Wireless Mobile Charger

ABSTRACT
The main objective of Wireless Charger System is to charge the mobile battery by using
wireless charger. The technology will replace cables and standardize on one interface,
potentially being able to charge 1000mAh battery. This is done using charging a resonant coil
from AC and then transmitting subsequent power to the resistive load. The project is meant to
charge a low power device quickly and efficiently by inductive coupling without the help of
wires. Wireless charging system described by using the method of inductive coupling. In this
project, oscillation circuit converts DC energy to AC energy (transmitter coil) to transmit
magnetic field by passing frequency and then induce the receiver coil. The properties of
Induction coupling are wave (magnetic field-wideband), range (very short~cm), efficiency
(height) and operation frequency. The project shows as a small charging for 5V battery of
phone in this method. The system bases on coupling magnetic field, then designed and
constructed as two parts. There are transmitter part and receiver part. The Ampere’s law,
Biot-Savart’s law and Faraday law are used to calculate the inductive coupling between the
transmitter coil and the receiver coil. The calculation of this law shows how many power
transfer in receiver part when how many distance between the transmitter coil and the
receiver coil. The system is safe for users and neighboring electronic devices. To get more
accurate wireless charging system, it needs to change the design of the few keywords.
Research was conducted to investigate the current and future applications of wireless power
transmission. To understand the fundamental theory, progressive innovations, and detrimental
effects of this technology within the environment and society, a comprehensive literature
review was formed. Electronic questionnaires were distributed, and personal interviews were
vi conducted to obtain detailed descriptions of modern implementation methods within
different industries.
 INTRODUCTION

Wireless charging technology enables wireless power transfer from a power source such as
charger to a load such as a mobile device conveniently across an air gap by eliminating the
bunch of wire. Wireless power transmission involves the exchange of power without the need
for physical connections. The development of this technology started in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, when a number of important innovations in electromagnetic research
were made. These advancements established the basic principles that served as the foundation
for modern electrical power transport. During the past 20 years, improvements in wireless
technologies have led to a revival of related research. Public interest in wireless power has
also increased with the application of Nikola Tesla ideas and inventions . As a result of this,
the feasibility of technological implementation merits examination.

Various scientists and inventors contributed to the development of wireless power.

Examining their backgrounds reveals the sources of their motivation and the methods by
which they conducted research. The inventions developed during this time were more
advanced than anything that had been seen before, solving challenging problems and
developing the basic theories that yielded modern technology. These inventors’ patents,
papers, and experiments effectively describe the practicality and utility of wireless power
propagation.

Three prominent forms of power transmission are conduction, induction, and radiation. There
are various formulas that explain how electrical power can be transmitted without the use of a
physical conductor. Each mode of power transport has theories that govern how the
electromagnetic waves carry power from a transmitter to a receiver.

2. Basic Concept

Electromagnetic Induction is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic

field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current-it is said to induce the current.
2.1. Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction

Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831,
though some others had noted similar behavior in the years prior to this. The formal name for
the physics equation that defines the behavior of an induced electromagnetic field from the
magnetic flux (change in a magnetic field) is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The
process of electromagnetic induction works in reverse as well, so that a moving electrical
charge generates a magnetic field. In fact, a traditional magnet is the result of the individual
motion of the electrons within the individual atoms of the magnet, aligned so that the
generated magnetic field is in a uniform direction.

2.2. Principle of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. Coils of
wire in the base station (the charging plate) create a magnetic field as the current passes
through. This field can induce an electrical current in an adjacent coil of wire without actually
touching it. Inductive charging uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two
objects. This is usually done with a charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive
coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy to charge batteries or run the
device.

