KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATAN

TINSUKIA REGION

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL 2021-22

MATHEMATICS (041) FOR CLASS XII

Chief Patron
Shri S V Joglekar
Deputy Commissioner I/c
Tinsukia Region

Patron
Shri Sojan P. John
Assistant Commissioner

Co-Ordinator: Mr. Rajib Das, Principal, KV OIL Duliajan

PREPARED BY:
1. Dr. Bhupendra Singh, PGT (Maths), KV NERIST
2. Ms. Preety Meena, PGT (Maths), KV Dimapur
3. Mr. Krishan Kumar, PGT (Maths), KV Duliajan
4. Mr. Arun Kumar Sharma, PGT(Maths), KV Lekhapani

MODERATED BY:
1. Mr. Umesh Chandra, Principal, KV Dimapur
 FOREWORD
Providing Support Material to students is a tradition in Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.
The Support material prepared by the subject experts includes all the necessary changes
introduced by CBSE so as to acquaint our student with the changes in curriculum, pattern and
design of questions, topic-wise weightage of marks, MCQs, VSA, SA, LA-1, LA-2 , topic wise
common errors along with previous years' CBSE questions, CCT based questions and
questions based on Case Study .

This students’ support material is surely a meticulous work undertaken by the subject
experts of the Region with an aim to help students’ excellent learning. This comprehensive
material has been crafted in a lucid language to efface any trace of ambiguity from the learners’
minds. Each unit has been moulded scholastically keeping in mind the doubts that may arise
while a young learner deals with the concept. A variety of questions in different designs, like
Assertion-Reason Questions and Multiple-Choice Questions, have been dealt with, to prepare
the students for every possible pattern that could appear in Term II Examination. Descriptive
questions have been included for detailed reading. Important formulae and the core concept
of each chapter have been highlighted for easy revision. HOTS questions can help the students
to think outside the confines of the textbook. Mind maps will help the students to grasp the
ideas as part of a coherent structure. Inclusion of MCQ based questions is for rapid revision.
This succinct material, prepared as per latest CBSE syllabus, would help the students to
comprehend thoroughly and revise swiftly.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will serve the
purpose of enhancing students’ confidence level to help them perform better. Planned study
blended with hard work, good time management and sincerity will help the students reach the
pinnacle of success.
All teachers and students are requested to share their feedback to us.
I express my gratitude to Shri Sojan P John, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO
Tinsukia, Principal Coordinators, teachers whoever involved in preparation and moderation of
Support Material.

Happy & Joyful Learning !

(S.V. Joglekar)
Deputy Commissioner (I/c)
KVS RO Tinsukia
 CONTENTS
Chapter-7 Integrals ............................................................................................. 2
By: Dr. Bhupendra Singh, PGT(Maths), KV NERIEST
Chapter – 8 Application of Integrals ............................................................... 20
By: Mr. Kapil Pundir, PGT(Maths), KV Loktak
Chapter – 9 Differential Equations ................................................................. 28
By: Ms. Preeti Meena, PGT(Maths), KV Dimapur
Chapter – 10 Vector Algebra ........................................................................... 33
By: Mr. Kapil Pundir, PGT(Maths), KV Loktak
Chapter – 11 Three Dimensional Geometry ................................................... 41
By: Mr. Krishan Kumar, PGT(Maths), KV Duliajan
Chapter – 13 Probability .................................................................................. 67
By: Mr. Arun Kumar Sharma, PGT(Maths), KV Lekhapani
 Chapter-7 Integrals

 Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. In the differential calculus, we are given a
function and we have to find the derivative or differential of this function, but in the integral
calculus, we are to find a function whose differential is given. Thus, integration is a process
which is the inverse of differentiation.
d
o Let F(x) = f(x). Then we write ∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C. These integrals are called
dx
indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called constant of integration. All these
integrals differ by a constant.
 From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of curves, each
of which is obtained by translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards
along the y-axis.
 Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:

1. ∫[f(x)+g(x)]dx=∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx

2. For any real number k, ∫ kf(x)dx = k∫ f(x)dx

More generally, if f1, f2, f3, ..., fn are functions and k1, k2, ...., kn are real numbers. Then

∫ [k1f1(x)+k2f2(x)+ + ...+ knfn(x)]dx = k1∫f1(x)dx+k2∫k2(x)dx +...+ kn ∫ fn(x)dx

 Standard formulae of Integrals:

𝑥 𝑛+1
a) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝑐 ; n≠−1

Particularly, ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐

1
b) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐

1
c) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
log 𝑎

d) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

e) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

f) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

g) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

h) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cot 𝑥 + 𝑐

i) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐

j) ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐

Page 2 of 84
 1
k) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
√1−𝑥 2

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −cos−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
√1 − 𝑥2

1
l) ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −cot −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2

1
m) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −cosec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
n) ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥| + 𝑐

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −log|cos 𝑥| + 𝑐

o) ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sin 𝑥| + 𝑐

∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − log|cosec 𝑥| + 𝑐

p) ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝑐

𝜋 𝑥
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |tan ( + )| + 𝑐
4 2

q) ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐

𝑥
∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log |tan | + 𝑐
2

1 1 𝑥
r) ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
tan−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐

1 1 𝑎+𝑥
s) ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = log ( ) + 𝑐
𝑎 −𝑥 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

1 1 𝑥−𝑎
t) ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎
log ( ) +
𝑥+𝑎
𝑐

1
u) ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 −𝑎

Page 3 of 84
 1
v) ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 +𝑎

1 𝑥
w) ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
√𝑎 −𝑥

𝑥 𝑎2
x) ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑎2
y) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2 2

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
z) ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎

 Methods of Integration:
Though there is no general method for finding the integral of a function, yet here we have considered
the following methods based on observations for evaluating the integral of a function:
a) Integration by Substitution Method–
In this method we change the integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, , where independent variable is x, to another integral
in which independent variable is t (say) different from x such that x and t are related by x = g (t) .

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, then, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Again as x = g (t) so, we have 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑔′(𝑡)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Now 𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔′(𝑡)
On integrating both sides w.r.t. t, we get

𝑑𝑢
∫( ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑡)]. 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

i.e., ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓[𝑔(𝑡)]. 𝑔′ (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 where x = g (t).

So, it is clear that substituting x = g (t) in∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 will give us the same result as obtained by putting
g (t) in place of x and g’ (t) dt in place of dx.
b) Integration by Partial Fractions–
𝑓(𝑥)
Consider 𝑔(𝑥) defines a rational polynomial function.

 If the degree of numerator i.e. f(x) is greater than or equal to the degree of denominator i.e.
g(x) then, this type of rational function is called an improper rational function. And if degree of f (x)
is smaller than the degree of denominator i.e. g(x) then, this type of rational function is called a proper
rational function.
 In rational polynomial functions if the degree (i.e. highest power of the variable) of numerator
(Nr) is greater than or equal to the degree of denominator (Dr), then (without any doubt) always
perform the division i.e., divide the Nr by Dr before doing anything and thereafter use the following:
Numerator Remainder
Denominator
= Quotient + Denominator.

Page 4 of 84
On doing this, the rational function is resolved into partial fractions. The table shown below lists the
types of simpler partial fractions that are to be associated with various kinds of rational functions which
will be dealt in our current study:
 TABLE DEMONSTRATING PARTIAL FRACTIONS OF VARIOUS FORMS

Form of the Rational Function Form of the Partial Fraction

𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
,𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑏)

𝐴 𝐵
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 +
(𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑥 − 𝑐)
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(x − c)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − b)
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑏)

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
(𝑥 − a)(𝑥 2 + bx + c) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+ 2
where x2 +bx +c can’t be factorized (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 + bx + c)
further.

c) Integral, By Parts-

If v and V be two functions of x then,

𝑑𝑈
∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 (∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥) − ∫ { ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(I) (II)

In finding integrals by this method, proper choice of functions U and V is crucial. Though
there is no fixed rule for taking U and V (their choice is possible by practice) yet, following rule is
found to be quite helpful in deciding the functions U and V:

 If U and V are of different types, take that function as U which comes first in the word
ILATE .

Here I ⇒ Inverse trigonometrical function,

L⇒ Logarithmic function,
A⇒ Algebraic function,
T⇒ Trigonometrical function and
E⇒ The Exponential function.

 If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as V whose integral is easier.
 If both the functions are algebraic, take that function as U whose differentiation is easier.
 Some integrands are such that they are not product of two functions. Their integrals may be
found by integrals by parts taking 1 as the second function. Logarithmic and inverse
trigonometric functions are examples of such functions.

Page 5 of 84
  The result of integral ∫ 𝒆𝒙 [f(x)+f'(x)]dx=𝒆𝒙 f(x)+C can be directly applied in case of the
objective type questions.

d) Making the Perfect Square:

STEP l- Consider the expression 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 .

STEP2- Make the coefficient of x2 as unity ( i.e., 1 ) by taking 𝒂 common, after doing so the
𝑏 𝑐
original expression will look like, 𝒂 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ).
𝑎 𝑎

𝑏 2
STEP3- Add and subtract (2𝑎) to the expression obtained in STEP2 as depicted here i.e.,

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝒂 [𝑥 2 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎 + (2𝑎) − (2𝑎) ]

𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏 2
STEP4- The perfect square of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 will be 𝒂 [(𝑥 + ) + { − ( ) }].
2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

e) Various Integral forms:

𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
 Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 ; ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ; Express the numerator px + q as shown
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑
here, i.e., px + q =A (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑩. Then on, obtain the values of A and B by equating
𝑑𝑥
the coefficients of like powers of x and constants terms on both the sides. Then, integrate it
𝑑
after replacing px+q by A (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝑩 using the values of A and B.
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 sin 𝑥 +𝑏 cos 𝑥 d
 Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑐 sin 𝑥 +𝑑 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥: Express Numerator = Adx(Denominator) + B
(Denominator).

Then obtain the values of A and B by equating the coefficients of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 on both the
sides and proceed.

𝑎 sin 𝑥 +𝑏 cos 𝑥+𝑐

 Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑝 sin 𝑥 +𝑞 cos 𝑥+𝑟 𝑑𝑥: Note that the previous . integral form can be considered
as a special case of this form.
d
Express Numerator = Adx(Denominator) + B (Denominator) + C.
Then obtain the values of unknowns i.e., A, B and C by equating the coefficients of sin 𝑥, cos 𝑥
and the constant terms on both the sides and hence proceed.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Integrals of the form ∫ ,∫ ,∫ , ∫ (𝑎 sin 𝑥+𝑏 cos 𝑥)2 ,
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥+𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 Divide the Nr and Dr both by cos2 x. Replace sec2 x , if any, in Dr by 1+ tan2 x
and then put tan x = t and proceed.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Integrals of the form ∫ ,∫ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ ,;
𝑎 sin 𝑥 +𝑏 cos 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 sin 𝑥 a +𝑏 cos 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
2 tan 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2 2
Use sin x = 𝑥 and/ or cos x = 𝑥 . Replace 1+ tan2 x in the Nr by sec2x and then put
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2 2
𝑥
tan 2 = 𝑡 and then after proceed.

Page 6 of 84
 1
 Integrals of the form∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 where M and N are linear or Quadratic expressions in x :
√𝑁

M N Substitutions

Linear Linear 𝑡2 = 𝑁

Quadratic Linear 𝑡2 = 𝑁

Linear Quadratic 1
t=𝑀

Quadratic Quadratic 𝑁 1
𝑡 2 = 𝑀 or t = 𝑥

 A Few Useful Quickies:

[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
a) ∫[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1

𝑓′ (𝑥)
b) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐

𝑓′ (𝑥) [𝑓(𝑥)]−𝑛+1
c) ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
−𝑛+1

1 [𝑎𝑥+𝑏]𝑛+1
d) ∫[𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] +𝑐
𝑎 𝑛+1

First fundamental theorem of integral calculus

Theorem 1 Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A (x) be
the area function. Then A’(x) = f (x), for all x ∈[a, b].
Second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
We state below an important theorem which enables us to evaluate definite integrals by
making use of anti derivative.
Theorem 2 Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be an anti
𝑏
derivative of f. Then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎).

f) Formulae & Properties Of Definite Integrals:

𝑏 𝑏
P.0 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 .

𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
P. 1 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 . In particular, ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
P. 2 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑏
P.3 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Page 7 of 84
 𝑎 𝑎
P.4 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (Note that P4 is a particular case of P3)

2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
P.5 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 f (2a − x) = f(x)
P.6 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={ 0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 f (2a − x) = −f(x)

𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑓 is an even function, i. e. , if 𝑓 (– 𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥).
P.7 ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ={
0 , if 𝑓 is an odd function, i. e. , if 𝑓 (– 𝑥) = – 𝑓 (𝑥).

