9/3/2024

Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 1
Functions

Slide - 1
 Section 1.2
Combining Functions;
Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Examples Exercises
1, 2, 3, 4(c) 2, 4, 18

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In this section we look at the main ways functions are
combined or transformed to form new functions.

± ,× ,÷ , °

reflecting
Shifting

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Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients

Two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 can be combined to form new functions 𝑓 ± 𝑔, 𝑓𝑔

and 𝑓/𝑔 , 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 as follows:

1 𝑓 ± 𝑔) (𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) remark
If 𝐷 = 𝐴 , 𝐷 = 𝐵 then:
𝑓 𝑔

2 𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥)
1 𝐷𝑓±𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 Df
l Dg

3
𝑓
𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑥 2 𝐷𝑓⋅𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
1 m
,

3 𝐷𝑓∕𝑔 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 − {𝑥: 𝑔 𝑥 = 0}
4 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = (𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )
4 𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

5 𝐷𝑔 ∘𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔∘𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑓

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 -E
Example 1 c 𝑔 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥

20 13
1Dg
P -f D+
=
= ,

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥.
Find each function and its domain:
-
x)

𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔 𝑥 = x
x70
d
-

x
a 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
= xi -

+ Nx
13
Pf .

g
=
DflDg
= 20 ,

Df 1 Dg
d
Co 1]
Dag
=

"
,
-j 1
01(
- - 8
,
20
~
e 𝑓 𝑥
o
,

50 ,
1

𝑔 𝑥
b 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 E Nx 2x g(x)
:
03 =

DflDg
-

Fig
-

20 1)
= 17 -
[17 = .

20
20 13 ,

Dyg Dy 1Dg
= ,
=
1)n(0 , d)
𝑔 𝑥 Ex C - 0 ,

f -

70
10 , 13

𝑓 𝑥 03
9 (x)
=

Pgf DgMDf-Ex
:
=

[02 = 10 , 17
[0 13
-

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 Exercise 2

Find the domains of 𝑓 , 𝑔 , 𝑓 + 𝑔 and 𝑓. 𝑔 . flg , glf

[1 0)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 D1Dg = ,

T
17 8
x+
130 x
-
,

xy
- 1 x 3 ) [
!
a) 0)
Dj = C - 1 ,
Dg
= [1 ,

fig rutte
f -

gre fig gl
[1 0) Dyg =
D1Dg-E] Dgif =
DD-[]
Pag
=
[1 d)
,
Do .

g
= ,

= (1 , 0)
-
[] = (1 ,
a) -
[ 1)-

a)
[1 0 (1 ,
D 1Dg
=
0)
= ,

[1 0
D 1Dg ,
(1
= ,
= ,
,
T
T !
[
!

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Exercise 4
𝑓 𝑔
Find the domains of 𝑓 , 𝑔 , and .
𝑔 𝑓
B= D=

𝑓 𝑥 =1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥
(0 0)
M1(0 a)
= ,
,

R 20 , %)
Df =

Dg =

Df1Dg =R 1(0 0) ,
= 50 ,
9)

+
1 + v
figca)
:

9(f(x)
=
1
I

D4g =
Df1Dg -
E D9 =
Dg1Df -
E
(7 = 50 % 50 %
[0 0)
,
-
,

[0 0)
,
-
(7 =
,

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 Composite Functions
-s
Definition -

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions, the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 (“f composed

with g”) is defined by
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 )

The domain of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 consists of the numbers

𝑥 in the domain of g for which 𝑔(𝑥) lies in
the domain of 𝑓.

𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔
Dnew

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Composite Functions

& &

A composite function f g uses the output g ( x)

of the first function g as the input for the second function f.

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 Example 2
1 D /R spoly
-

D = [0 ,8) =

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 . Write formula for

𝑎 𝑓∘𝑔 𝑥 𝑏 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑐 𝑓∘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑 (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
and find the domain of each.
(fof)(x) (gog)(x)
(fog)(2) (gof)(2) 1)
g(g(x) g(x
+

f(v)
=

f(g(x) f(x 1) g(f(x) g((z)f(f(x)

=
poly
+ x+ 2
=

(x+ 1)
+1

-=
= =

= R

=
Nut =ohik Drew 0 =
=
go ,
7,
0 Drew

Dg
Prew xx -1
(-1 , %) Dnew = (0 , a)
& Df Pog=Drew
Pfog Dnew
=

MIR
=

1 IR
D Den Pf 0) =

(0 a) 150
=

Pog Den B gof

= ,
= ,

IR
[0, 8) 150 0) =

[0 0)
= ,

1 a) MIR =
,
c
[0 0)
=
-
,
=
,

(-1 d)
=
,

𝐷𝑓 ∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 ∩ 𝐷𝑔

𝐷𝑔 ∘𝑓 = 𝐷𝑔∘𝑓 ∩ 𝐷𝑓

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 Example

Find the domain of 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 where

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
R [0 a) ,

50 a)
IR150 , 8)
= ,
D
- 1Dg =

f(q(z) f (g()g(f(x)) =
= g(f(x)
IR
(v) = (1) Duew =

g(x))
=

f(r) =

IR Drew 1 Df
Dnew Dgof
=
=

Dnew & Dg IR 1 IR
Pog
: =

0)
R1(0 ,
= R
(0 , a
=

Notice that if f 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙 then 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙. However, the domain

of 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟎, ∞ , not −∞, ∞ , since 𝒙 requires 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎.
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Exercise 18

