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 Prologue
Welcome to "Python AI Programming," an opening into the
transformational world of Artificial Intelligence as seen through the
prism of Python, the language that has come to be synonymous with
modern AI development. This book was written with the goal of
taking you, the aspiring AI developer, on an illuminating trip through
the fundamental aspects of AI, all articulated in the versatile and
intuitive language of Python.
Our adventure starts with a detailed overview of Python's principles,
revealing how this language is the ideal toolkit for aspiring AI
practitioners. As we progress, the domains of Machine Learning and
Deep Learning unveil themselves, illustrating how Python's libraries
and frameworks are crucial in pioneering advances in these fields.
Each chapter advances your AI learning curve, from the
fundamentals of data management to the complexity of neural
networks.
When you dive into the complexities of Natural Language Processing
(NLP), you'll discover Python's strength in parsing human language,
a talent that's critical in today's data-driven world. The story then
takes you through the intriguing worlds of Computer Vision and
Reinforcement Learning, where Python's skills shine in training
machines to visually understand the world and make intelligent
decisions.
However, as we welcome these technical marvels, we must be
mindful of AI ethics. This book teaches you to think ethically as well
as code, ensuring that the AI you design is responsible and useful to
all.
Remember that this book is more than simply a technical book as
you turn each page; it is a companion on your journey to becoming
an AI developer. It's about understanding the 'why' as much as the
'how,' about seeing a future in which technology boosts human
capacities, fueled by your newfound skills and insights.
 PYTHON AI
PROGRAMMING
Navigating fundamentals of ML, deep
learning, NLP, and reinforcement
learning in practice

Patrick J
Copyright © 2024 by GitforGits
All rights reserved. This book is protected under copyright laws and
no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Any unauthorized reproduction,
distribution, or transmission of this work may result in civil and
criminal penalties and will be dealt with in the respective jurisdiction
at anywhere in India, in accordance with the applicable copyright
laws.
Published by: GitforGits
Publisher: Sonal Dhandre
www.gitforgits.com
[email protected]
Printed in India
First Printing: January 2024
ISBN: 978-8119177639
Cover Design by: Kitten Publishing
For permission to use material from this book, please contact
GitforGits at [email protected].
 Content
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Historical Perspective of AI
Transition to AI Era
AI in Modern World
AI in Daily Life
AI in Business Operations
AI for Decision Making
AI in Innovation and Product Development
AI and Data Analytics
AI in Automation and Efficiency
AI in Healthcare
Key Concepts in Artificial Intelligence
Understanding Machine Learning
Deep Learning
Applications of Deep Learning
Python for AI
NumPy and Pandas for Data Handling
Matplotlib and Seaborn for Data Visualization
Scikit-Learn for Machine Learning
TensorFlow and PyTorch for Deep Learning
Keras for Neural Networks
Setting up Python and AI Environment
Installing and Configuring Python on Windows
Installing TensorFlow and Keras
Coffee Preference Prediction App Overview
App Functionalities
 Dataset for Coffee Model
Generating Dataset
Understanding AI Project Lifecycle
Idea and Conceptualization
Data Collection and Preparation
Choosing Right Tools and Technologies
Designing the AI Model
Training the AI Model
Model Optimization and Tuning
Integration and Deployment
Testing and Quality Assurance
Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Summary
Chapter 2: Python for AI
Python Basics
Python Data Structures
Functions for Modularity
Loops
Conditional Statements
Error Handling
File Handling
Data Analysis Overview
Pandas at a Glance
Data Analysis with Pandas
Introduction to NumPy
Numerical Computations with NumPy
Sample Program: Using Numpy and Pandas
Data Visualization Overview
Introduction to Matplotlib
 Introduction to Seaborn
Setting Up Matplotlib and Seaborn
Basic Line Plot using Matplotlib
Creating a Heatmap using Seaborn
Bar Plot using Seaborn
Pair Plot using Seaborn
Error Handling in Python
Common Errors
Best Practices
Summary
Chapter 3: Data as Fuel for AI
Role of Data
Quality and Diversity of Data
Data in AI Applications
Future Landscape of Data
Data Collection for AI
Traditional Data Collection Methods
Digital Data Collection Methods
Advanced Data Collection Techniques
Automated Data Collection
Implementing Automated Data Collection
Understanding Data Cleaning
Steps in Data Cleaning
Handling Missing Values
Correcting Inconsistencies
Removing Duplicates
Dealing with Outliers
Error Correction
Data Transformation
 Preprocessing Methods
Purpose of Data Preprocessing
Methods of Data Preprocessing
Data Preprocessing on Coffee App Data
Exploratory Data Analysis
Importance of EDA
Performing EDA
Data Transformation
Data Transformation Techniques
Feature Engineering
Importance of Feature Engineering
Techniques in Feature Engineering
Summary
Chapter 4: Machine Learning Foundations
Machine Learning Overview
Machine Learning's Contribution to AI
The Impact of Machine Learning
Supervised Learning Process
Exploring Unsupervised Learning
Understanding Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning Process
Unsupervised Learning in Practice
ML Algorithms Overview
Decision Trees
K-Means Clustering
Sample Program: Applying K-Means Clustering
Decision Trees vs. K-Means Clustering
Model Training
Understanding Model Training
 Training K-Means Model on Coffee Data
Sample Program: Visualize Training of K-Means
Overfitting and Underfitting
Understanding Overfitting
Understanding Underfitting
Significance of Overfitting and Underfitting
Cross-Validation Technique
Understanding Cross-Validation
Types of Cross-Validation
Practical Application on K-Means Model
Hyperparameter Tuning
Overview
Hyperparameters in K-Means Clustering
Applying Hyperparameters
Summary
Chapter 5: Essentials of Deep Learning
Overview
Neural Networks
What Are Neural Networks?
How Do Neural Networks Work?
Types of Neural Networks
Building Neurons and Layers
Understanding Layers and Neurons in Neural Networks
Sample Program: Building Neural Network
Neural Network Components
Activation Functions
Loss Functions
Optimizers
Coding Activation Functions, Loss Function, and Optimizer
 Exploring CNNs
Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
Designing a CNN
Explore RNNs
Understanding Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
Designing an RNN
Train Neural Nets (NNs)
Training Deep Learning Model
Coffee Cup Image Classification using CNN
Training Word Prediction using RNN
Fine-tuning Models
Number of Hidden Layers
Number of Neurons per Hidden Layer
Learning Rate
Batch Size
Sample Program: Fine Tuning CNN Model
Summary
Chapter 6: NLP and Computer Vision
Natural Language Processing Overview
NLP Dataset
Defining the NLP Dataset
Generating Dataset
Text Preprocessing
Tokenization
Lowercasing
Removing Punctuation and Special Characters
Removing Stop Words
Stemming and Lemmatization
Performing Preprocessing on the Dataset
 Tokenization
Understanding Tokenization
Process of Tokenization
Tokenizing Dataset
Vectorization Approach
One-Hot Encoding
Bag of Words (BoW)
Bag of N-Grams
Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)
Sample Program: Applying BoW and TF-IDF
Word Embeddings
Understanding Word Embeddings
Popular Word Embedding Models
Sample Program: Applying Word Embeddings
Visualize Word Embeddings
Introduction to Computer Vision
Brief Understanding
Applications of Computer Vision
Computer Vision Model
Image Processing
Overview
Image Processing Procedure
Sample Program: Using OpenCV
Using CNN for Image Processing
Summary
Chapter 7: Hands-on Reinforcement Learning
Introduction
Sequential Decision Making
Key Components of Sequential Decision Making
 Action Values and Estimation Algorithm
Action Values
Estimation Algorithms for Action Values
Q-Learning
Markov Decision Process (MDP)
Translating a Problem into MDP
Sample Program: Creating an MDP
Rewards and Tasks
Overview
Michael Littman's Hypothesis on Reward
Continuing Tasks
Episodic Tasks
Reinforcement Learning Policies
Concept of Policy
Specifying Policies
Values and Bellman Equation
What are Value Functions?
The Bellman Equation
Dynamic Programming (DP)
What is DP?
Dynamic Programming Algorithms
Sample Program: Policy Evaluation
Constructing Algorithm
Value Iteration Algorithm Overview
Sample Program: Implement Value Iteration
Summary
Chapter 8: Ethics to AI
Ethics in Technology
AI Ethical Framework (EAAI)
 Bias
Fairness
Transparency
Responsibility
Interpretability
Responsible AI
Pillars of Responsible AI
Impact of Responsible AI
Trustworthy AI
Understanding Concept
Trustworthy AI vs. Responsible AI
Enabling Trustworthy AI
Impact/Value for Businesses
Summary
Index

