Kubernetes Realtime Troublehsooting

This document provides troubleshooting strategies for common Kubernetes issues, including version mismatches, pod security policy violations, network policy errors, ingress controller misconfigurations, and DNS resolution problems. Each scenario includes symptoms, diagnosis methods, and solutions to ensure compatibility, security, and effective communication within the cluster. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring, validation, and proactive management to maintain a healthy Kubernetes environment.

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Kubernetes Realtime Troublehsooting

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Sangram keshari swain

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Part 8 - Kubernetes Real-Time

Troubleshooting
Introduction 🌐
Welcome to the world of Kubernetes troubleshooting, where every challenge is an
opportunity to sharpen your skills and emerge victorious. Join us as we embark on a journey
through common real-time scenarios, unraveling mysteries, and uncovering solutions along
the way.

Scenario 36: Kubernetes Component Version Mismatch

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Symptoms: Kubernetes components (e.g., kubelet, kube-proxy, etcd) are running different
versions across cluster nodes, causing compatibility issues and potential service disruptions.

Diagnosis: Compare Kubernetes component versions (kubectl version) across cluster nodes and
review system logs (journalctl, /var/log/kubelet.log) for any version-related errors or
inconsistencies.

Solution:

1. Upgrade Kubernetes components to the same version across all cluster nodes to
ensure compatibility and consistency in cluster behaviour and functionality.
2. Implement automated version management and deployment strategies (e.g.,
Kubernetes rolling upgrades, Kubeadm upgrade) to streamline the process of
upgrading Kubernetes components and maintaining version consistency.
3. Monitor Kubernetes component versions using version control systems (e.g., Git,
Helm charts) and configuration management tools (e.g., Ansible, Puppet) to detect
and remediate version discrepancies proactively.
4. Perform regression testing and validation of Kubernetes upgrades in a staging
environment before rolling out changes to production clusters to identify and mitigate
any potential compatibility issues or regressions.

Scenario 37: Pod Security Policy Violations

Symptoms: Pods are prevented from starting or running due to security policy violations, such
as forbidden container capabilities, privileged access, or insecure volume mounts.

Diagnosis: Review PodSecurityPolicy (PSP) configurations (kubectl get psp) and inspect pod
security context (kubectl describe pod <pod_name>) for any policy violations or security-related
errors.

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Solution:

1. Update PodSecurityPolicy definitions to align with organizational security

requirements and best practices for container runtime security, including restricting
privileged access, limiting container capabilities, and enforcing least privilege
principles.
2. Configure admission controllers (e.g., PodSecurityPolicy admission controller, OPA
Gatekeeper) to enforce PSPs and prevent deployment of pods that violate security
policies or pose security risks.
3. Enable pod security context settings (e.g., securityContext, runAsUser,
readOnlyRootFilesystem) to enforce security controls and mitigate common attack
vectors, such as privilege escalation, container breakout, or file system tampering.
4. Implement container image scanning and vulnerability management solutions to
detect and remediate security vulnerabilities in container images before deployment
and runtime execution.

Scenario 38: Network Policy Configuration Errors

Symptoms: Pods are unable to communicate with each other or with external services due to
misconfigured network policies, resulting in network connectivity issues and service
disruptions.

Diagnosis: Review Kubernetes network policy configurations (kubectl get networkpolicy) and
inspect network traffic flows (kubectl exec -it <pod_name> -- /bin/sh) to identify any policy
violations or connectivity problems.

Solution:

1. Validate network policy definitions to ensure that they accurately reflect the intended
network segmentation and access control requirements for pod-to-pod or pod-to-
service communication.

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2. Use network policy validation tools (e.g., kube-score, kyverno) to identify potential
misconfigurations or security gaps in network policy definitions and remediate them
accordingly.
3. Implement network policy logging and monitoring solutions to track network traffic
patterns and policy enforcement actions, helping to diagnose and troubleshoot
connectivity issues more effectively.
4. Conduct regular network policy reviews and audits to verify compliance with
organizational security policies and industry best practices for network segmentation
and isolation.

Scenario 39: Ingress Controller Configuration Errors

Symptoms: Ingress resources fail to route incoming traffic to backend services or exhibit
unexpected behavior due to misconfigured or malfunctioning ingress controller
configurations.

Diagnosis: Review Ingress controller logs (kubectl logs -n <ingress_controller_namespace>

<ingress_controller_pod>) and inspect Ingress resource definitions (kubectl describe ingress
<ingress_name>) for any errors or inconsistencies.

Solution:

1. Verify Ingress controller deployment configurations (e.g., annotations, ingress class,

service backends) and ensure that they align with the desired routing and traffic
management requirements for incoming requests.
2. Use Ingress controller health checks and readiness probes to monitor the availability
and responsiveness of the Ingress controller instances and detect any failures or
performance issues.
3. Test Ingress routing rules and configurations using HTTP request simulation tools
(e.g., curl, Postman) to validate that traffic is being routed correctly to the intended
backend services and endpoints.

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4. Update and reload Ingress controller configurations dynamically using configuration
management tools (e.g., kubectl apply, Helm charts) to apply changes and updates to
routing rules and settings without disrupting existing traffic flows.

Scenario 40: Cluster DNS Resolution Issues

Symptoms: Pods are unable to resolve DNS names or domain names due to DNS resolution
failures or misconfigured cluster DNS settings, causing service discovery and communication
problems.

Diagnosis: Check cluster DNS configuration (kubectl get cm -n kube-system coredns) and inspect
pod DNS configurations (kubectl exec -it <pod_name> -- cat /etc/resolv.conf) for any DNS-related
errors or inconsistencies.

Solution:

1. Verify that CoreDNS or kube-dns pods are running and healthy (kubectl get pods -n kube-
system) and inspect their logs (kubectl logs -n kube-system coredns-<pod_id>) for any DNS
resolution errors or warnings.
2. Troubleshoot DNS name resolution issues by testing DNS queries (nslookup, dig) from
within pods and nodes to verify connectivity to DNS servers and resolve DNS records
accurately.
3. Check firewall and network policies to ensure that DNS traffic is allowed and not
blocked by network security rules or restrictions, both within the cluster and with
external DNS servers.
4. Update DNS configuration settings (e.g., cluster DNS domain, upstream DNS servers)
and restart CoreDNS or kube-dns pods to apply changes and propagate DNS
configuration updates across the cluster.

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In the up-coming parts, we will discussion on more
troubleshooting steps for the different Kubernetes based
scenarios. So, stay tuned for the and follow @Prasad Suman
Mohan for more such posts.