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Terms Proposition

The document explains the concepts of univocal, equivocal, and analogous terms, detailing how they differ in meaning across various contexts. It also discusses comprehension and extension of terms, defining propositions and their elements, as well as the types of categorical propositions based on quantity and quality. Additionally, it includes a table summarizing the distribution of subject and predicate in different forms of categorical propositions.

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M- Perez Mark John S.
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8 views4 pages

Terms Proposition

The document explains the concepts of univocal, equivocal, and analogous terms, detailing how they differ in meaning across various contexts. It also discusses comprehension and extension of terms, defining propositions and their elements, as well as the types of categorical propositions based on quantity and quality. Additionally, it includes a table summarizing the distribution of subject and predicate in different forms of categorical propositions.

Uploaded by

M- Perez Mark John S.
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Terms according to definiteness of meaning:

Univocal, Equivocal, and Analogous

1. A term is univocal if it exhibits exactly identical sense and meaning in different


incidents.

For example, we say Canines are dogs and Dalmatians are dogs. The term dogs
is univocal, unless we give a different meaning in any of the term dogs in the
statements.

Ex. Peter is a man. – Paul is a man; teacher’s table – dining table; leaves of
coconut – leaves of mahogany. Aristotle is a philosopher-Plato is a philosopher

2. A term is equivocal when it indicates different meanings in different


occurrences. An equivocal term thus is not one but two terms.

a. Spelling alone (similar in spelling but different sound/pronunciation &


meaning)
Ex. Resume- biodata, to continue; lead-metallic element, to go as guide;
b. Sound alone (Same sound/pronunciation but spelling and meaning)
Example: gone-gun; reign-rain; fate-faith; night-knight; sight-cite,
made- maid
c. Sound & spelling alone (same sound/pronunciation and spelling but
different in meaning )
Ex. Stars are heavenly bodies and Nicolas Cage and Brad Pitt are stars,
Other examples: pitcher (player) – pitcher (water container); base (camp)
– base (lower part); spring of water – spring of a machine; bark of a tree –
bark of a dog

3. A term is analogous when it shows partly identical and partly distinct meanings
in different occurrences. In the phrases head of a man and head of a family, the
terms head in some sense are similar but nonetheless different in some aspects.

Examples:
A healthy diet brings a healthy body.
His foot is aching before we arrived at the foot of a mountain.
His boyfriend gave her a ring before the bell ring.
COMPREHENSION & EXTENSION OF TERMS
Comprehension of an object is an attributes, characters, marks, properties, or
qualities, that the object possesses, or else the totality of intensions that
are pertinent to the context of a given discussion.
An extensional definition gives meaning to a term by specifying its extension, that
is, every object that falls under the definition of the term in question.
For example, an extensional definition of the term "nation of the world" might be
given by listing all of the nations of the world, or by giving some other means of
recognizing the members of the corresponding class. An explicit listing of the
extension, which is only possible for finite sets and only practical for relatively small
sets, is a type of enumerative definition.
For instance, the intension of “ship” as a substantive is “vehicle
for conveyance on water,” whereas its extension embraces such things as cargo
ships, passenger ships, battleships, and sailing ships.

PROPOSITION
Proposition is a statement which affirms or denies something about a certain
reality or objects.
Elements of proposition
1. Subject -is a term which is to be affirmed of denied.
2. Copula -pronounces the agreement or disagreement between two terms.
3. Predicate -is to be affirmed of denied of the subject.
Kinds of Propositions
Categorical propositions in logic are statements that assert or deny that all or
some members of one category (the subject term) are included in another (the
predicate term)
Standard form of categorical proposition
Quantity-the quantity of a categorical proposition is determined according to the
extension of a subject term.
a. Universal- a proposition is universal if the subject can be applied to each
member of a certain class.
b. Particular- if the subject term can only be applied to certain part of a given
class.
c. Singular- if the subject term can only be applied to a specific individual or
group.
Quality- the quality of categorical proposition is known through the copula.
a. Affirmative- if the copula unites the predicate to the subject.
b. Negative- if the copula separates the predicate to the subject.

Table of Quantity & Quality of Propositions in symbolic form

Distribution
Name Form Quantity Quality
Subject Predicate

A All S is P universal affirmative distributed undistributed

E No S is P universal negative distributed distributed

I Some S is P particular affirmative undistributed undistributed

O Some S is not P particular negative undistributed distributed

Standard Form Categorical Propositions: Quantity, Quality, and Distribution (lander.edu)


https://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/prop.html

categorical proposition logic - Search (bing.com)


https://www.bing.com/search?q=categorical+proposition+logic&qs=MT&pq=categorical+proposition&sk=CT1MT1&sc=1
0-23&cvid=4BAF816AFBD848868A8AEADA741E4F7B&FORM=QBRE&sp=3&ghc=1&lq=0

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