Preface
This book aspires young graduates and programmers to become AI
engineers and enter the world of artificial intelligence by combining
powerful Python programming with artificial intelligence. Beginning
with the fundamentals of Python programming, the book gradually
progresses to machine learning, where readers learn to implement
Python in developing predictive models. The book provides a clear
and accessible explanation of machine learning, incorporating
practical examples and exercises that strengthen understanding.
We go deep into deep learning, another vital component of AI.
Readers gain a thorough understanding of how Python's frameworks
and libraries can be used to create sophisticated neural networks
and algorithms, which are required for tasks such as image and
speech recognition. Natural Language Processing is also covered in
the book, with fundamental concepts and techniques for interpreting
and generating human-like language covered. The book's focus on
computer vision and reinforcement learning is distinctive, presenting
these cutting-edge AI fields in an approachable manner.
Readers will learn how to use Python's intuitive programming
paradigm to create systems that interpret visual data and make
intelligent decisions based on environmental interactions. The book
focuses on ethical AI development and responsible programming,
emphasizing the importance of developing AI that is fair,
transparent, and accountable.
In this book you will learn how to:
Explore Python basics and AI integration for real-world
application and career advancement.
Experience the power of Python in AI with practical
machine learning techniques.
Practice Python's deep learning tools for innovative AI
solution development.
Dive into NLP with Python to revolutionize data
interpretation and communication strategies.
Simple yet practical understanding of reinforcement
learning for strategic AI decision-making.
Uncover ethical AI development and frameworks, and
concepts of responsible and trustworthy AI.
Harness Python's capabilities for creating AI applications
with a focus on fairness and bias.

Each chapter is designed to improve learning by including practical

examples, case studies, and exercises that provide hands-on
experience. This book is an excellent starting point for anyone
interested in becoming an AI engineer, providing the necessary
foundational knowledge and skills to delve into the fascinating world
of artificial intelligence.
 GitforGits
Prerequisites
Knowing simple python scripting and basics of data science is
sufficient to enter the world of artificial intelligence. This book will
aspire to make you an eligible professional to enter the world of AI
Engineers and Data Scientist.

Codes Usage
Are you in need of some helpful code examples to assist you in your
programming and documentation? Look no further! Our book offers
a wealth of supplemental material, including code examples and
exercises.

Not only is this book here to aid you in getting your job done, but
you have our permission to use the example code in your programs
and documentation. However, please note that if you are
reproducing a significant portion of the code, we do require you to
contact us for permission.

But don't worry, using several chunks of code from this book in your
program or answering a question by citing our book and quoting
example code does not require permission. But if you do choose to
give credit, an attribution typically includes the title, author,
publisher, and ISBN. For example, "Python AI Programming by
Patrick J".

If you are unsure whether your intended use of the code examples
falls under fair use or the permissions outlined above, please do not
hesitate to reach out to us at [email protected] .

We are happy to assist and clarify any concerns.

Other documents randomly have
different content
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—— sur l’Eloquence, 305 sq.
—— sur les Héros de Roman, 292.
Dialogus in Defensionem Poetices, 27, 28.
Dictionnaire Philosophique, 517.
Diderot, 518 sq.
Difesa di Dante, 105.
Digressions sur les Anciens et les Modernes, 506.
Dionysius Areopagita, 22.
Discorsi, Cinthio’s, 581 sq.
—— Summo’s, 108.
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Discours de Réception, Buffon’s, 519 sq.
Discours des Trois Unités, 262 sq.
Discourse of English Poesy, 176 sq.
Discourse on Medals, 439.
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—— on Satire, 385.
—— on the Grounds of Criticism in Tragedy, 384.
Discoveries, Jonson’s, 198 sq.
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Du Bartas, 313, 369.
Du Bellay, Joachim (1524-60), 111-116, 221, 233, 369.
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Edgeworth, Miss, 97, 348.

Edwards, Thomas (1699-1757), 497 note.
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E. K., 224.
Eléments de Littérature, 526 sq.
Elements of Criticism, the, 465-470.
Éloges, D’Alembert’s, 519.
—— Fontenelle’s, 506.
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Elton, Professor, 552.
Encina, Juan del (1468-1534), 335.
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Entretiens d’Ariste, 308.
Ephemerides of Phialo, 169 note.
Epistle to Augustus, Pope’s, 453 sq.
Epistles, Ovid’s, Dryden’s Preface to, 384.
Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 14 note.
Epitome de la Eloquencia Española, 547, 548.
Erasmus, Desiderius (1467-1536), 9-16, 61, 65, 75, 85, 193, 276,
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Ercolano, L’, 49.
Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 230.
Espinel, Vicente (1544-1634), 337.
Essai sur la Poésie Epique, 516.
—— sur le Beau, 513 note.
—— sur le Goût, 514, 528.
—— sur les Éloges, 529.
—— sur les Romans, 527.
Essay of Dramatic Poesy, 332, 376-382.
—— of Heroic Plays, 383.
—— on a New Species of Writing, 497 note.
—— on Criticism, 453 sq.
—— on Modern Education, 452.
Essay on Poetry (Temple’s), 401.
—— on the Genius of Shakespeare, 434.
—— on Translated Verse, 404.
—— upon Poetry and Painting, 497 note.
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—— Critical (Scott’s), 500.
—— Montaigne’s, 138 sq.
—— Moral and Literary, 499.
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Etherege, 463.
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Expostulatio Spongiæ, 346.

Fables, Dryden’s, Preface to, 386.

Fabri, Pierre (fl. c. 1520), 110.
Fabriano, see Gilio.
Fabricius, Georgius (1515-71), 108, 181, 353-355.
Faerie, Queene, the, 168.
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“Fidenziano,” 540 note.
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Fingal, 464.
Flaubert, G., 12, 302.
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Fletcher, 378 sq.
Floriant et Florete, 394 note.
Folengo, 540.
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Gambara, F. (fl. c. 1580), 107 note, 278 note.
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Garnett, Dr, 546 note.
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Goethe, 356, 372, 560.
Goldsmith, Oliver (1728-74), 429, 498.
Gondibert, Preface to, 365, 367-371.
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Gorboduc, 173, 206, 374, 503.
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Habington, 485.
Hamelius, Herr, 425 note, 432 note, 448 note.
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Hardy, Alexandre (1560-1631), 255 note.
Harington, Sir John (1561-1612), 183 note, 186, 199.
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Harvey, Gabriel (1545-1630), 148, 165 sq.
Hawes, Stephen (?-1523?), 146, 147.
Hazlitt, 145, 219, 372 note, 496.
Heads of an Answer to Rymer, 373 note, 397 note.
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Hegel, 274, 527 note.
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Heldenbuch, 569.
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—— of the Royal Society, 398.
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Hudibras, 513 note.
Huerta, Vicente Garcia de la (1730?-87), 550 note.
Huet, Pierre Daniel (1630-1721), bishop of Avranches, 274, 275.
Huetiana, 275.
Hugo, Victor, 87.
Hume, Alexander, 209 note.
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Hunt, Leigh, 372 note.
Hurd, 469.
Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523), 352 note.

Iago, Rymer on, 395, 396.

Ibrahim, 265.
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—— Poeticæ, Spanmüller’s, 355.
I Romanzi, 63.
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I Simillimi, 38.
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Istoria del Volgar Poesia, 542.
Italia Liberata, 38.

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Jerome, St, Erasmus on, 15, 16.
Jeronimo, 235.
Johannes Secundus, 27.
John of Garlandia, 14.
—— of Salisbury, 8.
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227 sq., 233, 262, 271, 367, 368, 370 sq., 393 sq., 486 note.
Journal des Savants, 316.
Jugements des Savants, 276.
—— —— —— sur les auteurs que ont traité de la Rhétorique, 319,
320.
Julius Cæsar, Rymer on, 396.
—— Dennis on, 434.
Juvenal, Dryden’s Preface to, 385.

Kames, Henry Home, Lord (1696-1782), 465-470.

Käsenbrot, see Olmucensis.
Keats, 280, 412, 485.
Keble, 87, 312 note, 372 note.
Kelly, Mr J. Fitzmaurice, 332 note, 335 note, 348 note, 350.
Kelton, Arthur (fl. c. 1550), 542 note.
Ker, Mr W. P., 93 note, 332 note, 373 sq.
Kingsley, Ch., 124, 161.
Knox, Vicesimus (1752-1821), 499.

La Boétie, E. de, 71.

La Bruyère, Jean de (1645-96), 241, 300-304, 355, 521.
Labyrinthus, 8, 24, 64, 231.
La Casa, 93, 162 note, 512, 540 note.
La Croze, J. Cornand de (not to be confused with his contemporary,
M. Veyssière de la Croze, a learned but fantastic philologist and
antiquary), 406 note.
La Cueva, Juan de (1550-1606), 338, 340, 341, 355.
La Fontaine, 293 sq., 298, 519, 521.
La Harpe, Jean François de (1739-1803), 530-533, 564, 571.
Lamb, Charles, 145, 496.
La Mesnardière, Hippolyte Jules Pelet de (1616-63), 265.
La Monnoye, Bernard de (1641-1728), 273 note, 316 note, 527 note.
La Mothe le Vayer, F. de (1588-1672), 251.
La Motte, A. Houdard de (1672-1731), 321, 507-509.
—— Charles (?-?), Irish divine and critic, 497 note.
Lancelot, 124, 260.
Landi, Ortensio (1501-60), 29.
Langbaine, Gerard (1656-92), 400, 401, 430.
Langlois, M. G., 109 note.
Langhorne, 449.
Langland, 179 sq.
La Place, translator of Shakespeare, 527, 528.
Lasca, Il, see Grazzini.
La Taille, Jacques de (1541?-62?), 127.
—— Jean de (1540?-1608), 127.
Latimer, 150.
Laudun, Pierre de (1575-1629), 127, 128.
Le Bossu, René (1631-80), 300, 314, 315.
Le Clerc, Jean (1657-1736), 276, 277, 363, 364.
Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, 462 sq.
Lee, Mr Sidney, 400 note.
Lemaître, M. Jules, 259 note.
Lemercier, N., 530.
Le Moyne, Père, 257, 393, 505.
Lessing, 219, 356, 410.
L’Estrange, 392, 451.
Le Tre Sorelle, 93.
Letter to a Young Clergyman, 452.
Letters on Chivalry, 469.
Letters, Pope’s, 453.
Lettre de M. de la Visclède, 517.
Lettres aux Auteurs de la Gazette Littéraire, 517.
Lettres Galantes et Philosophiques, 510.
Lettres Persanes, 514.
Lettres sur les Anglais, 516.
Lilius Gregorius Giraldus (1478-1552), 63-68, 96 note, 413.
Lilly, William, 65.
L’Infarinato, 92.
“L’Infortuné,” 110.
Lionardi, Alessandro (fl. c. 1550), 47.
Lives of the Poets, Heywood’s, 398 note.
—— Johnson’s, 480 sq., 486 sq.
—— Winstanley’s, 400.
Locke, John (1632-1704), 53, 446 sq., 468.
Lodge, Thomas (1558?-1625), 170, 171.
Logic and Poetry, 20 note.
Lohenstein, 552.
Longfellow, 87.
Longinus, 6, 34, 206, 220, 288 sq., 302, 319, 373, 430, 435.
Longolius (Christophe de Longueil), (1490-1522), 11, 67, 276.
Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix (1562-1635), 332, 343-347, 380 note.
Love’s Labour’s Lost, Collier on, 403.
Lucan, 199.
Lucian, 24 note, 330, 402.
Lucilius, 254 note.
Lucretius, 33, 40, 88, 139, 140, 202.
Lutrin, Le, 290.
Luzan Claramumt de Suelves y Gurrea, Ignacio de (1702-54), 347,
350, 414, 541, 546, 547.
Lycidas, 490, 500.
Lydgate, 146 sq., 179 sq.

Macaulay, 320, 391 sq., 401 sq., 492, 498.

Machiavelli, 54.
“Machines” and “Machinery,” 369 sq., 435.
Mackenzie, Sir George, 320.
Macpherson (Ossian), 464.
Macrobius, 22 note.
Maffei, Francisco Scipione, Marquis (1676-1755), 546.
Maggi, 41, 42.
Mairet, Jean (1604-86), 115.
Maistre, Joseph de, 327.
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715), 279 and note, 514.
Malfilâtre, 519.
Malherbe, François de (1555-1628), 115, 241-251, 257, 283, 303.
Malory, Sir Thomas, 6, 155.
Mambrun, Pierre (1600-61), 266-268, 410.
Manière de Bien Penser dans les Ouvrages d’Esprit, 315, 316.
Manto, 24 sq.
Mantuan, 66.
Marinism and Marino, 331, 393, 414.
Marlowe, 205, 399.
Marmontel, Jean François (1723-99), 287 note, 525-529.
Marot, Clément (1497-1544), 110 note, 137, 281, 304.
Marryat, 34.
Martianus Capella, 42.
Martinus Scriblerus, 452.
Masson, Professor, 195 note.
Matamoros, Alfonso Guida, 336.
Maucroix, François de (1619-1708), 278.
Mayáns y Siscar, Gregorio (1699-1781), 333 note, 549.
Mazzone da Miglionico (fl. c. 1590), 107, 108.
Mazzoni (fl. c. 1550), 105.
Meditation on a Broomstick, 451.
Mémoire sur les Occupations de l’Académie Française, 305 sq.
Ménage, Gilles de (1613-92), 160, 273, 317, 321 note.
Ménagiana, 53 note, 273 sq., 321 note.
Menéndez y Pelayo, Señor, 331-352, passim.
Mercure Galant, 316.
Meres, Francis (1565-1647), 187.
Merry Wives of Windsor, Dennis on, 434.
Mesa, Cristóbal de (1540-1620), 338 note, 346 note.
Meslier, le Curé (1678-1733), 515 note.
Metastasio (Pietro A. D. B. Trapassi), (1698-1782), 545, 546.
Mickle, 449.
Millar, Mr J. H., 486 note.
Milton, John (1608-74), 7, 45, 54, 56, 93, 262, 365, 398, 399, 402,
411 note, 435 sq., 439, 443 sq., 449, 467, 480 sq., 516, 532, 555,
560.
“Minim, Dick,” 484.
Minturno, Ant. Sebastiano (fl. c. 1560), 50-57, 90, 129 and note, 215,
219.
Miscellanies, Dryden’s Preface to, 384 sq.
Mitford, W., 164 note.
Molière, 261, 273, 298, 303, 307, 322 note, 378 sq., 521.
Molinet, Jean (d. 1507), 110.
Mondragon, Hieronimo de, 337 note.
Montagu, Mrs, 240.
Montagu (Lord Halifax), 439.
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-92), 138-142, 205, 232, 254, 279, 514.
Monte-Melone (Chiodino da), 329, 330.
Montesquieu, Charles de Sécondat, baron de la Brède, et de (1689-
1755), 513, 514.
Monthly Review, the, 497.
Moratin, Nicolas Fernandez de (1737-80): to be distinguished from
his son and successor in classicism, Leandro Fernandez de M.,
(1760-1828), 550.
More, Sir T., 63.
Morel-Fatio, M., 50 note, 332 note, 343 note, 346 note.
Morley, Prof. H., 162 note.
Morte d’Arthur, the, 155.
Mulcaster, Richard (1530?-1611), 209 note.
Mulgrave, John Sheffield, Earl of, later Duke of Buckinghamshire
(1649-1721), 402.
“Mumpsimus,” 15.
Muratori, Ludovico Antonio (1672-1750), 80 note, 324, 541, 542.
Musæus, 74.
Mutius, Macarius, 326.
Muzio, G. (fl. c. 1550), 46.

Nasarre y Ferriz, 549.

Naturaleza, 342 sq.
Naugerius sive de Poetica, 45, 214, 217.
Navagero, Andrea (Naugerius) (1483-1529), 45, 66, 81.
Nebrija, Antonio de (Nebrissensis) (fl. c. 1530), 336.
New World Discovered in the Moon, the, 198 note.
Nichols, Mr, 14 note, 15.
Nicolai, Christoph-Frederich (1733-1811), 551 note.
Nisard, D., 114.
Notes of Instruction, 162 sq.
Nueva Idea de la Tragedia Antigua, 341, 342.
Nutricia, 24 sq.

Obscuri Viri, the, 9.

Observateur Littéraire, 527.
Odyssey, the, 58, 267, 532.
Oedipus, the, 263.
Of Studies (Bacon’s), 192.
Ogier, François (fl. c. 1630), 254-256, 259, 346, 347, 409.
Oldys, 457.
Olmucensis, Augustinus Moravus (Käsenbrot, c. 1500), 17 note, 27,
28, 218, 352 note.
Opera, Saint-Evremond on, 271.
Opitz, Martin (1597-1639), 17, 360-363, 556.
Orbecche, 58, 60.
Origenes de la Lengua Española, 333 note.
Origines de la Poésie Française, 101.
Orlando Furioso, 85, and see Ariosto.
Ossian, 464 sq., 532.
Othello, Rymer on, 395.
Ovid, 384.

Panigarola, Francesco (1548-94), 329.

Paradise Lost, 325, 443 sq.
Paradossi, 29.
Paragone della Poesia Tragica, 554.
Parallel of Poetry and Painting, 385.
Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes, 321 note.
Parfai(c)t, François (1698-1733) and Claude (1701-77), 527.
Paris, M. Gaston, 110 note.
Parnassus, The English, 426 note.
Parrhasiana, 276, 277.
Partenio, B. (fl. c. 1560), 102, 103.
Pascal, Blaise (1623-62), 279 note.
Pasquier, Etienne (1529-1615), 135-138, 224 note, 232.
Pastor Fido, the, 107, 108.
Patin, Gui (1602-72), 272, 273, 316 note.
Patrizzi, Francesco (1529-97) [not to be confused with the Siennese
Bp. of Gaeta, in the generation before, who wrote on politics, &c.],
anti-Peripatetic philosopher and critic (half-title of Bk. IV.), 57, 61,
63, 90, 93, 94-102, 107, 215, 219, 230, 233, 320 note, 329, 413.
Patru, Olivier (1604-81), 277, 291.
Pazzi, Alessandro de (fl. c. 1530), 41.
Peacham, Henry (1576?-1643?), 187.
Pecock, Reginald (1395-1460), 151.
Pellegrino, C., 100.
Pel(l)etier, Jacques (1517-82), Pléiade poet and critic, 117-119.
Pel(l)etier, Jacques (fl. c. 1660), 17th cent. poet, 291.
Pellissier, M. Georges, 110 note, 129 sq.
Pellisson, Paul (1624-93), 273.
Peña, Don P. M., 339 sq.
Pensieri Diversi, Tassoni’s, 326 sq.
Pepys, 377 note, 522.
Perceforest, 160.
Percy, 479.
Peri Bathous, 452.
Perrault, Charles (1628-1703), 285, 293, 321, 418, 419.
—— Claude (1613-88), 285.
—— Pierre (1608-80), 285.
“Person of Quality,” the (who rewrote Spenser), 416 note, 561.
Petit de Julleville, M., 110 note.
Petrarch, 44 and note, 82, 199.
Petronius, 27, 201 note, 254 note, 284.
Phalaris, the Pseudo-, 24 note, 401, 402.
Phillips, Edward (1630-96), 398, 399.
Philological Enquiries, 473 sq.
Philosophia Rationalis, 330.
Philosophical Arrangements, 473.
Philosophy of Rhetoric, 470-473.
Piccolomini, Æneas Sylvius, see that name.
—— Alessandro (1508-78), 103, 104.
Pico della Mirandola (1463-94), 22, 23.
Pigna, Giovanbattista (fl. c. 1550), 58 sq., 62, 63, 81, 84, 155, 214.
Pinciano, Alfonso López, called El. P. (150-?-160-?), 338-340.
Pitt, Christopher (1699-1748), 29 sq.
Plato, 6, 9, 38, 71, 82, 154, 213, 220, 514.
Pléiade, the, 110 sq. and Bk. IV., ch. iv., passim.
Plotinus, 9.
Plutarch, 22, 71, 99, 154.
Poemata Selecta Italorum, 29 note, 45 note.
Poetaster, the, 198.
Poetics (Poetica, Poética, Poétique), of Aristotle, 6 and passim.
—— of Daniello, 42-44.
—— of Denores, 105, 106.
—— of Luzán, 548.
—— of Scaliger, 69-80.
—— of Sibilet, 111, 112.
—— of Trissino, 38-41.
—— of Vida, 29-37.
—— of Viperano, 103.
Poetry and Logic, 20 note.
Poggio Bracciolino (1380-1459), 6 note.
Politian (Angelo Ambrogini, surnamed Poliziano) (1557-94), 15, 23-
26, 66, 402, 455.
Polyeucte, 379.
Pomfret, John, 488, 495.