COURSE CODE.

QUEZON CITY UNIVERSITY

Effective Date
COURSE TITLE: INFORMATION SYSTEMS (LABORATORY) JANUARY 2024

LESSON 1

COURSE TOPIC: OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Identify the work process of an information systems; and

2. Understand the types of information systems.

CONTENT / DELIVERY

Data is nothing but facts and statistics stored or free flowing over a network, generally it's raw
and unprocessed. For example: When you visit any website, they might store you IP address,
that is data, in return they might add a cookie in your browser, marking you that you visited
the website, that is data, your name, it's data, your age, it's data.

Data becomes information when it is processed, turning it into something meaningful. Like,
based on the cookie data saved on user's browser, if a website can analyse that generally
men of age 20-25 visit us more, that is information, derived from the data collected.

A Database is a collection of related data organised in a way that data can be easily
accessed, managed and updated. Database can be software based or hardware based, with
one sole purpose, storing data.

During early computer days, data was collected and stored on tapes, which were mostly write-
only, which means once data is stored on it, it can never be read again. They were slow and
bulky, and soon computer scientists realised that they needed a better solution to this
problem.

What is DBMS?

A DBMS is a software that allows creation, definition and manipulation of database, allowing users to store,
process and analyse data easily. DBMS provides us with an interface or a tool, to perform various operations
like creating database, storing data in it, updating data, creating tables in the database and a lot more.

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DBMS also provides protection and security to the databases. It also maintains data
consistency in case of multiple users.

Here are some examples of popular DBMS used these days:

 MySql
 Oracle
 SQL Server
 IBM DB2
 PostgreSQL
 Amazon SimpleDB (cloud based) etc.

Characteristics of Database Management System

A database management system has following characteristics:

1. Data stored into Tables: Data is never directly stored into the database. Data is
stored into tables, created inside the database. DBMS also allows to have
relationships between tables which makes the data more meaningful and connected.
You can easily understand what type of data is stored where by looking at all the
tables created in a database.
2. Reduced Redundancy: In the modern world hard drives are very cheap, but earlier
when hard drives were too expensive, unnecessary repetition of data in database
was a big problem. But DBMS follows Normalisation which divides the data in such
a way that repetition is minimum.
3. Data Consistency: On Live data, i.e. data that is being continuosly updated and
added, maintaining the consistency of data can become a challenge. But DBMS
handles it all by itself.
4. Support Multiple user and Concurrent Access: DBMS allows multiple users to
work on it(update, insert, delete data) at the same time and still manages to maintain
the data consistency.
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5. Query Language: DBMS provides users with a simple Query language, using which
data can be easily fetched, inserted, deleted and updated in a database.
6. Security: The DBMS also takes care of the security of data, protecting the data from
un-authorised access. In a typical DBMS, we can create user accounts with different
access permissions, using which we can easily secure our data by restricting user
access.
7. DBMS supports transactions, which allows us to better handle and manage data
integrity in real world applications where multi-threading is extensively used.

Component of Database Management System

The database management system can be divided into five major components, they
are:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. Database Access Language

Types of Database Model

A Database model defines the logical design and structure of a database. It defines how data will
be stored, accessed, and updated in a database management system.

 As per your application's requirement, you can use a database model to define your
database.

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1. The database model sets the rule, relationships, constraints, etc. to define how
data is stored in the database.
2. It's like creating a blueprint of your Database.
3. There are different types of Database models and each one has its own set of
features.
4. You can define how you want to structure the application data using a database
model.

1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Entity-relationship Model
4. Relational Model
5. Object-oriented Model
6. NoSQL Model
7. Graph Model

Hierarchical Model

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The Network Model is an extension of the Hierarchical model.

 In this model, data is organized more like a graph, and allowed to have more
than one parent node.
 In the network database model, data is more related as more relationships are
established in this database model.
 Also, as the data is more related, hence accessing the data is also
easier and fast.
 This database model uses many-to-many data relationships.
 Integrated Data Store (IDS) is based on this database model.
 This was the most widely used database model before Relational Model was
introduced.
 The implementation of the Network model is complex, and it's very difficult to
maintain it.
 The Network model is difficult to modify also.
 You may want to explore this if you are developing some social networking
applications, although the Graph Database model is new and is far better than
the Network Database model.