Page 8 of 84
 MCQS
Q.NO. QUESTION
1 1
The anti derivatives of √𝑥 + equals
√𝑥
1 1
1
a) 3
𝑥3 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

2 2 1
b) 3
𝑥3 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3 3 1
c) 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
3 3 1 1
d) 2
𝑥2 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝐶

2
∫ √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
1
a) 2
(𝑥 − 4) √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 +9𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 4 + √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7| +C
1
b) (𝑥 + 4) √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 +9𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 + 4 + √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7| +C
2
1
c) 2
(𝑥 − 4) √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 −3√2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 4 + √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7| +C
1 9
d) (𝑥 − 4) √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 − 4 + √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7| +C
2 2

3 3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
1 𝑥3
a) 𝑒 +𝐶
3
1 𝑥2
b) 3
𝑒 +𝐶
1 𝑥3
c) 2
𝑒 +𝐶
1 𝑥2
d) 2
𝑒 +𝐶

4
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜

a) 𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝐶
b) 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝐶
c) 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝐶
d) 𝑒𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝐶

5 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

(𝑥−1)2
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥−2
|+C
(𝑥−2) 2
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 𝑥−1 | + C
𝑥−1
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |(𝑥−2)2 | + C
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔|(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)| + C

6
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)

Page 9 of 84
 a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−12log𝑥2+1+𝐶
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+12log𝑥2+1+𝐶
c) −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+12log𝑥2+1+𝐶
d) 12𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+log𝑥2+1+𝐶

7 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑥2
+ 2𝑥 + 2
a) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑥+1)+𝐶
b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑥+1)+𝐶
c) (𝑥+1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥+𝐶
d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥+𝐶

8 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
√9𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
1 −1 9𝑥−8
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )+𝐶
9 8
1 −1 8𝑥−9
b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )+ 𝐶
2 9
1 9𝑥−8
c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )+ 𝐶
3 8
1 9𝑥−8
d) 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 9 ) + 𝐶

9 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
c) −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶

10 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜
cos2 (ex x)
a) cot (ex x ) + C
b) tan(xex ) + C
c) tan(ex ) + C
d) cot(ex ) + C

11 10𝑥 9 + 10𝑥 log 𝑒 10

∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑥 10 + 10𝑥
a) 10𝑥−𝑥10+𝐶
b) 10𝑥+𝑥10+𝐶
c) (10𝑥−𝑥10)−1+𝐶
d) log10𝑥+𝑥10+𝐶

12 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 equals

a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝐶
d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝑥 + 𝐶

Page 10 of 84
13 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
c) log(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
d) log(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶

14 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠

−1
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
+𝐶
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝐶
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝐶
1
d) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
+ 𝐶

15 𝑑 3
If 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] = 4𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(2) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

1 129
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 8
1 129
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + +
𝑥4 8
1 129
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥3
+ 8
1 129
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥4
− 8

Short Answer type Questions

1 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
2 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟖 𝒙
3
∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
4.
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
5. 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
6.
∫(𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙) 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
7. 𝟐
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
𝟏
8 𝟒
𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
𝟐
𝝅
9
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−𝝅

Page 11 of 84
 𝝅
10 𝟐
𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝟎
11 𝟐
|𝒙|
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
−𝟏
12 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏+𝒙
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
−
𝟐
𝝅
13
∫(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒔𝒊𝒏. 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
−𝝅
14 𝟏
𝟐
∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
15 𝟑

∫ 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

Long Answer type Questions

1 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙
𝟑

2 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙
3 𝟏
∫ 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟑)
4. 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖
5. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 −𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 √𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟏]
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 +𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 √𝒙
6.
∫ √𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + √𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
7. 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝟎
8 𝟒

∫|𝒙 − 𝟏||𝒙 − 𝟐||𝒙 − 𝟒| 𝒅𝒙

𝟏
𝝅
9 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟎
𝝅
10 𝟐
𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙
𝟎
𝝅
11 𝟒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏𝟔 + 𝟗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟎

Page 12 of 84
 𝝅
12 𝟑
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 √𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙
𝟔
13 𝟏
𝒙 + |𝒙| + 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐|𝒙| + 𝟏
−𝟏
𝝅
14 𝝅
∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( + 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝟒
𝟎
15 𝟑
𝟐

∫|𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒙|𝒅𝒙

𝟎

CASE STUDY
1. Work done by variable force
The work done by a constant force of magnitude F on a point that moves a displacement d in the direction of the
force is the product: W = Fd. Integration approach can be used both to calculate work done by a variable force
and work done by a constant force. This suggests that integrating the product of force and distance is the general
way of determining the work done by a force on a moving body. The work done by a force f(x) which displace
a body from a point a to b is define as below.
𝑏
W=∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:
1 The work done by a variable force f(x) =x2-4 from x=5 to x=8 is calculated by formula
8
(a) W= (x2-4) .(8-5) (b) W=∫5 3(𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥

8 8
(c) W=∫5 (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥 (d) W=∫0 (𝑥 2 − 4)𝑑𝑥

2 . The work done by a variable force f(x) =x2-4 from x=5 to x=8 is
(a) 118 units (b)117 units (c)116 units (d) 115 units

𝜋
3 The work done by force f(x)=tan2 x from 0 to 4 .
4+ 𝜋 4− 𝜋 4+ 𝜋 4− 𝜋
(a) 4
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (b) 4
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (c) 2
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (d) 2
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

4 2
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
2𝑛+2 2𝑛+1 3.2𝑛+2 3.2𝑛+1
(a) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
(b) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) (c) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) (d) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

𝜋 𝜋
5 The work done by force f(x)= sin3 x.cos4 x from - 4 to 4 .

Page 13 of 84
 𝜋 4𝜋 19
(a) 4
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (b) 5
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 (c) 0 units (d) 20
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2.
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
𝑛 𝑏 𝑐 𝑛
We know that ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ………+∫𝑚 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where a<b<c……..<m<n
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
Also |x| =𝑓(𝑥) = { .
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
Now evaluate the following

6 4
∫0 |𝑥 − 1|dx =

(A) -5
(B) 5
(C) 3
(D) None of these
7 1
∫−1[𝑥]𝑑𝑥 =

(A) -1
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) -2
8 𝜋/2
∫−𝜋/2 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| dx =

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) -2
(D) -1
9 1
∫−2 |𝑥 2 − 1| dx =

(A) 3
(B) -3
(C) 2
(D) -2
Q.3 Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) dx = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) dx , f(-x) = f(x) even
= 0 , f(-x) = -f(x) odd
𝑎 𝑎
∫0 𝑓(𝑥)dx = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)dx
10 𝜋/2
∫ log 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 dx =
0
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
11 1 2−𝑥
∫−1 log(2+𝑥) dx =
(A) 1
(B) 2

Page 14 of 84
 (C) 3
(D) 0
12 𝜋/4
∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥) dx =
(A) (π/2) log2
(B) (π/4) log2
(C) (π/8) log2
(D) None of these
13 1 2𝑥−1
∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1+𝑥−𝑥 2 ) dx =
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3

CBSE Previous year Questions

Q.no. Question
1 cos 2𝑥+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Evaluate:∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
[2014]
2 √𝑥
∫ √𝑎3 −𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 [2016]

3 𝑥2
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [2015, 2013]
(𝑥 2 +4)(𝑥 2 +9)

4 sin(𝑥−𝑎)
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥[2015, 2013, 2006]
sin(𝑥+𝑎)
5 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 [2015]
6 𝟐
Evaluate ∫ (𝟏−𝒙)(𝟏+𝒙𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 [2012]
7 𝟏
Evaluate ∫ 𝒅𝒙 [2009,2019]
√𝟓−𝟒𝒙−𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝜋
8
∫04 log(1 + tan 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 [2015, 2013, 2010]
𝜋
9 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
∫02
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 [2014, 2012]

10 4
Find the value of ∫1 |𝐱 − 𝟓|𝐝𝐱 [2020]

11 𝑥+1
Find ∫ (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) 𝑑𝑥 [2020]

12 3
Evaluate ∫1 (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
13 4
Evaluate: ∫2 {|𝐱 − 𝟐| + |𝐱 − 𝟑| + |𝐱 − 𝟒|}𝑑𝑥 [2015]

𝜋
14 1+sin 2𝑥
Evaluate: ∫𝜋2 𝑒 2𝑥 (1+cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [2015]
4

15 1 1−2𝑥
Find the value of: ∫0 tan−1 (1+𝑥−𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥[2020]

Page 15 of 84
 COMMON ERRORS

Sl. No. Errors Committed by Students Measures to be Taken (Rectification Process)

1. Students forget to write constant of Emphasize to write the constant of integration at
integration the end of answer.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + C
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

2. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫ ∫ =∫
√1 + 4𝑥 2
√(1)2 + (2𝑥)2 √1 + 4𝑥 2 √(1)2 + (2𝑥)2
1
=log |2𝑥 + √1 + (2𝑥)2 | + C =2 log |2𝑥 + √1 + (2𝑥)2 | + C Make the
2
coefficient of x unity or substitute 2x = t

3. 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = −∫ ∫ =∫
√7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥2 √𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7 √7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥2 √−(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟕)
𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(4)2 − (𝑥 + 3)2
𝑥+3
= sin−1 +𝐶
4
4. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ ∫
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝑥 𝑨 𝐵 𝐶
Let (𝑥−1)2 = + Let (𝑥−1)2 = + +
(𝑥+2) (𝑥−1)2 𝑥+2 (𝑥+2) (𝒙−𝟏) (𝑥−1)2 𝑥+2

5. 𝑥2 Put x2 = t so that integrand will be (𝑡+1)(𝑡+3).

𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑡
Let x2 = t Now use partial fraction for (𝑡+1)(𝑡+3)
. Then
2
Then, 2xdx = dt replace t by x and then integrate.

6. Students apply partial fraction without First convert into proper rational fraction and
converting them into proper rational fraction then apply partial fraction for further integration.
1−𝑥 2
∫ 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵
Let 𝑥(1−2𝑥) = 𝑥
+ 1−2𝑥

7. 1 ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙. 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑥 And apply the integration by parts rule and solve it.

1
∫ sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 . 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
√1 − 𝑥 2
And apply the integration by parts rule and solve it.
8. Identify f(x) and f ’(x), write integrals as 𝑒 𝑥 f(x)+C
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝐶
Here f(x)= - cosx
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 Ans.: 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶 = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐶

Page 16 of 84
 9. 2
𝑥 Putting 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑡
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 Differentiating
1 𝑥 +1
Putting 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑡 2x dx = dt
𝑑𝑡
Differentiating x dx= 2
2x dx = dt when x = 1, then t = 2
𝑑𝑡
x dx= 2 when x = 2, then t = 5
5 𝑑𝑡 1
2 𝑑𝑡 1
I=∫1 2𝑡 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡]12 = I=∫2 2𝑡 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡]52
1 1 1 1 5
(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔5 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 2 2 2 2

10. 1 Using properties

∫ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 1
Using properties, they write I=∫0 (1 − 𝑥){𝟏 − (𝟏 − 𝒙)}𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Using properties
1
I=∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1
which is wrong I=∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Using properties

1
I=∫0 (𝒙𝒏 − 𝒙𝒏+𝟏 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+2 1
− ] =
𝑛 + 1 𝑛 + 2 0 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)

Answer Key

MCQS
Ques No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer © (d) (a) (b) (b) (a) (b) (b) (a) (b) (d) (b) (a) (b) (a)

Short Answer type Questions

1 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 + 𝒄
2 𝟏
𝟕
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟕 𝒙 + 𝒄
3 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟒
4 𝛑 𝒙𝟐
𝒙− +𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
5. 𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈|(𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙| + 𝒄
6. 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 + 𝒄
7. 1
8. 𝟏 𝟏𝟕
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟐 𝟓
9 0
10 1
11 1
12 1
13 0

Page 17 of 84
14 𝟏
(𝒆 − 𝟏)
𝟐
15 𝟏𝟖
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟑

Long Answer type Questions

1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − 𝟏
− 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝟑 𝟔 √𝟑 √𝟑
2 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 | |+ +𝒄
𝟒 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
3 𝟏 𝒙𝟓
𝒍𝒐𝒈 | 𝟓 |+𝒄
𝟏𝟓 𝒙 +𝟑
4 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟒
𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒙 + 𝟔| + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 |𝒙 − 𝟑| + 𝒄
𝟗 𝟗
5. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙 𝟐
𝟐(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏) + √𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝝅 𝝅
6. √𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ) + 𝒄
7. 𝟏
𝝅(𝝅 − 𝟐)
𝟐
8. 𝟐𝟑
𝟐
9 𝝅𝟐
𝟒
10 𝝅𝟐
𝟏𝟔
11 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟐
𝟑𝟎 𝟒 𝟏𝟓
12 √𝟑−𝟏
2 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟐
13 2 log 2
14 𝟏
− {𝒆𝟐𝝅 + 𝟏}
𝟓√𝟐
15 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏
( − )
𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
CASE STUDY
1 C
2 B
3 B
4 A
5 C
6 B
7 A
8 B
9 C
10 A
11 D
12 C
13 A

Page 18 of 84
 CBSE Previous year Questions
Q.no.
1 tan x +c
2
𝟐 𝒙𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ 𝟑 + 𝒄
𝟑 𝒂
3 𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒄
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
4 xcos2a−sin2alog|sin(x+a)|+C
5 2 2𝑥 3
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 + 1) − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝑥 + 1) + 𝑐
13 13
6 1
−𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 − 𝑥| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1 + 𝑥 2 | + tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
7 𝟏 √𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 +𝒄
√𝟐 √𝟕
8 𝜋
log 2
8
9 1
log(√2 + 1)
√2
10 15
2
11 = -log |x + 2| + 2log |x + 3| + C

12 36
13 −𝟏
14 ∞
π
15 log 2 - 4

Page 19 of 84
 Chapter – 8 Application of Integrals
Key concepts of the topics
1. Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a function of 𝑥 and consider an arbitrary strip of height 𝑦 and
width 𝑑𝑥, then the area of this strip is called Elementary Area.
Area of elementary strip (𝑑𝐴) = 𝑦 × 𝑑𝑥
2. The area under curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, can be calculated by
adding up the Elementary Area of all these Elementary strips across the region.
Symbolically, this is represented as –
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Area under curve (𝐴) = ∫𝑎 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. The area between curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), 𝑦 −axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑥 = 𝑑, can be
calculated as –
𝑑 𝑑
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐

Very Short Questions (VSA/ MCQ/ Fill in the blanks questions etc) (1 marks each)
Q1 The area of the region bounded by the y-axis, y = cos x and y = sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2 is
(a) √2 sq.units
(b) (√2 + 1) sq. units
(c) (√2 – 1) sq. units
(d) (2√2 – 1) sq.units
Q2 The area of the region bounded by the curve x² = 4y and the straight line x = 4y – 2 is
(a) 3/8 sq.units
(b) 5/8 sq.units
(c) 7/8 sq.units
(d) 9/8 sq. units
Q3 The area of the region bounded by the curve y = √16 − 𝑥2 and x-axis is
(a) 8π sq.units
(b) 20π sq. units
(c) 16π sq. units
(d) 256π sq. units
Q4 Area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x and the
circle x² + y² = 32 is
(a) 16π sq.units
(b) 4π sq. units
(c) 32π sq. units
(d) 24π sq. units
Q5 Area of the region bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = π is
(a) 2 sq. units
(b) 4 sq, units
(c) 3 sq.units
(d) 1 sq. units

Page 20 of 84
 Short Answer 2 (3 Marks)
Q1 Find the area of the curve y = sin x between 0 and π.

Long Answer -1 (4 marks)

Q1 0
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| and hence evaluate ∫−6|𝑥 + 3|𝑑𝑥 .
Q2 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(−1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).

Q3 Using the method of integration find the area of the region bounded by lines:
2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0

Long Answer 2 (6 marks)

Q1 Find the area of the region lying in the first quadrant and bounded by 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 4
Q2 Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the equations

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 = 4.

Case study base questions from each topics

Location of three houses of a society is represented by the points A(-1,0), B (1,3) and C
(3,2) as shown in figure.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions

Q1 Equation of the line AB is

3
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
2
3
(b) 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 1)
1
(c) 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 + 1)
1
(d) 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 1)
Q2 Equation of Line BC is
1 7
(a) 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2
3 7
(b) 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2
1 7
(c) 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2
3 7
(d) 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 2
Q3 Area of region ABCD is
(a) 2 sq units

Page 21 of 84
 (b) 4 sq units
(c) 6 sq units
(d) 8 sq units
Q4 Area of triangle ADC is
(a) 4 sq units
(b) 8 sq units
(c) 16 sq units
(d) 32 sq units

Questions asked in previous years CBSE papers

Q1 If the area between the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 amd 𝑥 = 4 divided into two equal parts by the line
𝑥 = 𝑎, then find the value of 𝑎 using integration.

Page 22 of 84
 Answers

Very Short Questions (VSA/ MCQ/ Fill in the blanks questions etc) (1 marks each)
Ans 1 (c) (√2 – 1) sq. units
Ans 2 (d) 9/8 sq. units
Ans 3 (a) 8π sq.units
Ans 4 (b) 4π sq. units
Ans 5 (a) 2 sq. units

Short Answer 2 (3 Marks)

Ans 1 Given,

y = sin x

Area of OAB
𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

= – [cos π – cos 0]

= -(-1 -1)

= 2 sq. units

Long Answer -1 (4 marks)

Page 23 of 84
Ans 1

For correct diagram.

−3 0
∫ (−𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
−6 −3
= 9 sq unit
Ans 2
A(-1,0) , B (1 ,3) , C(3 2 )
3 1 1
AB : 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1) , 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = (7 − 𝑥) , 𝐶𝐴: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
2 2 2

Required area (ABC) =

1 3
3 1 1 1
∫ { (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 + 1)} 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ { (7 − 𝑥) − (𝑥 + 1)} 𝑑𝑥
−1 2 2 1 2 2
= 4 sq unit
Ans 3 The given equations of lines are
2x + y = 4 ... (1)
3x – 2y = 6 ... (2)
And, x – 3y + 5 = 0 ... (3)

Page 24 of 84
The area of the region bounded by the lines is the area of ∆ABC. AL and CM are
the
perpendiculars on x-axis.
Area (∆ABC) = Area (ALMCA) – Area (ALB) – Area (CMB)
4 2 4
𝑥+5 3𝑥 − 6
=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (4 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1 2 2
4
1 𝑥2
= [ + 5𝑥] − [4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]12
3 2 1
4
1 3𝑥 2
− [ − 6𝑥]
2 2 2
1 1
=3 [8 + 20 − 2 − 5] − [8 − 4 − 4 + 1]
1
− [24 − 24 − 6 + 12]
2

1 45 1
= ( × ) − 1 − (6)
3 2 2
15 7
= − 4 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 2

Page 25 of 84
 Long Answer 2 (6 marks)
Ans1 The area in the first quadrant bounded by y = 4x2, x = 0, y = 1, and y = 4 is
representedby the shaded area ABCDA as

For finding the point of intersection at x(0,4)

𝟒
Area required region =∫𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝟒
√𝒚
∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒚
𝟏 𝟐
=7/3 sq.units
Ans 2 The lines are y=2x+1
Y=3x+1
Y=4
Coordinates of intersecting point of (i) and (iii) is (4,9)
Coordinates of intersecting point of (ii) and (iii) is (4,1)
Coordinates of intersecting point of (i) and (ii) is (0,1)

Required area = Area of trapezium OABD-Area of trapezium OACD

𝟒 𝟒
=∫𝟎 (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 − ∫𝟎 (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟒
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟐
=[ + 𝒙] − [ + 𝒙] = 𝟖 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟐 𝟎
𝟐 𝟎

Page 26 of 84
 Case study base questions from each topics
Ans 1 3
(a) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)
2
Ans 2 1 7
(c) 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2
Ans 3 (d) 8 sq units
Ans 4 (a) 4 sq units

Questions asked in previous years CBSE papers

Ans1

𝑎𝑟(𝑂𝐴𝐸𝑂) = 𝑎𝑟(𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸𝐴)
⇒ 2. 𝑎𝑟(𝑂𝐴𝐹𝑂) = 2. 𝑎𝑟(𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐹𝐴)
𝑎 4
∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎
2 3\2 2 3 3
.𝑎 = (42 − 𝑎 2 )
3 3
3
⇒ 𝑎2 = 4
2
⇒ 𝑎 = 43

Page 27 of 84
 Chapter – 9 Differential Equations
An equation involving independent variable, dependent variable and derivative or derivatives
of dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called differential equation.
Order of a Differential Equation: The order of the highest order derivative of dependent
variable with respect to independent variable involved in a differential equation is called order
of differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation: The highest power of highest order derivative involved in
a differential equation is called the degree of differential equation.
General and particular solution of a Differential Equation: The solution of a differential
equation containing arbitrary constants is called general solution and if the solution of a
differential equation have particular value to arbitrary constants is called particular solution.
𝑑𝑦
Homogeneous Differential Equation: A differential equation of the form = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is
𝑑𝑥
𝑦
called a homogeneous differential equation if equation can be written as F(x,y) = g(𝑥 ).
Integrating Factor (IF): For differential equation,
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
Then solution will be written as 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + C

Q SR NO QUESTION
Very Short Questions (1 mark each)
1 The order of the differential equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 2 2 − 3 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) 2
(ii) 1
(iii) 0
(iv) Not defined
2. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
are respectively
(i) 1 and 1
(ii) 1 and 2
(iii) 2 and 1
(iv) 1 and 3
3 𝑑𝑦 2
The general solution of 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦 is
2
(i) 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝐶
2
(ii) 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝐶
2
(iii) 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 = C
2
(iv) 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + C
𝑦
4 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 = , then sin𝑥 is equal to
𝑥
(i) C𝑥 2
(ii) Cx
(iii) C𝑥 3
(iv) C𝑥 4

Page 28 of 84
5 𝑑𝑦
The integrating factor of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 is
(i) secx
(ii) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
(iii) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)2
(iv) (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
Short Answer Questions (2 marks each)
6 𝑑𝑦
Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0) = 1.
7 Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Subject to the initial condition y(0)=0
8 𝑑𝑦 2
Find the general solution of the differential equation (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
9 𝑑𝑦
Find the general solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑦 2 )
10 𝑑𝑦
Find the general solution of the differential equation (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦
Long Answer Questions (4 marks each)
11 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Find the particular solution of the differential equation𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 ), given that
𝜋
y = 4 at x = 1.
12 Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −1
13 𝑑𝑦
Show that the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 is homogeneous and solve it.
Case Study based Questions (5 marks each)
14 A veterinary doctor was examining a sick cat brought by a pet lover. When it was
brought to the hospital, it was already dead. The pet lover wanted to find its time of
death. He took the temperature of the cat at 11:30 pm which was 94.60F. He took the
temperature again after 1 hour, the temperature was lower than the first observation.
It was 93.40F. The room in which the cat was put is always at 700F. The normal
temperature of the cat is taken as 98.60F when it was alive.
The doctor estimated the time of death using Newton’s law of cooling which is
governed by the differential equation
𝑑𝑇
∝ (𝑇 − 70)
𝑑𝑡
Where 700F is the room temperature and T is the temperature of the object at time t.
Substituting the two different observations of T and t made, in the solution of the
differential equation
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 70)
𝑑𝑡
Where k is a constant of proportion, time of death is calculated.
Answer the following questions:
(i) The degree of the above given differential equation is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(ii) If the temperature was measured 2 h after 11:30 pm, will the time of
death change?
(a) Yes (b) No (c) Can’t say (d) None of these

Page 29 of 84
 (iii) The solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 70)
𝑑𝑡
Is given by,
(a) log|T-70| = kt +C
(b) log|T-70| = log|kt| +C
(c) T – 70 = kt + C
(d) t – 70 = Kt +C
(iv) Which method of solving a differential equation helped in calculation of
the time of death?
(a) Variable separation method
(b) Solving Homogeneous differential equation
(c) Solving Linear differential equation
(d) All of the above
(v) If t = 0 when T is 72, then value of C is
(a) -2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) log2
15 𝑑𝑦
If the equation is of the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are functions of x, then the
solution of the differential equation is given by 𝑦. 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝑄. 𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝑥 + C, where
𝐼𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(i) The integrating factor of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, where 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑥
(a) sinx (b) cosx (c) –sinx (d) – cosx
𝑑𝑦
(ii) Integrating factor of the differential equation (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦 = 1 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
(a) –x (b) 1+𝑥 2 (c) √1 − 𝑥 2 (d) 2 log(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦
(iii) General solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑖𝑠
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 −3𝑥
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 −3𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 3𝑥
(d) 𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
(iv) General solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠
𝑥4
(a) 𝑦𝑥 = +𝐶
4
𝑥4
(b) 𝑦 = +𝐶
4
𝑥4
(c) 𝑦𝑥 2 = +𝐶
4
𝑥3
(d) 𝑦𝑥 = +𝐶
4
𝑑𝑦
(v) The solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , where y(0) = 0 is
(a) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
(c) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
(d) 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)

Page 30 of 84
 Questions asked in previous year CBSE Question papers
Q SR NO Question
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑦
Find the general solution of the differential equation +𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 The order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑑2𝑦
+ 𝑥( ) = 2𝑥 log ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
(i) 2 and 3
(ii) 2 and 1
(iii) 2 and not defined
(iv) None of these
3 Solve the differential equation
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑥.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4 Find the equation of the curve passes through the point (1,0), if slope of the tangent to
𝑦−1
the curve at any point (x,y) is 𝑥 2 +𝑥.
5 Solve the differential equation 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 given that y = 0 when x = 1.

Answers
Q SR. NO ANSWERS
1 (i) 2
2 (i) 1 and 1
2
3 (iv) 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑥 + C
𝑦

4 (ii) Cx
5 (𝑖𝑖) (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2
6 Y = secx
7 4𝑥 2
Y= 3(1+𝑥 2 )
8 2
Ylogx = - 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝐶
9 𝒙𝟑
𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒙 + +𝒄
𝟑
10 log|𝑦| = 2(𝑥 − log|𝑥 + 1|) + 𝐶
11 𝑦 1
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛( )=
𝑥 √2
12 𝑥−1
𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1) = log | |+𝐶
𝑥+1
13 2𝑦 + 𝑥
log|𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 | = 2√3 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (
√3𝑥
14 (i) (b) 1
(ii) (b) No
(iii) (a)
(iv) (a)
(v) (d)
15 (i) (a)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (b)

Page 31 of 84
 (iv) (a)
(v) (b)

Answers of Questions asked in previous year CBSE Question papers

Q SR NO Answer
1 𝑦 + log(1 − 𝐶𝑥) = 0
2 (iii) 2 and not defined

3 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = log |𝐶𝑥|
𝑥
4 (𝑦 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥 = 0
5 𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2

Page 32 of 84
 Chapter – 10 Vector Algebra
Key concepts of the topics
 A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector.
 Position vector of a point P(x,y,z) with respect to O(0,0,0) is given as

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP = √(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
 Types of Vectors
o Zero vector – A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide, is called a
zero vector
o Unit Vector- A vector whose magnitude is unity
o Co-initial Vectors -Two or more vectors having the same initial point are
called co-initial vectors.
o Collinear Vectors- Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are
parallel to the same line, irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
o Equal Vectors- Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have the same
magnitude and direction regardless of the positions of their initial points.
o Negative of a Vector- A vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given
vector (say, ), but direction is opposite to that of it, is called negative of the
given vector.

 Addition of Vectors
Triangle law of vector addition: If two vectors are represented along two sides of a
triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by the third side taken in
opposite direction

 Parallelogram law of vector addition: If two vectors are represented along the two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented by the diagonal of
the sides.

 Note: Both laws of vector addition are equivalent to each other.

 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar: Let 𝑎 be a given vector and λ be a scalar,
then multiplication of vector 𝑎 by scalar λ, denoted as λ𝑎 , is also a vector,
collinear to the vector 𝑎 whose magnitude is |λ| times that of vector 𝑎 and
direction is same as 𝑎, if λ > 0, opposite of 𝑎 , if λ < 0 and zero vector, if λ = 0.
⃗⃗⃗
 Note: To prove 𝑎 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ , we need to show that 𝑏⃗ = λ 𝑎 , where λ is a
scalar.

Page 33 of 84
  Vector Joining of Two Points: If 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are any two
points, then the vector joining 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 =
2 2
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 2

 Section Formula: Position vector 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ of point R, which divides the line segment
joining the points A and B with position vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ respectively, internally
in the ratio m : n is given by

 For external division,

 Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors - The scalar product of two nonzero vectors , 𝑎 and
𝑏 ,denoted by 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ , is defined as
𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗| cos 𝜃
 Properties of Scalar product
o 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is a real number.
o Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ be two nonzero vectors, then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 if and only if are
perpendicular to each other. i.e. 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏⃗
o For unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂, we have
𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑘̂ = 1,
𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑖̂ = 0
o The angle between two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is given by
𝑎. 𝑏⃗ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
|𝑎||𝑏⃗| |𝑎||𝑏⃗|
 Vector (or cross) product of two vectors - The vector product of two nonzero vectors
𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ , is defined as 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎||𝑏⃗| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂
 Properties of Vector product
o 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ is a vector.
o Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ be two nonzero vectors, then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0 if and only if 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗
are parallel to each other. i.e. 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 ∥ 𝑏⃗
o For unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂, we have
𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = 0,

Page 34 of 84
 𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
o The angle between two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is given by
⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
|𝑎 𝑏|
sin 𝜃 =
|𝑎||𝑏⃗|
 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as
1
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|
2
 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then its area is given as
|𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|

Very Short Questions (VSA/ MCQ/ Fill in the blanks questions etc) (1 marks each)
Q1 The position vectors of two points A and B are ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ and ,
(𝑶𝑨) = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑶𝑩) = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂ , respectively. The position vector of a point P which
divides the line segment joining A and B in the ratio 2 : 1 is _______
Q2 Write the number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to both the vectors
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌
𝒂 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 = 𝒋̂ + ⃗𝒌.
Q3 A vector equally inclined to axes is
(a) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
(b) 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
(c) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
(d) 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
Q4 The position vector of a point which divides the join of points with position
vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 2𝑎 – 𝑏⃗ in the ratio 1:2 internally is
⃗
3𝑎⃗+2𝑏
(a) 3
( b) 𝑎
⃗
5𝑎⃗−𝑏
(c) 3
⃗
4𝑎⃗+𝑏
(d) 3
Q5 A vector in the direction of vector 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ that has magnitude 15 is
(a) −5𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂
(b) 5𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂
(c) −5𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂
(d) 5𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂
Short Answer 1(2 Marks)
Q1 Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose adjacent edges are represented
by 𝟐𝒂 ⃗ and 𝟑𝒄
⃗ , −𝒃 ⃗ , where 𝒂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂ , ⃗𝒃 = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌
̂ and 𝒄
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ −
̂
𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Q2 Find a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝒂 ⃗ and 𝒃 ⃗ , where
⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟖𝒌
𝒂 ̂ , ⃗𝒃 = −𝒋̂ + 𝒌̂.
Q3 Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors 𝒂 ⃗ where 𝒂
⃗ and 𝒃 ⃗ =
𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌̂ and ⃗𝒃 = 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ̂

Page 35 of 84
Q4 If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of
their difference is √𝟑

Short Answer 2 (3 Marks)

Q1 ̂ , ⃗𝒃 = −𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
If 𝒂 ̂ , and 𝒄
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ are such that 𝒂 ⃗
⃗ + 𝝀𝒃
⃗ , then find the value of 𝝀.
is perpendicular to 𝒄
Q2 Write the position vector of the point which divides the join of points with
position vectors 𝟑𝒂⃗ − 𝟐𝒃 ⃗ and 𝟐𝒂⃗ + 𝟑𝒃⃗ in the ratio 2:1.
Q3 Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors 𝒂 ⃗ and ⃗𝒃 , having
the same magnitude such that the angle between them is 𝟔𝟎° and
𝟗
their scalar product is
𝟐

Long Answer -1 (4 marks)

Q1 𝟐 𝟐
⃗ × ⃗𝒃) + (𝒂
If (𝒂 ⃗ . ⃗𝒃) = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 and|𝒂 ⃗ |.
⃗ | = 𝟓, then write the value of |𝒃
Q2 ̂ and 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
If 𝜽 is the angle between two vectors 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ , find
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽.

Long Answer 2 (6 marks)

Q1 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃 and 𝒄
If 𝒂 ⃗ are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, find the
angles which the vector 𝟐𝒂 ⃗ +𝒃⃗ + 𝟐𝒄⃗ makes with the vectors 𝒂 ⃗ and 𝒄
⃗ ,𝒃 ⃗.

Case study base questions from each topics

Geetika’s house is situated at Shalimar Bagh at point O, for going to Alok’s
house she first travels 8 km by bus in the East. Here at point A, a hospital is
situated. From Hospital, Geetika takes an auto and goes 6 km in the North,
here at point B school is situated. From school, she travels by bus to reach
Alok’s house which is at 30° East, 6 km from point B

Q1 What is the vector distance between Geetika’s house and school ?

(a) 8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂
(b) 8𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂
(c) 8𝑖̂
(d) 6𝑗̂
Q2 How much distance Geetika travels to reach school?
(a) 14 km
(b) 15 km

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 (c) 16 km
(d) 17 km
Q3 What is the vector distance from school to Alok’ s House?
(a) √3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂
(b) 3√3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂
(c) 6𝑖̂
(d) 6𝑗̂
Q4 What is the vector distance from Geetika’s House to Alok’ s House?
(a) (8 + 3√3)𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂
(b) 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂
(c)15𝑖̂
(d) 16𝑗̂
Q5 What is the total distance travelled by Geetika from her house to Alok’ House?
(a) 19 km
(b) 20 km
(c) 21 km
(d) 22 km

Questions asked in previous years CBSE papers

Q1 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃 and 𝒄
If 𝒂 ⃗ are the position vectors of the points 𝑨(𝟐, 𝟑, −𝟒), 𝑩(𝟑, −𝟒, −𝟓)
and 𝑪(𝟑, 𝟐. −𝟑) respectively, the |𝒂 ⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝒄 ⃗ | is equal to (1)
(A) √𝟏𝟏𝟑
(B) √𝟏𝟖𝟓
(C) √𝟐𝟎𝟑
(D) √𝟐𝟎𝟗
Q2 ⃗ = 𝟐 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐 𝒌
If 𝒂 ̂ and 𝒃⃗ = 𝟓 𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌̂ , the find the ratio
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ⃗ 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝒃
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝒃 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ⃗
Q3 ⃗ be two unit vectors. If the vectors 𝒄
⃗ and 𝒃
Let 𝒂 ⃗ =𝒂 ̂ + 𝟐𝒃 ̂ and 𝒅
⃗ = 𝟓𝒂̂ − 𝟒𝒃̂
are perpendicular to each other, then find the angle between the vectors 𝒂 ̂ and
𝒃̂
Q4 Show that |𝒂 ⃗ + |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗ is perpendicular to |𝒂 ⃗ − |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗ , for any two non-zero
⃗ and ⃗𝒃
vectors 𝒂
Q5 Prove that three points A, B and C with position vectors 𝒂⃗ , ⃗𝒃 and 𝒄
⃗ respectively
⃗ ×𝒄
are collinear if and only if (𝒃 ⃗ ) + (𝒄
⃗ ×𝒂 ⃗ ) + (𝒂 ⃗)=𝟎
⃗ ×𝒃 ⃗
Q6 If the area between the curve 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 amd 𝒙 = 𝟒 divided into two equal parts
by the line 𝒙 = 𝒂, then find the value of 𝒂 using integration.
Q7 If the projection of 𝒂⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ on ⃗𝒃 = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝝀𝒌
̂ , is zero,
then the value of 𝝀 is
(A) 0
(B) 1
𝟐
(C) − 𝟑

Page 37 of 84
 𝟑
(D) − 𝟐

Answers
Very Short Questions (VSA/ MCQ/ Fill in the blanks questions etc) (1 marks each)
Ans 1 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
Ans 2 2
Ans 3 (a) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Ans 4 ⃗
4𝑎⃗+𝑏
(d) 3
Ans 5 (d) 5𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂

Short Answer 1(2 Marks)

Ans 1 𝟐 −𝟐 𝟒
Volume of the parallelepiped = |−𝟑 −𝟒 𝟓| = |−𝟐𝟒| = 𝟐𝟒
𝟔 −𝟑 𝟗
Ans 2 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌̂
⃗ ̂
⃗ × 𝒃 = |𝟒 −𝟏 𝟖| = 𝟕𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
𝒂
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏
Ans 3 𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌 ̂
⃗
⃗ × 𝒃 = |𝟓 𝟔 −𝟐| = 𝟐𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟐𝒌
𝒂 ̂
𝟕 𝟔 𝟐
Ans 4 ̂+ 𝒃
Given |𝒂 ̂| = 𝟏
̂+𝒃
As |𝒂 ̂ |𝟐 + |𝒂̂−𝒃 ̂ |𝟐 = 𝟐 (|𝒂 ̂ |𝟐 )
̂|𝟐 + |𝒃
𝟐
̂−𝒃
⇒ 𝟏 + |𝒂 ̂ | = 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝟏)
𝟐
̂−𝒃
⇒ |𝒂 ̂ | = 𝟑 ⇒ |𝒂
̂−𝒃 ̂ | = √𝟑

Short Answer 2 (3 Marks)

Ans 1 ⃗ + 𝝀𝒃
(𝒂 ⃗)⊥𝒄⃗ ⇒ (𝒂 ⃗ + 𝝀𝒃⃗ ). 𝒄
⃗ =𝟎
⇒ [(𝟐 − 𝝀)𝒊̂ + (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝀)𝒋̂ + (𝟑 + 𝝀)𝒌 ̂ ]. (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) = 𝟎
⇒ 𝟑(𝟐 − 𝝀) + 𝟏. (𝟐 + 𝟐𝝀) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝝀 = 𝟖
Ans 2 𝟐(𝟐𝒂 ⃗ ) + 𝟏(𝟑𝒂
⃗ + 𝟑𝒃 ⃗ − 𝟐𝒃 ⃗) 𝟕 𝟒
= 𝒂 ⃗ + 𝒃 ⃗
𝟐+𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Ans 3 |𝒂 ⃗|=𝟑
⃗ | = |𝒃

Long Answer -1 (4 marks)

Ans 1 𝟐 𝟐
⃗ × ⃗𝒃) + (𝒂
(𝒂 ⃗ . ⃗𝒃) = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
𝟐
⃗ | (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽) = 𝟐𝟐𝟓
⃗ |𝟐 |𝒃
|𝒂
𝟐
⃗ | = 𝟐𝟐𝟓 ⇒ |𝒃
(𝟓)𝟐 |𝒃 ⃗|=𝟑

Ans 2 ̂ ) × (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌

||(𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ )|
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 =
̂ | |𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
|𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂|

Page 38 of 84
 ̂ ) × (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
||(𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂ )| = |𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
̂ | = 𝟒√𝟔
𝟒√𝟔 𝟐√𝟔
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = =
𝟏𝟒 𝟕

Long Answer 2 (6 marks)

Ans1 Let the vector 𝒑 ⃗ = (𝟐𝒂 ⃗ +𝒃 ⃗ + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ) makes angles 𝜶, 𝜷 and
𝜸respectively with the vector 𝒂 ⃗ , ⃗𝒃, 𝒄
⃗.
Given that |𝒂
⃗ | = |𝒃⃗ | = |𝒄⃗ | and 𝒂⃗ .𝒃 ⃗ =𝒄 ⃗.𝒂
⃗ =𝟎
(𝟐𝒂⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ). 𝒂⃗ 𝟐|𝒂|𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 = = = ⇒ 𝜶 = 𝒄𝑜𝒔−𝟏
|𝟐𝒂⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ||𝒂⃗ | (𝟑|𝒂 ⃗ ||𝒂
⃗ |) 𝟑 𝟑
(𝟐𝒂⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ). ⃗𝒃 𝟐|𝒃|𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷 = = = ⇒ 𝜷 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏
|𝟐𝒂⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ||𝒃⃗ | (𝟑|𝒃 ⃗ ||𝒃
⃗ |) 𝟑 𝟑
(𝟐𝒂⃗ +𝒃 ⃗ + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ). 𝒄⃗ 𝟐|𝒄|𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 = = = ⇒ 𝜸 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏
|𝟐𝒂⃗ + ⃗𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 ⃗ ||𝒄⃗ | (𝟑|𝒄 ⃗ ||𝒄
⃗ |) 𝟑 𝟑

Case study base questions from each topics

Ans 1 (b) 8𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂
Ans 2 (a) 14 km
Ans 3 (b) 3√3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂
Ans 4 ̂
(a) (8 + 3√3)𝑖̂ + 9𝑗
Ans 5 (b) 20 km

Questions asked in previous years CBSE papers

Ans1 (D) √𝟐𝟎𝟗
Ans 2 ⃗ 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝒃
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂 |𝒂
⃗| 𝟑
= =
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝒃 𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂 ⃗ ⃗ | 𝟓√𝟐
|𝒃
Ans3 ⃗ ⊥ ⃗𝒅 ⇒ 𝒄
𝒄 ⃗ . ⃗𝒅 = 𝟎
̂=𝟏
̂. 𝒃
⇒𝒂 𝟐
̂ = 𝝅 or 𝟔𝟎°
̂&𝒃
⇒ Angle between vectors 𝒂
𝟑
Ans4 ⃗ + |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃
(|𝒂 ⃗ |𝒂 ⃗ − |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃
⃗ ). (|𝒂 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗)
𝟐 𝟐
⃗ ) − (|𝒃
⃗ |𝒃
= (|𝒂 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗)
𝟐 𝟐
⃗ | − |𝒃
⃗ |𝟐 |𝒃
= |𝒂 ⃗ | |𝒂
⃗ |𝟐 = 𝟎
⃗ + |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃
∴ (|𝒂 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗ ) ⊥ (|𝒂 ⃗ − |𝒃
⃗ |𝒃 ⃗ |𝒂
⃗)
Ans5 Points 𝑨(𝒂 ⃗ ) and 𝑪(𝒄
⃗ ), 𝑩(𝒃 ⃗ ) are collinear
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑨𝑩) × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑨𝑪) = ⃗𝟎
⇒ (𝒃⃗ −𝒂 ⃗ ) × (𝒄
⃗ −𝒂⃗)=𝟎 ⃗
⇒ ⃗𝒃 × 𝒄
⃗ − ⃗𝒃 × 𝒂 ⃗ −𝒂⃗ ×𝒄⃗ +𝒂⃗ ×𝒂 ⃗
⃗ =𝟎
⇒𝒂 ⃗ × ⃗𝒃 + ⃗𝒃 × 𝑐 + 𝒄
⃗ ×𝒂⃗ = ⃗𝟎

Page 39 of 84
 Similarly, converse can be proved
Ans6

𝒂𝒓(𝑶𝑨𝑬𝑶) = 𝒂𝒓(𝑨𝑩𝑫𝑬𝑨)
⇒ 𝟐. 𝒂𝒓(𝑶𝑨𝑭𝑶) = 𝟐. 𝒂𝒓(𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑭𝑨)
𝒂 𝟒
∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒂
𝟐 𝟑\𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
.𝒂 = (𝟒𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑
⇒ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒
𝟐
⇒ 𝒂 = 𝟒𝟑
Ans7 𝟐
(C) − 𝟑

Page 40 of 84
 Chapter – 11 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Concepts
1. Distance formula: Distance between two points A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is
AB=√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
2. Section formula: Coordinates of a point P, which divides the line segment joining two given
points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) in the ratio m:n
2 1 2𝑚𝑥 +𝑛𝑥
1 2 𝑚𝑦 +𝑛𝑦
1 𝑚𝑧 +𝑛𝑧
(i) internally, are P ( 𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑚+𝑛 ),
the Coordinates of a point Q divides the line segment joining two given points in the ratio m:n
𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 −𝑛𝑧1
(ii) externally are Q ( , , )
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑧2 +𝑧1
(iii) coordinate of mid-point of AB is R( 2 , 2 , 2 )
3. Direction cosines of a line :
(i) The direction of a line OP is determined by the angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 which makes with OX,
OY,OZ respectively. These angles are called the direction angles and their cosines are
called the direction cosines.
(ii) Direction cosines of a line are denoted by l, m, n; l = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 ,m =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽, 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾
(iii) Sum of the squares of direction cosines of a line is always 1.
l + m + n2 =1
2 2
i.e cos2𝛼 + cos2𝛽 + cos2𝛾 = 1
4. Direction ratio of a line :
(i)Numbers proportional to the direction cosines of a line are called direction ratios of a line.
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
If a ,b ,c, are , direction ratios of a line, then 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 .
(ii) If a ,b ,c, are , direction ratios of a line , then the direction cosines are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
± √𝑎2 2 2,± √𝑎2 2 2 ± √𝑎2 2 2
+𝑏 +𝑐 +𝑏 +𝑐 +𝑏 +𝑐
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)Direction ratio of a line AB passing through the points A(x 1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2)
are 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
5) STRAIGHT LINE:. (i). Vector equation of a Line passing through a point 𝑎 and along the
direction𝑏⃗, : 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜇𝑏⃗,
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
(ii) Cartesian equation of a Line: 𝑎 1 = 𝑏 1 = 𝑐 1. Where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) is the given point and
its direction ratios are a, b, c.
6) (i)Vector equation of a Line passing through two points, with position vectors 𝑎 ∧ 𝑏⃗
⃗
𝑟= 𝑏 - 𝑎
𝑎+𝜇
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
(ii) Cartesian equation of a Line:𝑥 −𝑥1 = 𝑦 −𝑦1 = 𝑧 −𝑧1 , two points are (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
2 1 2 1 2 1
7) (DELETED) ANGLE between two lines
(i) Vector equations: 𝑟 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟 =𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧 𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
(ii) Cartesian equations: If lines are 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 1 , 𝑎 2 = 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .𝑏2
𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1|.|𝑏2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

(iii) If two lines are perpendicular, then 𝑏⃗1. 𝑏⃗2 = 0, i.e. 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0(USEFUL)
(iv) If two lines are parallel, then 𝑏⃗1 =𝑡𝑏⃗2 , where t is a scalar. OR 𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 = 0,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
OR 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 (USEFUL)
2 2 2

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 (v) If𝜃𝑖𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑒 angle between two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 then
𝜃=
(a) l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2
𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
(b) if the lines are parallel, then 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑛1
2 2 2
(c) If the lines are perpendicular, then l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2=0
8) Shortest distance between two skew- lines:
(i) Vector equations: 𝑟=𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗1 , and::𝑟=𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎1
(𝑎2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×𝑏2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ).(𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
d=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1×𝑏2| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|.
If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are coplanar.
Hence if above lines are coplanar
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If (𝑎2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1). (𝑏1 𝑏2) = 0
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
(ii) Cartesian equations: = = , = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

9) If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are coplanar.
Hence if above lines are coplanar
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Shortest distance between two parallel lines: If two lines are parallel, then they are coplanar. Let
⃗ ×(𝑎2
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗, and:𝑟=𝑎
the lines be : 𝑟=𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗, D =| |𝑏⃗|
|
10) General equation of a plane in vector form: - It is given by 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0 , 𝑛⃗ is a vector
normal to plane.
11) General equation of a plane in Cartesian form: - 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 , Where a,b,c are
direction ratios of normal to the plane.
12) General equation of a plane passing through a point:- if position vector of given point is 𝑎
then equation is given by (𝑟 − 𝑎). 𝑛⃗ = 0,𝑛⃗ is a vector perpendicular to the plane.
13) General equation of a plane passing through a point: - if coordinates of point are(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
then equation is 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝑏(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐(𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0, a,b,c are direction ratios of a line
perpendicular to the plane.
14) Intercept form of equation of a plane:-General equation of a plane which cuts off intercepts
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
a, b and c on x-axis, y-axis, z-axis respectively is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1.
15) Equation of a plane in normal form:- 𝑟. 𝑛 ^ = p,where 𝑛 ^ is a unit vector along perpendicular
from origin and ‛p’ is distance of plane from origin.p is always positive.
16) Equation of a plane in normal form: - It is given by𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑝, where 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛 are
direction cosines of perpendicular from origin and ‛p’ is distance of plane from origin. p is
always positive.
17) Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points: - If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐 are the position
vectors of three non-collinear points, then equation of a plane through three points is given by
(𝑟 − 𝑎 ). {(𝑏⃗ − 𝑎) × (𝑐 − 𝑎)} = 0.
18) Equation of a plane passing through three non-collinear points (Cartesian system) :- If
plane passing through points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) , (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , 𝑧3) then equation is

Page 42 of 84
19) (DELETED)If 𝜃 is angle between two planes 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 + 𝑑1 = 0 and 𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 + 𝑑2 = 0 then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 .𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2
|𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 ||𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |
(i) If planes are perpendicular, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 =0
(ii) If planes are parallel, then ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 = 0 or ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 = 𝜆𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 , 𝜆 is a scalar.
20)(DELETED) If 𝜃 is angle between two planes 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 ∧ 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 +
𝑑2 = 0
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
Then 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√(𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 )(𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2 )

(i) If planes are perpendicular ,then 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (USEFUL)

𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
(ii) If planes are parallel , then = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 (USEFUL)
𝑎2 2 2

21)(DELETED) If 𝜃 is angle between line 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑚

⃗⃗ and the plane 𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0 , then 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗ .𝑛
𝑚 ⃗
|𝑚
⃗⃗⃗ |.|𝑛 ⃗|
(i) If line is parallel to plane, then 𝑚
⃗⃗ . 𝑛⃗=0 and
(ii) If line is perpendicular to plane, then 𝑚 ⃗⃗ × 𝑛⃗ = 0 or 𝑚
⃗⃗ = 𝑡𝑛⃗ ,t is a scalar.
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
22)(DELETED) If 𝜃 is angle between line 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 and the plane 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
1 1 1
, then
𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
√(𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2 )(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 )
(i) If line is parallel to the plane, then 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑏𝑏1 + 𝑐𝑐1 = 0 (USEFUL FOR SOME QS)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(ii) If line is perpendicular to the plane, then = 𝑏 = 𝑐 (USEFUL FOR SOME QS)
𝑎1 1 1
23) General equation of a plane parallel to the plane𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0𝑖𝑠𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝜆 = 0, where 𝜆 is a
constant and can be calculated from given condition.
24) General equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz +𝜆 = 0,
where 𝜆 is a constant and can be calculated from given condition.
25) General equation of a plane (vector form) passing through the line of the intersection of planes
𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 + 𝑑1 = 0an
𝑟. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 + 𝜆𝑑2 = 0 is 𝑟. (𝑛⃗1 + 𝜆𝑛⃗2 ) + (𝑑1 + 𝜆𝑑2 ) = 0 , where 𝜆 is a
constant and can be calculated from given condition.
26) General equation of a plane (Cartesian form) passing through the line of the intersection of
planes a1x+b1y+c1z+d1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2z+d2=0 is( a1x+b1y+c1z+d1)+𝜆 (a2x+b2y+c2z+d2 )=0
where 𝜆 is a constant and can be calculated from given condition.
27) Distance of a plane(𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)𝑟. 𝑛⃗ + 𝑑 = 0, from a point with position vector 𝑎 ,
𝑎⃗.𝑛⃗ +𝑑
is| |𝑛⃗|
|.
28) Distance of a plane(𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)ax+by+cz+d=0, , from a point (x1,y1,z1)
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐𝑧1 +𝑑
is| √𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
|.

Page 43 of 84
 SECTION –A (MCQS)

Q.NO. QUESTIONS
1 What are the lengths of intercepts made by plane 𝑟. (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 6 at X, Y, Z axes
respectively?
(a) 1, -2, 3 (b) 6, -12, 12 (c) 6, -3, 3 (d) None of these
2 What are the direction ratios of the normal of the plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 6
(a) 6, 6, 6 (b) 3, 6, -3 (c) 2, 1, -2 (d) 1, 2, 1
3 What is the distance of plane 𝑟. (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 6 from origin?
(a) 1 unit (b) 6 units (c) √6 units (d) None of these
4 Find the equations of plane in Cartesian form if it passes through (2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘)and parallel
to the line 𝑟 = (2𝑖 + 𝑗 − 7𝑘) + 𝜇(𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘).
(a) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16 (b) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16
(c) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 16 (d) All of these
5 If a normal of the plane makes equal angles with co-ordinate axes then what are the direction
cosines of this normal?
1 1 1
(a) 1, 1, 1 (b) 0, 0, 0 (c) √3, √3, √3 (d) , ,
√3 √3 √3

6 What is the distance b/w planes𝑟. (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 6 and 𝑟. (3𝑖 − 6𝑗 + 6𝑘) = 27

(a) -1 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) -3
7 A variable plane moves in such a way that the sum of reciprocals of its intercepts on the
coordinate axes is constant. Based upon this which of the following is correct:
(a) Plane passes through a fixed point. (b) Plane passes through
variable point.
(c) Plane can’t be formed in this situation. (d) None of these
8 Find the equations of plane in Cartesian form if it passes through (2𝑖 + 3𝑗 − 4𝑘)and
perpendicular to the vector (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘).
(a) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16 (b) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16
(c) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 16 (d) All of these
9 What would be the DR of normal of plane if normal passes through (1,1,1) and (2, 2,2)?
(a) (1,1,1) (b) (2,2,2) (c) (3,3,3) (d) origin

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10 If P’ is the image of a point P with respect to a plane, then which of the following will satisfy
the equation of plane?
(a) P (b) P’ (c) Mid-point of P and P’ (d) None of these
11 Write the intercept cut off by the plane 2x+y-z= 5 on Y-axis.
(a) 2/5 (b) 5/2 (c) 1 (d) 1/5
12 Normal of plane is making angles a, b, c at co-ordinate axes, then sum of squares of cosines of
these angles is:
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -2
13 𝑥−1 𝑦+2 𝑧−2
The d.c’s of the line 2 = 1 = −2 𝑖𝑠
(a) 2/3, 1/3, -2/3 (b). 2/3, 1/3, 2/3 (c). -2/3, -1/3, 0 (b). 1, 2, 3
14 The equation of the line through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the plane
2x + 3y – z = 5 is
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
(a). 2 = 3 = 𝑧 − 1 (b). 2 = 3 = −1
𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1 𝑥−1 𝑦−1
©. = = (d). = =𝑧−1
2 3 5 2 −3
15 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1
The lines 2 = 3 = 4 and 3 = 4 = 5 are
(a). parallel (b). Skew (c). Intersecting (d). perpendicular
16 The equation of y-axis in space is
(a). x = y = 0 (b). x = z = 0 (c). y = z = 0 (d). y = 0
17 The shortest distance between the two lines are zero if the lines are
(a) Intersecting (b) parallel (c). Skew (d). none of these
18 What is the distance of plane 𝑟. (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 6 from (1, 1, 1).
(a) 1 (b) 1/6 (c) 5/3 (d) 1/3
19 A plane passes through A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c). If plane ABC is at a distance P from
the origin then which of the following is correct:
(a) 𝑥 −2 + 𝑦 −2 + 𝑧 −2 = 9𝑃−2 (b) 𝑎−2 + 𝑏 −2 + 𝑐 −2 = 𝑃−2
(c) 𝑥 −2 + 𝑦 −2 + 𝑧 −2 = 𝑃 −2 (d) 𝑎−2 + 𝑏 −2 + 𝑐 −2 = 9𝑃−2
20 A plane is required which is parallel to plane𝑟. (𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) = 6. What are the direction ratios
of normal of required plane?
(a) 1, -2, 2 (b) 6, -12, 12 (c) 6, -3, 3 (d) None of these
21 What would be the equation of plane which is at a distance of 5 units from origin and its normal
vector is 2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 6𝑘
(a) 2x-3y+6z=5 (b) 2x-3y+6z=5 (c) 2x-3y+6z=35 (d) None
of these
22 A plane passes through (1, 2, 1) and (-2, 3, 1). What are the direction ratios of normal of the
plane?

Page 45 of 84
 (a) 1, 2, 1 (b) -2, 3, 1 (c) 0, 0, 0 (d) -3, 1, 0

23 𝑥−6 𝑦+1 𝑧+3

The coordinates of the point of intersection of the line −1 = = and the plane x + y
0 4
– z = 3 are
(a). (2, 1, 0) (b). (7, -1 , -7) (c). (1, 2, -6) (d). (5, -1, 1)
24 𝑥−1
The distance of the plane through the point (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the line =
3
𝑦−1 𝑧−1
= 4 from the origin is
0
(a). ¾ (b). 4/3 (c). 7/5 (d). 1
25 𝑥−7 𝑦+17
The d.r’s of the line which is perpendicular to the lines 2 = −3 = z − 6 and x + 5 =
𝑦+3 𝑧−4
= are
2 −2
(a). (4, 5, 7) (b). (4, -5, 7) (c). (4, -5, -7) (d). (-4, 5, 7)
26 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
The shortest distance between the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 3 4
𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= = is
3 4 5
(a). 1/6 (b). 1/√6 (c). 1/3 (d). 1/3
27 What is the sum of intercepts cut off by the plane2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5, on the co-ordinate axes?
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 5/2 (d) 2/5
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
28 The plane x – 2y + z – 6 =0 and the line 1 = 2 = 3 are related as, the line
(a)Meets the plane obliquely (b) lies in the plane
(c) Meet at right angles to the plane (d)Parallel to the plane
29 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
The line 1 = 0 = 2 is perpendicular to the
(a). x- axis (b). y – axis (c). z – axis (d). none of these
30 If P’ is the image of a point P w.r.t. a plane, then line joining P and P’ will be
(a) Perpendicular to plane (b) parallel to plane
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

31 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

The line 1 = 2 = 3
(a). lie in the plane x – 2y + z = 0 (b). is same as x/1 =y/2 = z/3
©. Passes through (2, 3, 5) (d). is parallel to the plane x – 2y + z - 6 = 0

32 The length of perpendicular from origin to the line

𝑟 = (4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) is
(a). 2 (b). 2√3 (c) 6 (d). 7
33 The shortest distance between the lines
𝑟 = (5𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ − 16𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) and
𝑟 = (9𝑖̂ + 13𝑗̂ + 15𝑘̂) + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ + 8𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) is
(a). 10 units (b). 12 units (c). 14 units (d). 15 units
34 3−𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑧+2
The d.c’s of a line parallel to the line 3 = −2 = 6 is
(a). -3/7, -2/7, 6/7 (b) 3/7, -2/7, 6/7 (c ). 3/7, 2/7, 6/7 (d ). 3/7, -2/7, -6/7

Page 46 of 84
35 What would be Cartesian equation of plane which cuts off intercepts 3, -4, 2 unit’s resp. on x,
y and z axis?
(a) 4x-3y+6z=12 (b) 3y-4x+12z=6 (c) 12x-4y+3z= 6 (d) 3x-4y+2z=12

36 If d.r’s of a line be 1, -2, 2, then its d.c’s are

(a). 1/3 ,-1/3, 2/3 (b). 1/3 ,-1/3, -2/3
(c). 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3 (d). -1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3
37 If l, m, n be the d.c’s of a line then 𝑙 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 is equal to
2

(a). 1 (b). 2 (c). 3 (d) -2

38 What is distance of point (2, 1, 2) from ZOX plane?
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 1/3
39 Two lines with d.r’s 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are perpendicular if
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(a). 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 (b). 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
2 2 2
(c). 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (d). none of these
40 Two lines with d.r’s 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are parallel if
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(a). 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 = 𝑐1 (b). 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0
2 2 2
(c). 𝑎1 𝑎2 − 𝑏1 𝑏2 − 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (d). none of these

Answer
1 6, -3, 3 21 2x-3y+6z=35
2 2, 1, -2 22 -3, 1, 0
3 None of these 23 (5, -1, 1)
4 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16 24 7/5
5 1 1 1 25 (4, 5, 7)
, ,
√3 √3 √3
6 1 26 1/√6
7 Plane passes through a fixed point 27 5/2
8 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −16 28 Parallel to the plane
9 (1,1,1) 29 y-axis
10 Mid-point of P and P’ 30 Perpendicular to plane
11 1/5 31 lie in the plane x – 2y + z = 0

12 1 32 √6
13 2/3, 1/3, -2/3 33 14 units
14 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−1 34 -3/7, -2/7, 6/7
= =
2 3 −1
15 Intersecting 35 4x-3y+6z=12
16 x=z=0 36 1/3 ,-2/3, 2/3
17 intersecting 37 1
18 5/3 38 1
19 𝑎−2 + 𝑏 −2 + 𝑐 −2 = 𝑃−2 39 . 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0

20 1, -2, 2 40 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Page 47 of 84
 SECTION –A (1/2 MARK QUESTIONS)

Q. No Problems of 1Mark

1. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (3, 1, 2) and parallel to
the vector 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ in vector form.

2. Find the equation of the line passing through the point(2, −1, 6), and parallel to the
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−4
line 2 = 3 = −2 .

3. Find the equation of the line passing through the points (-3, 1, 2) and (1, -2, -2).

4. If a line makes angles 900, 1350, 450 with the x, y and z-axes respectively, find its direction
cosines.

5. Find the direction cosines of the line whose direction ratios are 2, −1, −2.

6. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z axes.

7. 𝑥+3 𝑦−5 𝑧+6

The Cartesian equation of a line is = = . Find the vector equation for the line.
2 4 2

8. The vector equation of a line is𝑟 = −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂). Find the Cartesian
equation of the line.

9. Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (-2, 4, -5) and parallel
𝑥+3 𝑦−4 𝑧+8
to the line given by 3 = 5 = 6 .

10. Find the equation of the line passing through the origin and (5, -2, 3).

11. Find the direction ratios of the line which is parallel to the plane 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 1 and
𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
perpendicular to the line 3 = 8 = −5 .
12. 𝑥+1 3−𝑦 𝑧−4 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+1
Find the value of p so that the lines = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = are at right
−6 3 −2 𝑝 1 3
angles.
13. Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane 2x + 3y – z = 5

14. Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane z = 5

15. Find the distance of the plane x + y + 3z = 5 from the origin.

16. Find the distance of the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9, 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2, 3, −5).

17. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and
normal to the vector 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂.

Page 48 of 84
 18. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane 𝑟. (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) = 1

19. Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 2x + y – z = 5 on the coordinate axis.

20. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the
plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 + 9 = 0.

3 – DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Q. No Problems of 2Marks
1. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and parallel to the vector
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ in vector and Cartesian form.
2. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (-1, 2, 5) and parallel to the line
through the points (3, 1, 2) and (-2, -1, 4).
3. Find the equation of the line passing through the point whose position vector is −2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −
2𝑘̂ and parallel to the line through the points whose position vectors are 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ +
̂ ̂
2𝑘and−2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘 in vector and Cartesian form.
4. 𝑥+1
Find the equation of the line passing through the point (-1, 2, 6) and parallel to the line =
2
3−𝑦 𝑧−4
= .
3 −2
5. Find the equation of the line passing through the points whose position vectors are −3𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
6. Find the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinate axes.
7. Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (-1, 1, 2) and (5, 5, 6) are collinear.
8. Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points (2, -1, 4) and (-1, 3, 3).
9. Show that the line through the points (4, 7, 8) and (2, 3, 4) is parallel to the line through the
points (-1, -2, 1) and (1, 2, 5).
10. 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥−5 𝑦−9 𝑧−3
Find the intersection point of the lines 2 = = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
2 4 1 8
11. Find the Cartesian equations of the plane that passes through the point (1, 4, 6) and normal
vector to the plane is𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.
12. Find the distance between the planes 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 12
13. Are the lines whose direction ratios are a, b, c and 𝑏 − 𝑐, 𝑐 − 𝑎, 𝑎 − 𝑏 perpendicular.
14. 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧+3
Find the coordinates of the point where the line = = meets the YZ plane.
2 5 −3
15. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the plane is
𝑟. (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = 2

Page 49 of 84
 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Answers for 1 mark Problems.
Q.No Answer
1. 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂)
2. 𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑧−6
= = .
2 3 −2
3. 𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
= = .
4 −3 −4
4. 1 1
0, − , .
√2 √2
5. 2 1 2
,− ,− .
3 3 3
6. d.c.’s of X axis: 1, 0, 0; d.c.’s of Y axis: 0, 1, 0; d.c.’s of z axis: 0, 0, 1;
7. 𝑟 = −3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗
̂ + 2𝑘̂).
8. 𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧−3
= = .
2 1 2
9. 𝑥+2 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= = .
3 5 6
10. 𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−3
= = .
5 −2 3
11. -51, 36, 27
12. 1
− 2.
13. 2 3 1
, ,− .
√14 √14 √14
14. 0, 0, 1
15. 5
.
√11
16. 3
17. 𝑟. (3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) = 7.
18. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1.
19. x-intercept = 5/2, y-intercept = 5, z-intercept = -5
20. 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= = .
1 2 −5
3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Answers for 2 marks Problems.
Q.No Solution
1. 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖
̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂).
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3
== −4 .
2 3
2. ̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝜆(5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂).
𝑟 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗
𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−5
== −2 .
5 2
3. ̂ − 2𝑘̂ + 𝜆(5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂).
𝑟 = −2𝑖̂ + 1𝑗
𝑥+2 𝑦−1 𝑧+2
= = .
5 2 −2

Page 50 of 84
 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
4. = = .
2 −3 −2
𝑥+1 2−𝑦 𝑧−6
= = .
2 3 −2
5. 𝑟 = −3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆( 6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂).
𝑥+3 𝑦−2 𝑧−3
= −1 = −4 .
6
6. 1 1 1
d.c.’s are ± ,± ,±
√3 √3 √3
7. given points are collinear.
8. 3 −4 1
d.c.’s of given line: , ,
√26 √26 √26
9. AB line is parallel to BC line.
10. there is no intersection point between the given lines.
11. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0.
12. 2
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
√29
13. Yes
14. (0, −4 0)
15. ⇒𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =3

SECTION –B (3/4 MARK QUESTIONS)

SR 3/ 4 Mark questions
1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point(3, 4, −1) and parallel to the
plane𝑟. (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + 7 = 0 and hence find the distance between this plane and the line
𝑥−6 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
= =
4 1 −1
2. 𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧
= = −1
2 −2
Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (1,2,-3) to the line
3. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, − 4) and perpendicular to the
𝑧−10
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 ∧𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
7
two lines: = = = =
3 −16 3 8 −5
4. Show that the lines
^𝑖 ^) + λ(3𝑖^ - ^ 4𝑖^ ^) + µ(2𝑖^ +3𝑘
^)
+^ 𝑗 -𝑘 𝑗) and -𝑘
𝑟= 𝑟=
Intersects each other and Find their point of intersection.
5. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (5, 1, 6) and (3, 4, 1) crosses the YZ-
plane.
6. Find the equation of the plane that passes through three points (1, 1, −1), (6,4,−5), (−4, −2, 3).
7. Find the angle between the planes whose vector equations are
2𝑖^ ^)=5 and 3𝑖^ -3 ^ ^)=3
+ 2𝑗^ -3𝑘 𝑗 +5𝑘
𝑟. 𝑟.
8. Find the coordinates of the point where the line through (3, −4, −5) and (2, − 3, 1) crosses the
plane 2x + y + z = 7.

Page 51 of 84
9. If the points (1, 1, p) and (−3, 0, 1) be equidistant from the plane 𝑟. ( 3𝑖^+4 ^ ^)+13=0 then
𝑗 -12𝑘
find the value of p.
10. ^𝑖 ^)=1
Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes + ^ 𝑗+𝑘
𝑟.
2𝑖^ ^)+4=0and and parallel to x-axis.
and +3𝑗^ − 𝑘
𝑟.
11. 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑧−6
If the two lines −3 = 2𝑘 = 2 and 3𝑘 = 1 = −5 are perpendicular. then find the value of k
12 Find the equation of a line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel to the vector 3𝑖^
^.
+ 2𝑗^ − 2𝑘
13. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the lines that passes through the origin and (5,-2,3)
14. Show that the following two lines are coplanar:
𝑥−𝑎+d 𝑦−𝑎 z − 𝑎−d 𝑥−b+c y−b z − b−c
= = and = =
α−δ 𝛼 α+δ β− γ β β+γ
15. Find the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin and which
is normal to the vector
^.
^ + 5𝑗^ -6𝑘
3𝑖
16. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the point ( 1, 0, -2) and
normal to the plane is ^𝑖 + ^ ^
𝑗 -𝑘
17. Write the direction ratios of the line : 3𝑥 + 1 = 6𝑦 − 2 = 1 − 𝑧

18. Find the equation of a plane containing the points (0,-1,-1),(-4,4,4)and (4,5,1).Also show that
(3,9,4) lies on that plane.
19. If l1,m1,n1and l2,m2,n2 are direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines ,show that the
direction cosines of the line perpendicular to both of them are
m1 n2-n1m2,n1l2-l1n2,l1m2-m1l2.
20.. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of a line passing through a point with position vector 2𝑖^ +
^
𝑗+𝑘 ^ and which is parallel to the line joining the points with position vectors −𝑖^ + 4𝑗^ + 𝑘
^ and
^𝑖 + 2𝑗^ + 2𝑘^.
21 𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧−5 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−5
Show that the lines: = = and = = are coplanar. Find this plane also
−3 1 5 −1 2 5

22 𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3

Find the points on the line = = at a distance of 5 units from the point P(1,3 3)
3 2 2

23 Find the vector equation of the plane through the points (−1, 1, 1) and (1, −1, 1)) and
perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5 = 0

24 Find the vector equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 𝑟 . (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − 6 =
0 and 𝑟. (2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂) = −5 and the point ( 1 , 1 , 1)

25 Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are:⃗⃗𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ +
(t − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2t)𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗𝑟 = (s + 1)𝑖̂ + (2s − 1)𝑗̂ − (2s + 1)𝑘̂

26 Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points A (3, 4 , 1) and B (5, 1, 6)
crosses the plane determined by the points P(2, 1, 2), Q (3, 1, 0) and R (4, −2, 1).

Page 52 of 84
27 Find the distance of the point (2, 12, 5),from the point of intersection of the line ⃗⃗𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ +
2𝑘̂)+𝛽(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and the plane⃗⃗𝑟 . (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 0 .

28 What is the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10)from the point of intersection of the line⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ −
𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝝀(3î + 4ĵ + 2k̂)and the plane ⃗⃗𝑟. (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 5

29 𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧
Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4) from the line = = 2 measured parallel to the plane
3 6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 5 = 0

30 Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point(1, 2, −4)andis perpendicular to the
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
two lines = = and = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5

Q ANSWER(3/4 MARKS) Q ANSWER(3/4 MARKS)

11. Ans: 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝟏 16 ^𝑖 ^) = 3 & x + y –z = 3
Ans : +^
𝑗 -𝑘
√𝟑𝟖 𝑟.
2 Ans: (1,1,-1) 172. Ans: 𝟐, 𝟏, −𝟔

3 ^𝑖 ^) + λ(2𝑖^+3 ^
^ -4𝑘 ^) 18 Ans: 5x-7y+11z+4=0
Ans: + 2𝑗 𝑗+6𝑘
𝑟=
4 Ans : (4,0,-1) 19 show
5 17 −13 ^
20
Ans : ( 0, , 2 ) 2𝑖^ − 2𝑗^ + 𝑘 𝑥−2 𝑦+1 𝑧−1
2 ) and 2 = −2 = 1
Ans:𝑟 =
2𝑖^ − ^ ^
𝑗+𝑘+𝜆
6 Ans : There will be infinite number of planes 213. Ans: 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎
passing through the given points because they are
collinear .
7 15 22 Ans: (-2,-1,3)&(4,3,7)
Ans : 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
√731
8 Ans : (1 , -2, 7) 234. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒓 ̂) + 𝟏 = 𝟎,
⃗ . (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌

7 ̂) = 𝟔𝟗
9 Ans: 𝑝 = 1 ∨ 𝑝 = 3 ⃗ . (𝟐𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟔𝒌
245. Ans: 𝒓

10 Ans: y − 3z + 6 = 0 256. Ans:𝟖√𝟐𝟗

𝟐𝟗

11 −10 26 𝟓 𝟕
Ans: k = 7
Ans: (𝟑 , 𝟔, − 𝟑)
12 ^) 3𝑖^ + 2𝑗^ − 2𝑘
Ans: 𝑟 = (𝑖^ + 2𝑗^ +3𝑘 ^ 277. Ans: :13
+𝜆
13 28 Ans:13
→
𝑟 = 𝜆(5 𝑖 −2 𝑗 + 3𝑘 ) ,
Ans:
𝑥−0 𝑦−0 𝑧−0
5
= −2
= 3
14 Show it 298. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: √𝟑𝟑

15 ^
3𝑖^+5𝑗^−6𝑘 30 ̂ ) + 𝛌(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ +
Ans: 𝑟 =7 Ans: ⃗⃗ = ( 𝒊̂ + 𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
𝒓
√70 ̂)
𝟔𝒌

Page 53 of 84
 SECTION –C (5/6 MARK QUESTIONS)

1. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 3x –y+2z-4 = 0 and x +y+z-
2 = 0 and the point (2,2,1)
2. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1𝑥 +
3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5and which is perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (−1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of
the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.
4. Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes 𝑟⃗⃗ . ( 𝑖̂ +2 𝑗̂ +
3𝑘̂)=4 𝑟⃗⃗ . (2 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)+5=0, and which is perpendicular to the plane𝑟⃗⃗ . (5 𝑖̂ +3 𝑗̂ − 6𝑘
̂ )=1
5. Find the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10) from the point of intersection of the line 𝑟⃗⃗ = (2 𝑖̂-
𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )+𝜆( 3𝑖̂ +4 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and the plane𝑟⃗⃗ . ( 𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)=5 .
6. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to the
planes⃗⃗⃗𝑟 . ( 𝑖̂- 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)=5 and𝑟⃗⃗ . (3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)=6 .
7. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1, 2, − 4) and perpendicular to
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
the two lines: = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
8. Find the equation of the line through the point (5,-3,2) and the point of intersection of the
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−4 𝑥−4 𝑦−2 𝑧+3
lines = = and = = .
1 5 4 3 4 −3
9. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4 and the
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧
line = ⃗⃗ (3𝑖̂ -𝑘̂ )= 2
= and parallel to the plane 𝑟.
2 4 1
10. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4 and the
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧
line = = and perpendicular to the line 𝑟 = 5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ +𝑘̂ + 𝜆(3𝑖̂ -𝑘̂)
2 4 1
11. Find the distance of the point (1,-2,3) from the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 measured parallel to the
𝑥+1 𝑦+3 𝑧+1
line = =
2 3 −6
12. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 4 = 0 and
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8𝑧 − 1 = 0 and making equal intercepts on the coordinate axes
13. Find the distance of the point (1,2,3) from the line passing through (-1,2,-2) and perpendicular
to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6
14. A variable plane which remains at a constant distance 3p from the origin cuts the co-ordinate
axes at A, B and C . Show that the locus of the centroid of the ∆ ABC is 𝑥 −2 + 𝑦 −2 + 𝑧 −2 =
𝑝−2
15. Prove that the image of the point (3,-2,1) in the plane 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2 lies on the plane𝑥 +
𝑦 + 𝑧 + 4 = 0.
16. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and perpendicular distance of the point
(1,3,4)from the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0.Find also, the image of the point in the plane.

17. 𝑥+2 2𝑦+3 3𝑧+4

Find the distance of the point (−2, 3, −4) from the line = = measured parallel
3 4 5
to the plane 4𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 1 = 0.

Page 54 of 84
18. Find the equation of the line passing through the point

(1, 2, − 4) and perpendicular to the two lines

19. Show that the four points (0, −1, −1), (4, 5, 1), (3, 9, 4) and(−4, 4, 4) are coplanar. Also find
the equation of the plane containing them.
20. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 2, 1) and is perpendicular to the lie
joining the points (1, 4, 2)and (2, 3, 5) . Also, find the perpendicular distance of the plane from
the origin.
21 𝑥−1 𝑦−4 z−3 𝑥−2 𝑦−5 z−1
If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other, then write
−2 3p 4 4p 2 −7
the value of p
22 9. 1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
Find the value of p, so that the lines l1: = = and l2: = = are
3 𝑝 2 3𝑝 1 5
perpendicular to each other. Also find the equations of a line passing through a point (3, 2, −4 )
and parallel to line l1

23 Find the position vector of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P(1,8,4) to the line
joining A(0, −1,3)and B(5,4,4).Also find the length of this perpendicular.
24 Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
perpendicular to the lines = = and = =
1 2 3 −3 2 5

25 Find the coordinates of the image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the given plane2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0
26 Find the equation of the line through the point (1, −1, 1) and perpendicular to the lines joining
the points(4,3,2), (1, −1,0)and (1,2, −1), (2,1,1)

27 From the point P(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐), perpendiculars PL and PM are drawn to YZ and ZX planes
respectively. Find the equation of the plane OLM.
28 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A (−1, 8, 4)to the
line joining the points B (0, −1, 3)and C (2, −3, −1). Also find the length this perpendicular.

29 If P(2,3,4) is the foot of perpendicular from origin to a plane, then write the vector equation of
this plane.
30 Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines :
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−2
= =𝑧 ; = ,𝑧 = 2
2 3 5 1

Q ANSWER(5/6 MARKS) Q ANSWER(5/6MARKS)

1 Ans : 𝑥 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0 16 Ans:(– 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟑) ,√𝟔 ,(−𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟐)
2 Ans : 𝑥 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0 17 𝟏𝟕
𝐀𝐧𝐬: .
𝟐
3 Ans : 7x-8y+3z +25 = 0 18 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧+4
= =
2 3 6
4 Ans: 33𝑥 + 45𝑦 + 50𝑧 = 41 19 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 11𝑧 + 4 = 0

Page 55 of 84
5 Ans: 13 20 Ans: 𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟐 = 𝟎,
𝟐√𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
6 Ans: ⃗⃗𝑟 = (𝑖̂ +2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )+𝜆( −3𝑖̂ +5 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) 2110. Ans:−𝟏𝟒

7 ̂ -4𝑘̂) + λ(2𝑖̂+3 𝑗̂+6𝑘̂)

Ans: 𝑟⃗⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗 22 Ans:𝒑 = 𝟕,
𝒙−𝟑
=
𝒚−𝟐
=
𝒛+𝟒
−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
8 𝑥−5 𝑦+3 𝑧+2 ̂
2311. Ans:𝟒√𝟐, 𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
Ans: = =
−4 1 2

9 Ans: 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 8 2412. Ans:𝒓 ̂ + 𝝀(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ −

⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
̂)
𝟐𝒌

10 Ans: 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 8 2513. Ans: (−𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟐)

11 Ans: 1 unit 26 ̂
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒓
+ 𝝀(𝟏𝟎 𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂
− 𝟕𝒌̂)
12 Ans: 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 3 2714. Ans: 𝒃𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂𝒄𝒚 − 𝒂𝒃𝒛 = 𝟎

13 Ans: √5 units. 28 Ans: (-2,1,7)&√𝟓𝟗

14 PROOF 2915. Ans :𝒓 ̂ ) = 𝟐𝟗
⃗ . (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌

15 PROOF 30 𝟗
Ans:
√𝟏𝟗𝟓

SECTION –D
UESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS YEARS CBSE BOARD EXAMINATION

1 Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5)and is parallel
𝑥+3 4−𝑦 𝑧+8
to the line 3 = 5 = 6
2 4−𝑥 𝑦+3 𝑧+2
The equation of a line is given by 2 = 3 = 6 . Write the direction cosines of a line parallel
to given line.
3 Find the distance of the point (2, 3, 4)from the plane 𝑟. (3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = −11
4 3−𝑥 𝑦+4 2𝑧−6
If the Cartesian equations of a line are, = =
, write the vector equation for the line
5 7 4
5 A line passes through (2 , −1, 3) and is perpendicular to the lines𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)+𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ +
𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ). Obtain its equation in vector and Cartesian
form.
6 Find the image of the point P (3, 5, 3)in the line 𝑟 = (𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) + λ(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)

7 𝑥−1 𝑦−1 𝑥−4 𝑧+1

Show that the lines 3 = −1 , 𝑧 + 1 = 0 and 2 = 3 , 𝑦 = 0 intersect each other. Also find
their point of intersection.
8 Let P (3, 2, 6) be a point in the space and Q be a point on the line 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂) +
𝜇 (−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ ) , then find the value of 𝜇 for which the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ is parallel to the plane
𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1

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9 Find the vector and the Cartesian equations of the plane which bisects the line joining the points
(3, −2, 1) and (1, 4, −3) at right angles.
10 Show that the lines𝑟 = (−3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ ) + λ(−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)and
𝑟 = (− 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + μ (− 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) are coplanar. Also find the vector equation of the
plane containing these lines.
11 Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 .Also find the
distance of the plane obtained above, from the origin.
12 Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes
⃗⃗𝑟. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) − 4 = 0 and 𝑟. (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 5 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane
𝑟. (5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) + 8 = 0
13 Find the equation of the plane passing through the point(3, 4, −1) and parallel to the
plane𝑟. (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + 7 = 0 and hence find the distance between this plane and the line
𝑥−6 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
= =
4 1 −1
14 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (3, 4, 1), (0, 1, 0)and is parallel to
line
𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧−2
= 7 = 5
2
15 Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
𝑟. (2 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂) = 7 and 𝑟. (2𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂) = −5 And the point (2,1,3).
16 𝑥−5 𝑦−7 𝑧+3 𝑥−8 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
Show that the lines: = = and = = intersect each other.
4 4 −5 7 1 3
17 Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the plane containing the lines:
𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)and 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂).Also show that
the line 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝑝(3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) lies in the plane.
18 Find the coordinates of the point where the line through the points A(3, 4, 1)and
B(5, 1, 6)crosses the XY-plane.
19 Find the equation of a line passing the points A (0, 6, −9) and B (−3, −6, 3).If D is the foot
of the perpendicular drawn from a point C (7, 4, −1) on the line AB, then find coordinates
of the point D and equation of line CD.
20 Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines :
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= = ; = =
2 3 4 3 4 5
21 Find the equation of the plane (s) passing through the intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 3𝑦 +
6 = 0 and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 𝑧 = 0 and whose perpendicular distance from the origin is unity.
22 Find whether the lines 𝑟⃗⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + λ(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)and𝑟⃗⃗ = (2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + μ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −
𝑘̂)intersect or not .If intersecting, find their point of intersection.

23 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and perpendicular distance of the point
(1,3,4)from the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3 = 0.Find also, the image of the point in the plane.