2.2.1. Wireless Techniques:

Three major techniques for wireless charging are magnetic inductive coupling, magnetic
resonance coupling, and microwave radiation. The magnetic inductive and magnetic
resonance coupling work on near field, where the generated electromagnetic field dominates
the region close to the transmitter or scattering object. The near-field power is attenuated
according to the cube of the reciprocal of the distance. Alternatively, the microwave radiation
works on far field at a greater distance. The far-field power decreases according to the
reciprocal of the distance. Moreover, for the far-field technique, the absorption of radiation
does not affect the transmitter. By contrast, for the near-field techniques, the absorption of
radiation influences the load on the transmitter.
(a) Induction Coupling (b) Magnetic Resonance
Coupling

(c)Far Field Wireless Charging

Fig. 1 Wireless Charging Techniques

2.2.2. Magnetic Inductive Coupling:

Magnetic inductive coupling is based on magnetic field induction that delivers electrical
energy between two coils. Figure 1a shows the reference model. Magnetic inductive coupling
happens when a primary coil of an energy transmitter generates predominant varying
magnetic field across the secondary coil of the energy receiver within the field, generally less
than the wavelength. The near-field power then induces voltage/current across the secondary
coil of the energy receiver within the field. This voltage can be used by a wireless device.
The energy efficiency depends on the tightness of coupling between two coils and their
quality factor. The tightness of coupling is determined by the alignment and distance, the
ratio of diameters, and the shape of two coils. The quality factor mainly depends on the
materials, given the shape and size of the coils as well as the operating frequency. The
advantages of magnetic inductive coupling include ease of implementation, convenient
operation, high efficiency in close distance (typically less than a coil diameter) and safety.
Therefore, it is applicable and popular for mobile devices. Very recently, MIT scientists have
announced the invention of a novel wireless charging technology, called MagMIMO which
manages to charge a wireless device approximately 30 centimeters away. It is claimed that
MagMIMO can detect and cast a cone of energy towards a phone, even when the phone is
put inside the pocket.

2.2.3. Magnetic Resonant Coupling:

Magnetic resonance coupling , as shown in Fig. 1b, is based one vane scent wave coupling
which generates and transfers electrical energy between two resonant coils through varying
or oscillating magnetic fields. As the resonant coils, operating at the same resonant
frequency, are strongly coupled, high energy transfer efficiency can be achieved with small
leakage to non-resonant externalities. This property also provides the advantage of immunity
to neighboring environment and line-of-sight transfer requirement. Compared to magnetic
inductive coupling, another advantage of magnetic resonance charging is longer effective
charging distance. Additionally, magnetic resonant coupling can be applied between one
transmitting resonator and many receiving resonators, which enables concurrent charging of
multiple devices.

In 2007, MIT scientists proposed a high-efficient mid-range wireless power transfer

technology, i.e. Witricity, based on strongly coupled magnetic resonance. It was reported that
wireless power transmission can light a 60W bulb in more than two meters with transmission
efficiency around 40% . The efficiency increased up to 90% when the transmission distance
is one meter. However, it is difficult to reduce the size of a Witricity receiver because it
requires a distributed capacitive of coil to operate. This Posses big challenge in implementing

Witricity technology in portable devices. Resonant magnetic coupling can charge multiple
devices concurrently by tuning coupled resonators of multiple receiving coils . This has been
shown to achieve improved overall efficiency. However, mutual coupling of receiving coils.
Resulting interference, and thus proper tuning is required.
2.2.4. Microwave Radiation:

Microwave radiation utilizes microwave as a medium to carry radiant energy. Microwaves

propagate over space at the speed of light, normally in line-of-sight. Figure 1.1c shows the
architecture of a microwave power transmission system. The power transmission starts with
the AC to DC conversion, followed by a DC-to-RF conversion through magnetron at the
transmitter side. After propagated through the air, the microwaves captured by the receiver
rectenna are rectified into electricity again. The typical frequency of microwaves ranges from
300MHz to 300GHz. The energy transfer can use other electromagnetic waves such as
infrared and X-rays. However, due to safety issue, they are not Widely used. The microwave
energy can be radiated isotropically or towards some direction through beam forming. The
former is more suitable for broadcast applications. For point-to-point transmission, beam
forming transmit electromagnetic waves, referred to as power beam forming , can improve
the power transmission efficiency. A beam can be generated through an antenna array (or
aperture antenna). The sharpness of power beam forming improves with the number of
transmit antennas. The use of massive antenna arrays can increase the sharpness. The recent
development has also brought commercial products into the market. For example, the Power
caster transmitter and Power harvester receiver allow 1W or 3W isotropic wireless power
transfer.

Besides longer transmission distance, microwave radiation offers the advantage of

compatibility with existing communication system. Microwaves have been advocated to
deliver energy and transfer information at the same time. The amplitude and phase of
microwave are used to modulate information, while the radiation and vibration of
microwaves are used to carry energy. This concept is referred to as simultaneous wireless
information and power transfer (SWIPT). However, due to health concern of RF radiations,
the power beacons are constrained by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
regulation, which allows up to 4 watts for effective isotropic radiated power, i.e., 1 watt
device output power plus 6dBi of antenna gain. Therefore, dense deployment of power
beacons is required to power hand-held cellular mobiles with lower power and shorter
distance. The microwave energy harvesting. Efficiency is significantly dependent on the
power density at receive antenna
 COMPONENTS OF WIRELESS MOBILE CHARGER

Wireless Power Charging Coils:-

Wurth Electronics Qi Wireless Power Charging Coils (WE-WPCC) allow power to be

transferred wirelessly through inductive coupling. These charging coils and receivers go
beyond the Qi standard of 20W with many of the coils capable of handling up to 200W. The
Qi wireless coils come with a transmit coil and the receive coil. These coils are inductively
coupled and the AC current in the transmit coil generates a magnetic field that induces a
voltage in the receive coil. The Qi wireless charging coils are winded with litz wire instead of
bilfilar that offers outstanding performance with lowest DCRs and highest Q values. These
transmit and receive coils when used together achieve an efficiency of up to 93%.

Figure: COIL

light-emitting diode (LED):-

LED is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. When a
current flows through the diode, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence.
The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Parts of a
conventional LED.

Fig :Led Diagram

Capacitor:-

A capacitor can store electric energy when it is connected to its charging circuit. And
when it is disconnected from its charging circuit, it can dissipate that stored energy, so it
can be used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic
devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed.

Fig :Capacitor Diagram

Resistor:-

it is an electrical device may be a passive two-terminal electrical part that implements

resistance as a circuit component. In electronic circuits, resistors unit of measurement
accustomed reduce current flow, alter signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
components, and terminate transmission lines, among completely different uses.

Fig :Resistor Diagram

Battery cap:-

A battery assembled cap, a cylindrical battery with the cap and a method for making the
same. ... The vent cap is attached to the battery cover by a hinge connection which allows
for play between the vent cap and the battery cover and which allows for rotation of the
vent cap.

Fig :Battery cap Diagram

IRFZ44N MOSFET:-

IRFZ44N belongs to the family of N-channel Power MOSFETs, covered in plasteic

body and uses “Trench” technology. Similar to other transistors, it has three
terminals named as Gate, Drain and Source. They are denoted by the alphabets G,
D and S respectively. Its features include very low on state resistance, high speed
processing technology, completely avalanche rated etc. Push pull systems and full
bridge are few of its real life applications.

IRF-Z44N is given in the figure shown below.

Fig :Voltage Regulator Diagram

Switch:-

A switch, in the context of networking is a high-speed device that receives incoming data
packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN). A LAN switch
operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the network layer of the OSI Model and, as such it
can support all types of packet protocols.

Fig :Switch Diagram

Battery :-

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, and electric cars. When
a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow
through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an
external electric load.

Fig :Battery
DIODE :-

A diode is an electronic device which allows the current to flow in one direction only and
blocks in other direction.

It is a semiconductor device that comes with two terminals called anode and cathode. An
anode is positive while the cathode is negative.

Most of the diodes are made from silicon because it can afford high temperature, however,
germanium is also used for manufacturing where low voltage drop is required.

A diode is analogous to check valve which is mainly used to carry out ON and OFF
operation. This process is used for rectification where AC signal is converted to DC
signal. However, diodes are more complicated than simple ON-OFF operation because of
the non-linear behavior of current and voltage characteristics of the diode.

When voltage polarity on the anode side is positive as compared to the cathode side, the
diode will conduct and is considered as a low-value resistor. If voltage polarity at the
anode side is more negative as compared to the cathode side, the diode is said to have in
reverse biased mode and it won’t conduct.

FIG: DIODE
USB CABEL:-
The resistance of a 3-5 ft cable is almost negligible assuming the cable isn't defective. So,
charging cable length does not matter. But the wrong cable can slow down charging speeds.
USB cables have a data wire and a charging wire within the cable itself.