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3. Entity-relationship Model

 In this database model, relationships are created by dividing objects of interest

into entities and their characteristics into attributes.
 Different entities are related using relationships.
 ER Models are defined to represent the relationships in pictorial form to make it
easier for different stakeholders to understand.
 This model is good to design a database, which can then be turned into tables in
a relational model (explained below).
 Let's take an example, If we have to design a School Database, then
the Student will be an entity with attributes name, age, address, etc. As
an Address is generally complex, it can be
another entity with attributes street, pincode, city, etc, and there will be a
relationship between them.
 Relationships can also be of different types. You can learn about ER Diagrams in
detail if you want to learn about entities and relationships.

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4. Relational Model

 In this model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables and the relationship is

maintained by storing a common field.
 This model was introduced by E.F Codd in 1970, and since then it has been the
most widely used database model.
 The basic structure of data in the relational model is tables. All the information
related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table.
 Hence, tables are also known as relations in the relational model.
 You can design tables, normalize them to reduce data redundancy,
and use Structured Query language or SQL to access data from the tables.
 Some of the most popular databases are based on this database model. For
example, Oracle, MySQL, etc.

5. Object-oriented Model

 In this model, data is stored in the form of objects.

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 The behavior of the object-oriented database model is just like object-oriented

programming.
 A very popular example of an Object Database management system
or ODBMS is MongoDB which is also a NoSQL database.
 This database model is not mature enough as compared to the relational
database model.

6. NoSQL Model

 The NoSQL database model supports an unstructured style of storing data.

 Data is stored as documents.
 The documents look more like JSON strings or Key-value based object
representations.
 It provides a flexible schema.
 It does provide features like indexing, relationships between data, etc.
 The support for data querying is limited in the NoSQL database model.
 This database model is well-suited for Big data applications, real-time analytics,
CMS (Content Management systems), etc.

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7. Graph Model

 The Graph database model is based on more real-world like relationships.

 Data is represented using Nodes or entities.
 The nodes are related using edges.
 The popular database Neo4j is based on the Graph database model.
 If your application has simple data requirements, then you should not use the
graph database model.
 In modern applications like social networks, recommendation systems, etc. the
graph database model is well-suited.

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Basic Concepts of ER Model

Entity-relationship model is a model used for design and representation of relationships

between data.

The main data objects are termed as Entities, with their details defined as attributes, some
of these attributes are important and are used to identity the entity, and different entities are
related using relationships.

 Entity and Entity Set

 What are Attributes? And Types of Attributes.

 Keys

 Relationships

Let's take an example to explain everything. For a School

Management Software, we will have to
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store Student information, Teacher information, Classes, Subjects tau

ght in each class etc.

ER Model: Entity and Entity Set

Considering the above example, Student is an entity, Teacher is an

entity, similarly, Class, Subject etc are also entities.

An Entity is generally a real-world object which has characteristics and

holds relationships in a DBMS.

If a Student is an Entity, then the complete dataset of all the students

will be the Entity Set

R Model: Attributes

If a Student is an Entity, then student's roll no., student's name,

student's age, student's gender etc will be its attributes.

An attribute can be of many types, here are different types of

attributes defined in ER database model:

1. Simple attribute: The attributes with values that are atomic and
cannot be broken down further are simple attributes. For
example, student's age.

2. Composite attribute: A composite attribute is made up of more

than one simple attribute. For example, student's address will
contain, house no., street name, pincode etc.

3. Derived attribute: These are the attributes which are not

present in the whole database management system, but are
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derived using other attributes. For example, average age of

students in a class.

4. Single-valued attribute: As the name suggests, they have a

single value.

5. Multi-valued attribute: And, they can have multiple values.

ER Model: Keys

If the attribute roll no. can uniquely identify a student entity, amongst
all the students, then the attribute roll no. will be said to be a key.

Following are the types of Keys:

1. Super Key

2. Candidate Key

3. Primary Key
https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/er-model-concepts.php

Formative Assessment

Instructions. Identify the following given statement. From the given box below, identify their common type of
information systems, choices are as follows:

A. Operation Support Systems B. Management Support Systems C. Office Automation

System

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1.Transaction Processing 4.Management Information 7.Electronic Message

Systems Systems Communication Systems
2.Process Control Systems 5.Decision Support Systems 8.Electronic Document
Management Systems
3.Enterprise Collaboration 6.Expert Information Systems 9.Teleconferecing/Video
Systems Conferencing Systems

1. ________ 6. ________
2. ________ 7. ________
3. ________ 8. ________
4. ________ 9. ________
5. ________

Summative Test

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ___________

Year / Section: ___________________________________ Score: __________

Instruction: Select the letter of the correct answer. (2 points each)

Q1 – Which component of an IS revolves around the storage and collection of data which can be used
for organization and analysis?
A.) Database
B.) Hardware
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C.) Procedure
D.) Networks

Q2 – Mr. Shark serves as a service crew for a popular fast-food joint. Every day, he would use a system
to process a customer’s order. What type of IS is Mr. Shark using?
A.) Management Information System
B.) Executive Information System
C.) Transaction Processing System
D.) Decision Support System
Q3 – Which of the following is least likely considered as an IS?
A.) The recording of customer information and records using logbooks and filing cabinets
B.) Performing business forecast through a company application
C.) The collection of employee attendance from time monitoring system
D.) Processing of orders through a mobile application

Q4 – This component of Information Systems is considered as the controlling mechanism in order for
the whole system to function properly.
A.) Hardware
B.) Software
C.) Procedure
D.) Human Resource

Q5 – If Mr. Impostor, a CEO, needed a summarized data analysis from all his company’s branches
around the world, in order to formulate a new business plan for future operations, what type of IS
would best suit his decision?
A. Decision Support System
B. Executive Information System
C. Management Information System
D. Transaction Processing System

Feedback (Self-Assessment)

Instructions.

Complete this feedback form individually at the end of the lab and hand it to the lab assistant
when you finish. Your feedback is essential for improving the labs. Each student should hand in
a feedback form. Do not cooperate on completing the form.

You do not need to put your name on the feedback form. Your feedback will be evaluated the
same way regardless of whether your name is on it or not. Your name is valuable to us in case

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you have made and comments in the last section that need clarifications or otherwise warrant a
follow-up.

For each section, please rate the following (range 1 to 5 in all cases).

 Difficulty: Rate the degree of difficulty (1=too easy, 5=too difficult)

 Learning: Rate your learning experience (1=learned nothing, 5=learned a lot).
 Interest: Rate your interest level after completing the part (1=no interest, 5=high interest).
 Time: How long did the part take to complete (in minutes)?

Criteria Difficult Learning Interest Time

(minutes)
1. Support of Information Systems
2.Concepts of information systems
and the systems project
3. Pedagogical content of systems
project and information systems

Note: Deadline of submission until 6pm tonight January 19, 2023.

Prepared by:

Dr. Ronaldo S. Tinio

Professorial Lecturer

LESSON 2: CREATING A DATABASE

Intended Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students:

1. learn how to realize a data model as a relational database in Microsoft Access; and
2. identify the data modeling, tables, attributes, and foreign keys as explained in User Interface
Design.

Discussion:

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In Microsoft Access a database consists of one single file. The file contains all the tables of the database,
the relationships (the crow's feet), queries (computed tables), forms (user windows), and many other things.
As a systems developer you will design tables and user windows. As a user you will enter data into the
tables (usually through user windows) and get data out of the tables, for instance through the same windows
or through printed reports.

Simulation

Create a database
1. Locate the Access program. Depending on the way the system is set up, you may find it under Programs
-> Microsoft Access or Programs -> Microsoft Office -> Microsoft Access.
2. In Access 2013 and 2015: Open Access and ask for a "blank" database.
Open Access and click the New icon (under the File menu). Then click Blank database in the help area to
the far right.
3. Access now asks where to store the new database. Select the folder you want and give the database
the name dbEngg.accdb.

