
Syntax: SELECT SUBSTRING(column, start, length) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, SUBSTRING(first_name, 1, 2) AS short_name FROM employees;

Output:

23. String Functions - UPPER

Note: Convert string to uppercase.
Syntax: SELECT UPPER(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, UPPER(first_name) AS upper_name FROM employees;

Output:
24. String Functions - LOWER
Note: Convert string to lowercase.
Syntax: SELECT LOWER(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, LOWER(first_name) AS lower_name FROM employees;

Output:

25. Date Functions - CURRENT_DATE

Note: Get the current date.
Syntax: SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
Example:

Sql

SELECT CURRENT_DATE AS today;

Output:

26. Date Functions - DATE_FORMAT

Note: Format date values.
Syntax: SELECT DATE_FORMAT(column, format) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%W, %d %M %Y') AS current_date FROM em

Output:

27. Date Functions - DAY

Note: Extract the day of the month.
Syntax: SELECT DAY(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql
 SELECT first_name, DAY(NOW()) AS day_of_month FROM employees;

Output:

28. Date Functions - MONTH

Note: Extract the month.
Syntax: SELECT MONTH(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, MONTH(NOW()) AS month_of_year FROM employees;

Output:

29. Date Functions - YEAR

Certainly! Let's continue from where we left off:

29. Date Functions - YEAR
Note: Extract the year.
Syntax: SELECT YEAR(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, YEAR(NOW()) AS current_year FROM employees;

Output:

30. Date Functions - HOUR

Note: Extract the hour.
Syntax: SELECT HOUR(column) FROM table_name;
Example:
 Sql

SELECT first_name, HOUR(NOW()) AS current_hour FROM employees;

Output:

31. Date Functions - MINUTE

Note: Extract the minute.
Syntax: SELECT MINUTE(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, MINUTE(NOW()) AS current_minute FROM employees;

Output:

32. Date Functions - SECOND

Note: Extract the second.
Syntax: SELECT SECOND(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, SECOND(NOW()) AS current_second FROM employees;

Output:

33. Mathematical Functions - ABS

Note: Return the absolute value.
Syntax: SELECT ABS(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT ABS(-salary) AS absolute_salary FROM employees;

Output:

34. Mathematical Functions - ROUND

Note: Round to a specified number of decimal places.
 Syntax: SELECT ROUND(column, decimals) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, ROUND(salary, -3) AS rounded_salary FROM employees;

Output:

35. Mathematical Functions - FLOOR

Note: Round down to the nearest integer.
Syntax: SELECT FLOOR(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, FLOOR(salary / 1000) AS salary_in_thousands FROM employees

Output:

36. Mathematical Functions - CEIL

Note: Round up to the nearest integer.
Syntax: SELECT CEIL(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, CEIL(salary / 1000) AS salary_in_thousands FROM employees;

Output:

37. Mathematical Functions - POWER

Note: Raise a number to the power of another number.
Syntax: SELECT POWER(column, exponent) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, POWER(salary, 2) AS salary_squared FROM employees;

 Output:

38. Mathematical Functions - SQRT

Note: Return the square root.
Syntax: SELECT SQRT(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, SQRT(salary) AS salary_sqrt FROM employees;

Output:

39. Mathematical Functions - LOG

Note: Return the natural logarithm.
Syntax: SELECT LOG(column) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, LOG(salary) AS salary_log FROM employees;

Output:

40. Case Statement

Note: Perform conditional logic.
Syntax: SELECT CASE WHEN condition THEN result ELSE result END FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, salary,

CASE
WHEN salary < 55000 THEN 'Low'
WHEN salary >= 55000 AND salary < 70000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'High'
END AS salary_range
FROM employees;

Output:

41. Subquery
 Note: Query within another query.
Syntax: SELECT column1, (SELECT column2 FROM table_name2 WHERE condition) AS ali
as FROM table_name1;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, salary,

(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees) AS avg_salary
FROM employees;

Output:

42. Correlated Subquery

Note: Subquery that references columns from the outer query.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name1 WHERE column3 = (SELECT column4
FROM table_name2 WHERE condition);
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, salary

FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees e2 WHERE e1.department = e2

Output:

43. UNION
Note: Combine the results of two queries.
Syntax: `SELECT

Certainly! Here are commands 43 to 50:

43. UNION
Note: Combine the results of two queries.
 Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name1 UNION SELECT column1, column2 F
ROM table_name2;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'

UNION
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'IT';

Output:

44. EXCEPT
Note: Return distinct rows from the first query that are not present in the second query.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name1 EXCEPT SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name2;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'

EXCEPT
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Doe';

Output:

45. INTERSECT
Note: Return distinct rows that are common to both queries.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name1 INTERSECT SELECT column1, colum
n2 FROM table_name2;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'

INTERSECT
SELECT first_name, last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Johnson';

Output:

46. Self JOIN

Note: Join a table to itself.
 Syntax: SELECT a.column1, b.column2 FROM table_name a, table_name b WHERE a.comm
on_column = b.common_column;
Example:

Sql

SELECT a.first_name AS Employee1, b.first_name AS Employee2

FROM employees a, employees b
WHERE a.department = b.department AND a.employee_id != b.employee_id;

Output:

47. FULL OUTER JOIN

Note: Return all rows when there is a match in one of the tables.
Syntax: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON table1.com
mon_column = table2.common_column;
Example:

Sql

SELECT a.first_name, b.department_name

FROM employees a
FULL OUTER JOIN departments b ON a.department_id = b.department_id;

Output: This example assumes the presence of another table departments with depart
ment_id and department_name columns.

48. NATURAL JOIN

Note: Join tables based on all columns with the same name and datatypes.
Syntax: SELECT columns FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2;
Example:

Sql

SELECT * FROM employees NATURAL JOIN departments;

Output: This example assumes the presence of another table departments with commo
n columns.

49. CROSS JOIN

Note: Return the Cartesian product of two tables.
Syntax: SELECT columns FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
 Example:

Sql

SELECT a.first_name, b.department_name

FROM employees a
CROSS JOIN departments b;

Output: This example assumes the presence of another table departments with depart
ment_id and department_name columns.

50. COALESCE
Note: Return the first non-null value.
Syntax: SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2, ...) FROM table_name;
Example:

Sql

SELECT first_name, COALESCE(NULL, salary, 0) AS effective_salary FROM employe

Output: