CHAPTER # L : Electric Charges and Fields

# Coulomb 's law of Electrostatics :( In vector form)

consider two distance o !
q and q separated by
'

where ,
charges + -

F)2 force exerted on q by 92

⑨-Ñ
=
,

Fa force exerted
on
qz by 9s ma
=
F. ⊕ ← .

,
I
FI 1<-181 -

kq.iq#r?-rI )
i. =

¥ñ
=%÷f ñ=¥ ) ,

¥: ::::
brackets # ET

=¥÷ :÷÷ ,
i :* .

Ñ2Ñt

E.
,k¥÷ 'ñ-ñ Heme PED
: =
>

similarly ,
Force applied by FI ,
FI
=kq;,9÷(É%
=%÷ I
:÷÷,
=

FI
,!%;→cñ-ñ Peᵈ
÷ =
>

Hence
Here ,
we can
clearly observe that → FI = -
FI ,
i. e- 3rd law of newton is valid in
electrostatics also .

# Electric Field due to dipole on axis : →

P
we have two
a
opposite charges separated by
distance of 21 ; which makes it a dipole
'

.
⑦ -
l→ I
← →
④ - - - - - - - -

A is a random point on axis at a distance

g- ate +721¥ '
ayaan sit
'

ÑN→
from centre of dipole
' '
r IT
teacher impress 1
.

Now Field due to ' -9 ' A E-

-1T¥,
at →
5-
,
,

' '
Field due to 1- +
similarly +9 at A
,k÷e,
- =

, g. ,
 So , Net Field f- f-qtftq

=÷÷ii÷ .

=
-Ñq( 8+172
( (rtl) (8-1)/2
2kPr
21%21%-2
=

WI

Now denominator ,
, if 8 >> l ,
we can
ignore 12 in the

E-
=2¥
E-
21¥ µenie%¥ "
"

field due to dipole equitorial line :

'
# Electric on ,
"
,

E-
q=¥→ 1-+9=4%2
'
,
i
.

, .
,

%
C-net =
J+E+iE -q e-e-
it
e- e→

=¥÷i¥÷;iÑ " +nisa ,

Hypo TH (
__
d
°
: pytha)

¥+2 ②
so cos ②

÷÷+÷÷:i
= -

,
= ,

JY¥ f+•
=

11,2%+97,12121050=(71+10520--2105-0)
(2%+1-4152)
= cos ⊖

putting lose here from ② ,

Enet
-1%4%312
=

T.fr > > d ,

12 can be
neglected in the denominator .
 - here
- denotes the direction which
resign
is anti-parallel
-kg¥
Hence, f-
direction of dipole / veto +ve)
=

PIM
to -

Hence
#
Torque on
dipole in external field : _

_*÷ .

Figure shows an electric dipole with

charges + q& q -

at a
separation of 2L
placed in a uniform electric
field CET .

Dipole makes an
angle ⊖ with electric field .

FT = -

qf →
force on
charge -

F) =

qf
→
force on
charge q

FT = -

Fi
which means the force
direction at the two ends
acting on dipole is equal
will behave
in
like
magnitude and opposite in
Therefore
.
it a
couple .

As couple Ps on
acting dipole it produces torque
,
so .

either force )
we know ,
I = ( magnitude of ( ✗
to
line
distance
of action
from
of F)
= F ✗ ( BC)

=
qE ✗ (21 sin ⊖ )
I =
PE Sino ( % P=qke ))
E=FxÉ
Pᵈ
Hence
Caste : when ② = 0° % sin 0=0 ; which means K= .

this condition is called stable equilibrium because when the dipole is

displaced from this orientation ,Ptam back to same
configuration .

fassett : when ⊖ -480° .

: sin 1800--0 ; which 12=07 means
condition is called unstable cause once displaced
this equilibrium
the dipole never comes backlothientaninsted it
aligns itself
parallel to the field
_É¥teaur
.

when -0=9-8 af
e✗Pᵗᵈ ☒
"

CEIL : i. sin 90=1 ; which means T.is maximum .

unstable G-
I2&¥ Ñ
F- PEsÉᵈ 1$47
paper

Miguel
II=Pcm→ *
teacher
d- An FEI 34TH /
ot ¥%