Figure 1.0 Creating a database

Define a table
4. Double click on Create table in Design view. Now you get a window as shown on Figure 2. Here you
define the fields (attributes) of the table. The list of fields runs downwards with one line per field. Initially
there are only empty lines. The table hasn't got a name yet. Access asks for the name when you close the
window. The figure shows the finished borrower table. You see the field names to the left. In the middle
column is the type of the field - Data Type. The figure shows all the possible types as a combo box. The
most important data types are Text, Number, Date/Time, and AutoNumber. An AutoNumber is a counter
that Access increases for each new record, so that it serves as a unique key. The value is a Long Integer
(32-bit integer). We explain more about data types in the next section. 5. Fill in all the field lines according
to the attributes in the guest table (see the figure). All the fields are of type Text, except the borrowerID
which is of type AutoNumber.
Note that although we say phone number, these field is text because the "numbers" contain
parentheses, dashes and maybe letters.

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Figure 2.0 Creating a table

When you have chosen a data type, you can choose a number of other field properties. They are in the
lower part of the window. On the figure you can see that the name field is a text field with space for 50
characters. You can also see that the user doesn't have to enter anything in the name field (Required=No).
You should change this to Yes since it doesn't make sense to have a guest without a name.

Key fields
Often you have to define a key field so that other tables can refer to this one. In our case, borrowerID must
be the key field:
6. Right-click somewhere in the borrwerID line. Then select Primary Key. Access now shows that the field
is the key.

You can remove the key property again by once more selecting Primary Key. If the key consists of more
than one field, you first select all the fields by clicking on their left-hand marker with Ctrl down. Then select
Primary Key by right-clicking inside one of the field lines.
7. Close the window. Access asks you for the name of the table. Call it tblBorrower. (The prefix tbl will help
you remember that it is a table. As the system grows, there will be guest windows, guest buttons and many
other things. Without discipline on your part, it becomes a mess.) If you have not defined a primary key,
Access will warn you and suggest that it makes one for you. Don't let it - do it yourself. Or at least check
what Access makes in its excessive helpfulness.
Enter data
After these efforts, it is time to record some guests. Fortunately it is easy:
8. Select the guest table in the database window. Click Open or just use Enter. Now the system shows the
table in user mode (Datasheet view) so that you can enter guest data.
9. Enter the guests shown on Figure 3. You add a new guest in the empty line of the table - the one marked
with a star. Notice that as soon you start entering something, the record indicator changes to a pencil and
a new star line appears. The pencil shows that you are editing the record, and the record you see is not yet
in the database.
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Figure 3.0 Entering a data

Close and reopen the database To feel confident with Access, it is a good idea to close and open the
database now.
10. Close the large Access window. (Not the small database window inside the Access window.) Notice
that Access doesn't ask whether you want to save changes. Access saves them all along, for instance when
you define a table or when you enter a record in the table.
11. Find your database file (dbEngg.accdb) in the file folders. Use Enter or double click to open it.

Create More Tables

You should now create the remaining tables for the hotel. The data model on Figure 4.0 shows the tables
we will use. To simplify your job, we have shown all the keys, including the foreign keys and the artificial
keys.
1. Close the borrower table.
2. Create all the remaining tables in the same way as you created the guest table (from the Tables tab use
Create table in Design view - or click New). Make sure you define all the fields. Otherwise you will get
stuck when later constructing the user interface. Here are a few notes about the various tables:

tblBorrow:
borrowID is the primary key of tblBorrow. Make it an AutoNumber. borrowerID is a foreign key that refers
to the AutoNumber in tblBorrower. The foreign key must have a matching data type - a long integer.
Choose Data Type = Number and Field Size = Long Integer. Warning: Don't make the foreign key an
AutoNumber. This would cause Access to fill in the foreign key fields automatically, and you cannot change
the numbers so that they point to the primary keys in the borrower table.
The method is an enumeration type. Make it an integer (a 16-bit integer, not a long integer). Choose Data
Type = Number and Field Size= Integer. We will use the value 1 to denote Experiment, the value 2 to
denote Demo, etc.

tblRoomType:
Contains one record for each type of room, for instance one for lab rooms, one for lecture rooms, etc. (In
the book User Interface Design, we added this table late in the design process to illustrate the
normalization concept.)
The roomType is an artificial key. An AutoNumber is okay. description is a short text, for instance "for
experiment in Chemistry, shower room". ChairCount is the number of chairs in the room, including