(a) Write formulas for 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

(b) Find the domain of each.
[0 9)
*
,
IR
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥
In So,
stof (x) :

I
9
fog(x) :
g(f(x)) = g(x2)
f(1 (a) V 1 1x
f(g(x))
-
=
1
-

= -

=
IRMIR

Ex)2 Dnew IR :
=
(1 -

x
2
Dgof
+
- 1 :
Dnew 1 Df
-

IRM [0 , c) IR
Dnew" [0 a)
,
IRAR = IR

Dnew 1 Dg
Dfog -

50 , 01[0 a) (0, ,
-

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 Left Right
P
Pf(x c) f(x
c)- Shift -
+
J
R R R
Vertical y
Horizotualy
c)(a + c b+ c) S
(a , b)(a c,b
-
,
S Right
Left
-

(a +c , 0) Up down f(x
- C
40)
(a 0)(a f(x c)
-

L +
,
b , a
+
c)f(x) + f(x) -

c)
( a a)(
-

0
, a
-
-

Domain change
-
,
same
Domain ·

Domains
·

·
Range change ·
Range same

Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Rangel
R
R -
f(x) + c f(x)
R
R R
b 3)
+ 2 (a
c -

b)(a +c, b
-
,

(a ,
a)(a
49) reflecting
(a 9)(a
-

,
+ c,
a
-
C
c)) e

Shifting
-
+
0 ,a
(
(-0 b)
-

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 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose 𝑘 > 0. To obtain the graph of

Vertical Shifts >

-
Range changes
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units upward.

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑐, shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units downward.

Horizontal Shifts >

- Domain changes

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐), shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units to the right.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐), shift the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) a distance 𝑘 units the left.

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 x2 + 2 x2 + 1

Shift vertical (up) shift vertical (up)

Example 3 R R
#
D
#
=
D =

R = [1, 50) R = [1 ,a)

(a) Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2,
sketch the graph and then find the
domain and the range of the following functions x2 2
(down)
-

shift vertical
D = R
2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3) , 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 2
R = 1-
2 , 0) #

(x + 3)2 (x -
2)]
Shifthorize
shift horiz (Right
D= R +
R = 00.0

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 Example 3
Cinnamon

(b) Consider the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , sketch the graph and then find
the domain and the range of the following functions
Shift Lunits (Horiz to
right)
-3 + 3
·

down (
2] Shift 1 unit (Vertical
x xt (- 2 , 𝑦= 𝑥−2 −1 ·

y =

IR (same
47 D =

~ R 10
= ,
&) instead of
R = ( = 1 ,
[0 , 0

y = (x + 3)
y (x -
3)2 Left
Shift horiz
=

Shift horiz Right 3 units of

Cara
-

D C 5 , 1)
aph)
- -
-

3 units
fu
=

R (0 , 4]
-

D= (15)
R = (0 , 47

·
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Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting Formulas
= Y - --

I
N -
=

Y
[0, 0
P = Co a)
, reflect x ax
is reflect y
axis
Horizont
vertically

For c = −1, the graph is reflected:

↑
0]
#
X 1D = ( 0,
D = [0 , a)
- -

x -
1R = c- 0 , 0] R = (0 , %)

y = − f ( x) Reflects the graph of f across the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

y = f (− x) Reflects the graph of f across the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Reflecto
&
Horizontal
-y
Vertical

I
axis
- about X axis about y

- f( 2) =

f(x) y
=

y =
change
=

· Domain
·
Range Change same
·
Range
·
Domain same

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 Example 4 (c)

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥. Sketch the graph then find the domain and the range of:
𝑔 𝑥 =− 𝑥+1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 1
= [0, 0
2-
J
1
1
I
↓ ver
or ver
1 unit up
P = Co a)
.

Ver
UP
Reflect x Axis Shift 1 unit azis Shift
Reflect y
, 0, 0
D [0 , 0) D [0 , a) 0) D= C
-
= =
D= ( - a,

R= ( 0 1) R [1 %) R <1 @)
,
0)
-

, =
[0 = ,
-

or R = ,

- -
1

I ver
u ver

Shift down 1 unit

Reflect axis
D 20 , a)
= D 20 , a)
=

0)p ( 0 ,- 1)
R= (
-
- 0, =

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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS

OUTSIDE INTSIDE

𝒚- VALUES OR VERTICAL j5Y ,

𝒙- VALUES OR HORIZONTAL

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑓 𝑥+𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓 𝑥−𝑘 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

−𝑓 𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

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 HOMEWORK

1,3,5(a,c,g),23,25,57 (a,b,f)

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