FIGURE: USB CABEL MOBILE CHARGE

1. WORKING PRINCIPLE AND HARDWARE

DESCRIPTION 3.1 Working Principle

Fig. 2 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger

The block diagram of wireless charger consists of Ac power supplier, rectifier, LC oscillator
circuit, transmitter, receiver and current amplifier, which is shown in fig. 2. In the first step
AC supply of 220V is given to the circuit, then transformer is connected which convert this
220V to 18V supply. This converted 18V is of AC nature and for further process this supply
needs to convert into DC supply. For conversion, bridge rectifier is used. The conversion
process of AC to DC gives ripples in output. For removing ripples a filter circuit is needed
which consist of capacitor and resistor. After this smooth DC is obtained which is supplied to
oscillator circuit consist of inductor and capacitor. Oscillators convert a DC input (the supply
voltage) into an AC output (the waveform), which can have a wide range of different wave
shapes and frequencies that can be either complicated in nature or simple sine waves
depending upon the application. Then this signal is given to transmitter which transmits the
signal. Then it is receive by receiver. The mobile phones are not charged at AC so we need to
convert it again in DC output. Which is of low value therefore a current amplifier is needed
for the circuit. Electric power is distributed as alternating current because AC voltage may be
increased or decreased with a transformer. This allows the power to be transmitted through
power lines efficiently at high voltage, which reduces the power lost as heat due to resistance
of the wire, and transformed to a lower, safer, voltage for use.

FIGURE: WIRELESS POWER TX & RX

3.2 Transmitter Coil:

Power supply is given to the transmitter. Copper coil is wound into number of turns as per
the requirement. When the power is supplied to transmitter the coil energizes and results in
the magnetic coupling. Hence the power is transferred. The transmitter coil is of diameter
10cm and no. of turns of the coil is 150.

Fig 3 Transmitter coil

3.3 Receiver coil:

The secondary receiver coils are similar designs to the primary sending coils. Running the
secondary at the same resonant frequency as the primary ensures that the secondary has low
impedance at the transmitter's frequency and that the energy is optimally absorbed. To
remove energy from the secondary coil, different methods can be used, the AC can be used
directly rectified and a regulator circuit can be used to generate DC voltage. The receiver coil
is shown in fig. 4.The receiver coil is of same diameter as transmitter coil but the no. of turns
is 200.

Fig. 4 Receiver coil

3.4 AC to DC converter

Fig. 5 Rectifier circuit

A Rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification. We use full wave rectifier for this. The average (DC) output voltage is
higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier ha much less ripple than that of
the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform. In the first half of the AC
cycle, D2 and D4 conduct because they’re forward biased. Positive voltage is on the anode of
D2 and negative voltage is on the cathode of D4. Thus, these two diodes work together to
pass the first half of the signal through. In the second half of the AC cycle, D1 and D3
conduct because they’re forward biased: Positive voltage is on the anode of D1 and negative
voltage is on the cathode of D3. The net effect of the bridge rectifier is that both halves of the
AC sine wave are allowed to pass through, but the negative half of the wave is inverted so
that it becomes positive.

3.5 Oscillator Tank Circuit

Fig. 6 Basic oscillator tank circuit

An oscillator is an electronics device for generating an Ac signal voltage. The basic oscillator
circuit is shown in fig. 6. The frequency of the generated signal depends on the circuit
constants. Oscillators are used in radio and TV receivers, in radar in all transmitting
equipment’s and in military and industrial electronics. Oscillators any generate sinusoidal non
sinusoidal or waveforms, from very low frequencies up to very high frequencies. The local
oscillator in most present day broadcast band AM super heterodynes will cover a range of
frequencies from 1000 through 2100 KHz. An oscillator is a back and forth motion. In
mechanics a pendulum or swing illustrates the principle of 24 oscillation. Once a pendulum is
started, it would continue swinging indefinitely if it were not for the energy lost in
overcoming friction. It is necessary to add energy periodically to offset this loss and keep the
pendulum moving. In a parallel LC circuit, electronics oscillate when the circuit is excited.
3.6 Current Amplifier