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temporary chairs. apparatus and materials are the standard quantity. The number should be an integer
number. Choose Data Type=Number, Field Size= Single, Decimal Places =0.

tblRoom
roomID is a natural key - the number on the door. So don't use an AutoNumber. Use an integer. roomType
is a foreign key that refers to tblRoomType. (You should by know how to deal with it.)

tblRoomState:
borrowID and roomID are foreign keys. Ensure their types match what they refer to. Notice that roomID
refers to a natural key, not to an AutoNumber. date should be a Date/Time field with Format = Short Date.
personCount is the number of persons staying in the room. An integer should suffice. state is similar to
state for tblborrow, although the values are slightly different. The key consists of two fields: roomID and
date. It is a bit tricky to specify this: select both fields by clicking on the left-hand marker (hold down Ctrl
while selecting the second field). Then right-click somewhere on the text inside the line.

Data types
Data is stored in the computer according to its type. Here is a description of the most important types in
the data base. Visual Basic deals with almost the same types. Text. The field can contain any characters.
The Field Size property defines the maximum number of characters. The maximum cannot be above 255
characters. Memo. Like a text field, but the maximum number of characters is 65,535. Access takes more
time to process a memo field, so use text fields if adequate. Number. The field can contain a number. The
Field Size property defines what kind of number:

Text. The field can contain any characters. The Field Size property defines the maximum number of
characters. The maximum cannot be above 255 characters.
Memo. Like a text field, but the maximum number of characters is 65,535. Access takes more time to
process a memo field, so use text fields if adequate.
Number. The field can contain a number. The Field Size property defines what kind of number:
Integer.
 A small integer. It must be in the range - 32,768 to +32,767 (a 16-bit integer).
 Long Integer. It must be in the range from around -2,140 million to +2,140 million (a 32-bit
integer).
 Single. A decimal number in the range from -3.4*1038 to +3.4*1038 with an accuracy of 6 or 7
significant digits (a 32-bit floating point number).
 Double. A decimal number in the range from -1.8*10308 to +1.8*10308 with 14 significant digits
(a 64-bit floating point number).
 Decimal. A very long integer with a decimal point placed somewhere. Intended for monetary
calculations where rounding must be strictly controlled. In the book we use Single or Double
instead.

Numbers can be shown in many ways depending on the format property of the field. You may for instance
show them with a fixed number of decimals, with a currency symbol, etc.

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Some formats show data in a way that depends on the regional settings of the computer. If you for
instance specify the format of a number as Currency, the number will show with a $ on a US computer
and with a £ on a British computer.

Date/Time. The field gives a point in time. In the computer it is stored as the number of days since 30/12-
1899 at 0:00. It is really a Double number, so the number of days may include a fraction of a day. In this
way the field specifies the date as well as the time with high precision. As an example, the number 1
corresponds to 31/12-1899 at 0:00, the number 1.75 to 31/12-1899 at 18:00 (6 PM).

Yes/No. The field contains a Boolean value shown either as Yes/No, True/False, or On/Off. The format
property specifies this.

AutoNumber. The field is a long integer (32 bits) that Access generates itself as a unique number in the
table. Access numbers the records 1, 2, . . . as you enter the records. However, you cannot trust that the
sequence is unbroken. For instance when you add a record and undo the addition before having completed
it, Access uses the next number in the sequence anyway.

A foreign key is a field (or several fields) that refer to something unique in another table - usually the primary
key. Be careful here. The foreign key and the primary key must have the same type. However, when the
primary key is an AutoNumber, the foreign key must be a long integer.

Changing a data type. Access is quite liberal with changing a data type to something else - even if there
are data in the records. It can also change an AutoNumber field to a number field, but not the other way
around. If you need to change field B to an AutoNumber, create a new field C and make it an AutoNumber.
Then delete field B and rename field C to B.

If you for some reason want to store a record with an AutoNumber of your own choice (for instance create
a stay with borrowID=728), you need to append the record with an INSERT query. You cannot just type in
the borrowID.

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