Fig. 7 Darlington Pair

Where, Q1- BC 547, Q2- TIP 122 and RB- 1K. Current Amplifier consists of two Darlington
pairs because we have to amplify the current from 40mA to 450mA. Darlington pair is used
as a current amplifier. The Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair shown in fig.
7) is a compound structure consisting of two bipolar transistors (either integrated or separated
devices) connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified
further by the second one. This configuration gives a much higher current gain than each
transistor taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space than two
individual transistors because they can use a shared collector. Integrated Darlington pairs
come packaged singly in transistor-like packages or as an array of devices (usually eight) in
an integrated circuit. Darlington pair has two transistors one is BC-547 and another one is
TIP-122. TIP 122 has maximum Collector to Emitter and Collector to Base voltage 100V and
maximum voltage at Emitter to Base is 5V. Maximum collector current is 5A and the
maximum power dissipation is 65W.

Fig. 8 BC-547 IC Fig. 9 TIP-122 IC

Darlington Pair is not as fast as a single transistor. This is because the first transistor cannot
actively shut off the base current of the second transistor. In turn this makes the overall
device or circuit configuration slow to reduce the current flow or switch off. To address this
problem, the second transistor often has a resistor connected between the base and emitter.
This resistor also helps prevent any leakage current from the input transistor from turning the
output transistor on. This leakage current can be of the order of Nano-amps for a small signal
transistor or up to a few hundred micro-amps for a power transistor. The value of the base
emitter resistor is chosen so that it does not sink a large proportion of the current intended to
pass through the base of the output transistor, while not allowing the leakage current to
develop a voltage equal to the turn on voltage of the output transistor to be developed.
Typical values for the resistor may be a few hundred ohms for power applications for the
circuit or a few thousand ohms for a small signal version.7809 is used for voltage regulation
input voltage of 7809 can be up to 23V but under my experience, it is wise to avoid input
over 15V. The 7809 is a 9 Volt voltage regulator IC with features such as internal current
limit, safe area protection, thermal protection etc. A 16 V transformer brings down the 230V
mains, 1A bridge rectifier rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7809 regulates it to
produce a steady 9V DC output.7809 is claimed to output 9V and almost 1.5A current but
again, I have experienced that we should not put a load over 9V and 1A on it. Since we are
using it in power supply, the transfer of power will result in heat output. We will need to use
a heat sink with 7809 otherwise this heat can damage it. It is advised to use a 1A fuse on the
output side of 7809 and a 1.5A fuse on the input side of 7809 to avoid damage in case of
short circuit.

3.7 Wireless charger

This wireless charger consists of two coils transmitter coil and receiver coil, rectifier,
oscillator tank circuit and shown in fig 10. Distance between the transmitter and receiver coil
is 6cm. By using inductive charging it can charge the 1000mAh battery phone in just 30 min.
 Fig. 10 Wireless Charger

4. CONCLUSION

Wireless charging can be as efficient as a wired charging. Based on the reviewed literature
and collected data, suggests that wireless power transmission could be feasible. Modern
science has now made it possible to use electricity without having to plug in any wires for
charging. There are three techniques for wireless power transfer. Inductive charging has
lower efficiency and increased resistive heating in comparison to direct contact.
Implementations using lower frequencies or older drive technologies charge more slowly and
generate heat within most portable electronics. Magnetic microwave has also some
limitations Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due to
atmospheric conditions and towers are expensive to build. Researchers developed inductive
charging using resonance where energy is transmitted between two copper coils that resonate
at the same frequency. Of these two coils, one is the power transmitter and the other, the
receiver. This is more feasible than other techniques and is safer than wired charging system.
In this project, wireless charging of 1050mAh battery has been focused. The circuit for this
purpose has been designed, fabricated, implemented and tested. This circuit consists of
transformer, rectifier, oscillator tank circuit, transmitter coil, receiver coil, current amplifier.
Initially, output current is 13mA so there is a need to amplify current by using a transistor
based current amplifier whose gain is 0.93. Thereafter the output current found to be 450mA
at 5V dc and it charges 100% battery in 30mins within the range of 6cms.Wireless power
transmission has been the subject of many studies in the past, and will continue to be so in the
future.