24 𝑥+5
Find the equation of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(2, 4, −1) to the line =
1
𝑦+3 𝑧−6
= . Also, write down the coordinates of the perpendicular from P to the line.
4 −9

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25 Show that the four points (0, −1, −1), (4, 5, 1), (3, 9, 4) and(−4, 4, 4) are coplanar. Also
find the equation of the plane containing them.

26 4−𝑥 𝑦 1−𝑧
Find perpendicular distance of the point (2, 3,4) from the line = −6 = . Also, write
2 3
down the coordinates of the foot the perpendicular.
27 Find the distance of the point3î − 2 ĵ + k̂from the plane 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0measured
𝑥−1 y+2 z−1
parallel to the line 2 = −3 = 1 . Also find the foot of the perpendicular from the given
point upon the given plane
28 Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 2, 1) and is perpendicular to the
lie joining the points (1, 4, 2) and(2, 3, 5) . Also, find the perpendicular distance of the plane
from the origin.
29 Find the equation of the plane which contains the intersection of the planes r . (𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ +
3𝑘̂) − 4 = 0 and r. (−2 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 5 = 0 and whose intercept on 𝑥- axis is equal to that
of on 𝑦- axis.
30 Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (3, 2, 0) and contains the line
𝑥−3 𝑦−6 𝑧−4
= =
1 5 4
31 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1 𝑥−3 𝑦−𝑘 𝑧
If lines: 2 = 3 = 4 and 1 = 2 = 1 intersect, find the value of k and hence find the
equation of the plane containing these lines.
32 A line passes through (2 , −1, 3) and is perpendicular to the lines𝑟 = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −
𝑘̂)+𝜆(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ). Obtain its equation in
vector and Cartesian form.
33 Find the equation of the line through the point (1, −1, 1) and perpendicular to the lines joining
the points(4,3,2), (1, −1,0)and (1,2, −1), (2,1,1)

34 Show that the lines𝑟 = (−3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ ) + λ(−3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)and

𝑟 = (− 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) + μ (− 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) are coplanar. Also find the vector equation of the
plane containing these lines.
35 Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the planes
𝑟. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) − 4 = 0 and 𝑟. (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 5 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane
𝑟. (5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) + 8 = 0
36 Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are:
⃗⃗𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (t − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2t)𝑘̂ and 𝑟 = (s + 1)𝑖̂ + (2s − 1)𝑗̂ − (2s + 1)𝑘̂
37 Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the plane containing the lines:
𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)and 𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂).Also show that
the line
𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝑝(3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) lies in the plane.
38 Find the equation of the plane (s) passing through the intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 3𝑦 +
6 = 0 and
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 𝑧 = 0 and whose perpendicular distance from the origin is unity.
39 Find whether the lines 𝑟⃗⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + λ(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)and𝑟⃗⃗ = (2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + μ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −
𝑘̂)intersect or not .If intersecting, find their point of intersection.

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40 Find the distance of the point3î − 2 ĵ + k̂from the plane 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0measured
𝑥−1 y+2 z−1
parallel to the line 2 = −3 = 1 . Also find the foot of the perpendicular from the given
point upon the given plane.
41 Find the Cartesian equation of the line which passes through the point (−2, 4, −5)and is
parallel to the line
𝑥+3 4−𝑦 𝑧+8
= =
3 5 6
42 3−𝑥 𝑦+4 2𝑧−6
If the Cartesian equations of a line are, = = , write the vector equation for the
5 7 4
line.
43 1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
Find the value of p, so that the lines l1: = = and l2: = = are
3 𝑝 2 3𝑝 1 5
perpendicular to each other. Also find the equations of a line passing through a point
(3, 2, −4 ) and parallel to line l1
44 Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
perpendicular to the lines 1 = 2 = 3 and−3 = 2 = 5
45 Find the vector equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 𝑟 . (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) −
6 = 0 and 𝑟. (2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂) = −5 and the point ( 1 , 1 , 1)
46 Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
and2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5 which is perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 .Also find the
distance of the plane obtained above, from the origin.
47 Find the equation of the plane which contains the line of intersection of the plane
𝑟. (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) − 4 = 0 and 𝑟. (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 5 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane
𝑟. (5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) + 8 = 0
48 𝑥−5 𝑦−7 𝑧+3 𝑥−8 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
Show that the lines: = = and = = intersect each other.
4 4 −5 7 1 3

49 Find the equation of the plane (s) passing through the intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 3𝑦 +
6=0
and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 𝑧 = 0 and whose perpendicular distance from the origin is unity.
50 What is the distance of the point (−1, −5, −10)from the point of intersection of the line⃗⃗𝑟 =
2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ + 𝝀(3î + 4ĵ + 2k̂)and the plane 𝑟. (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 5

Q REPEATED QUESTIONS IN CBSE BOARD EXAMINATION FROM THE TOPIC 3

NO DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1 𝒙+𝟐 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟓

Ans: = =
𝟑 −𝟓 𝟔
2 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
Ans:< 𝟕 , 𝟕 , 𝟕 >
3 𝑎𝑛𝑠 1
4 Ans: 𝒓⃗ = (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌̂ ) + 𝝀(−𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
̂)
5 ̂ ) + 𝝀(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
⃗ = (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Ans:𝒓 ̂)
6 Ans: (−𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟕)
7 Ans:(𝟒, 𝟎, −𝟏)

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8 𝟏
Ans: 𝝁 = 𝟒
9 Ans: 𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎,&𝒓 ̂) + 𝟑 = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
10 Ans: 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎 or 𝒓⃗ . (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂) = 𝟎
11 Ans: :𝒙 − 𝒛 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, √𝟐
12 Ans: 𝟑𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓𝟎 𝒛 − 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
131. Ans: 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟓𝒛 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟒𝟏
√𝟑𝟖

14 Ans: 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟓𝒛 + 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟎

15 ̂ ) = 𝟒𝟗
⃗ . (𝟓𝟖 𝑖̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟐𝒌
Ans:𝒓
16
17 ̂ ) − 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Ans: 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎, 𝒓
18 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟑
Ans: ( 𝟓 , , 𝟎)
𝟓
19 𝒙 𝒚−𝟔 𝒛+𝟗 𝒙−𝟕 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟏
Ans: AB: −𝟏 = −𝟒 = 𝟒 ,D (−𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟓) ,CD : 𝟐 = =
𝟏 𝟐
20 1
𝑨𝒏𝒔:
√6
21 Ans: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎,&𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
22 Ans: (𝟑, 𝟎, −𝟏)
23 Ans:(– 𝟏, 𝟒, 𝟑) ,√𝟔 ,(−𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟐)
24 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟏
Ans: 𝟔 = 𝟑 = 𝟐 ,(−𝟒, 𝟏, −𝟑)
25 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 11𝑧 + 4 = 0
26 Ans: 𝟑√𝟏𝟑(𝟐, −𝟔, −𝟐)
27 −𝟑 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟓
Ans:𝟒√𝟏𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬, ( 𝟕 , , )
𝟕 𝟕
28 Ans:𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 − 𝟐 = 𝟎,
𝟐√𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
29 Ans: 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟏
30 Ans:𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝒛 − 𝟏 = 𝟎
31 𝟗
Ans: 𝒌 = 𝟐 , 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛 − 𝟔 = 𝟎
32 ⃗ = (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Ans:𝒓 ̂ ) + 𝝀(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂)
33 ̂ + 𝝀(𝟏𝟎 𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌
⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝒌
𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝒓 ̂)
34 Ans: 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟎 or 𝒓 ̂) = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌
35 Ans: 𝟑𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓𝟎 𝒛 − 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
36 Ans:
𝟖√𝟐𝟗
𝟐𝟗
37 ̂ ) − 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎
⃗ . (𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟒𝒌
Ans: 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟒𝒛 − 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎, 𝒓
38 Ans: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎,&𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
39 Ans: (𝟑, 𝟎, −𝟏)
40 −𝟑 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟓
Ans:𝟒√𝟏𝟒 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬, ( 𝟕 , , )
𝟕 𝟕
41 𝒙+𝟐 𝒚−𝟒 𝒛+𝟓
Ans: = =
𝟑 −𝟓 𝟔
42 ̂ ) + 𝝀(−𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟕𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
⃗ = (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Ans: 𝒓 ̂)
43 𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟐 𝒛+𝟒
Ans:𝒑 = 𝟕, = =
−𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
44 ̂ + 𝝀(𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
Ans:𝒓 ̂)

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45 Ans: 𝒓 ̂ ) = 𝟔𝟗
⃗ . (𝟐𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟔𝒌
46 Ans: :𝒙 − 𝒛 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, √𝟐
47 Ans: 𝟑𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝟓𝒚 + 𝟓𝟎 𝒛 − 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
48
49 Ans: 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎,&𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 + 𝟑 = 𝟎
50 Ans:13

SECTION –E
CASE STUDY/ CCT QUESTIONS
CCT Based Questions:-
Q.1. A cricket match is organized between two Clubs A and B for which a team from each clubis
chosen. Remaining players of Club A and Club B are respectively sitting on the plane represented
by the equation. (2 𝑖 − 𝑗 + 𝑘 ) = 3 and. ( 𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 2 𝑘 ) = 8, to cheer the team of their own clubs.

Based on the above answer the following:

(i) The Cartesian equation of the plane on which players of Club A are seated is
a. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 b. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
c. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3 d. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3
(ii) The magnitude of the normal to the plane on which players of club B are seated is
a. √15 b. √14 c. √17 d. √20
(iii) The intercept form of the equation of the plane on which players of Club B areseated is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
a. + 8 +2=1 b. + 8 +3=1
8 5
3 3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
c. + 8 +4=1 d. +7+2=1
8 8
3

(iv) Which of the following is a player of Club B?

a. Player sitting at (1, 2, 1) b. Player sitting at (0, 1, 2)
c. Player sitting at (1, 4, 1) d. Player sitting at (1, 1, 2)
(v) The distance of the plane, on which players of Club B are seated, from the origin is
8 6 7 9
a. b. c. d.
√14 √14 √14 √14

Page 61 of 84
Q.2. The Indian coast guard, while patrolling, saw a suspicious boat with people. They were nowhere
looking like fishermen. The coast guard were closely observing the movement of the boat for an
opportunity to seize the boat. They observed that the boat is moving alonga planar surface. At an instant
of time, the coordinates of the position of the coast guard helicopter and the boat is (1, 3, 5) and (2, 5,
3) respectively.

Based on the above answer the following:

(i) If the line joining the positions of the helicopter and the boat is perpendicular to theplane in which
the boat moves, then the equation of the plane is
a. -x + 2y – 2z = 6 b. x + 2y + 2z = 6
c. x + 2y – 2z = 6 d. x - 2y – 2z = 6
(ii) If the coast guard decide to shoot the boat at that given instant of time, then what isthe distance
(in meters) that the bullet has to travel?

a. 5m b. 3m c. 6m d. 4m
(iii) If the coast guard decides to shoot the boat at that given instant of time, when the speed of bullet
is 36m/sec, then what is the time taken for the bullet to travel and hitthe boat?
a. 1/8 sec. b. 1/14 sec c. 1/10 sec d. 1/12 sec

(iv) At that given instant of time, the equation of line passing through the positions of thehelicopter
and boat is
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−5 𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧−5
a. = = b. = =
1 2 −2 2 1 −2

Page 62 of 84
 𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−5 𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧+5
c. = = d. = =
2 −1 −2 2 −1 2

(v) At a different instant of time, the boat moves to a different position along the planar surface.
What should be the coordinates of the location of the boat if the coast guard shoots the bullet along the
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
line whose equation is 1 = 2 = 1 for the bullet to hit the boat?
8 19 14 8 19 14 8 19 14
a. (− 3 , ,− 3) b. (3 , − ,− 3) c. (3 , − , 3) d. None of
3 3 3
these.
Q.3. Suppose the floor of a hotel is made up of mirror polished Salvatore stone. There is a largecrystal
chandelier attached to the ceiling of the hotel room. Consider the floor of the hotel room as a plane
having the equation x – y + z = 4 and the crystal chandelier is suspendedat the point (1, 0, 1).

Based on the above answer the following:

(i) Find DR of the perpendicular from the point (1, 0, 1) to the plane x – y + z = 4.
a. (-1, -1, 1) b. (1, -1, -1) c. (-1, -1, -1) d. (1, -1, 1)
(ii) Find the length of perpendicular from the point (1, 0, 1) to plane x – y + z =4
2 4 6 8
a. b. c. d. .
√14 √14 √14 √14

(iii) The eqn of the perpendicular from the point (1, 0, 1) to the plane x – y + z = 4 is
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧+5 𝑥−1 𝑦+3 𝑧−5
a. = = b. = =
2 −1 2 −2 −1 2

𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑧−1 𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑧−1

c. = −1 = d. = −2 =
1 1 2 1

(iv) The equation of the plane parallel to the plane x – y + z = 4, which is at a unit distance from the
point (1, 0, 1) is
a. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + (2 − √3) = 0 b. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − (2 + √3) = 0
c. 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + (2 + √3) = 0 d. Both (a) & (c)
(v) The direction cosine of the normal to the plane x – y + z = 4 is
1 1 1 1 1 1
a. ( ,− ,− ) b. ( ,− , )
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
1 1 1 1 1 1
c. (− ,− , ) d. (− ,− ,− )
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3

Page 63 of 84
Case study Answers
1: (i) – A (ii) – B (iii) – C (iv) – D (v) – A
2: (i) – C (ii) – B (iii) – D (iv) – A (v) – D
3: (i) – D (ii) – A (iii) – C (iv) – B (v) – D

SECTION –F
ERRORS ANALYSIS
Sl. No Question Error committed Expected Answer
1 Write the direction ratios of the <3,4,2> <-3,4, -2>
2−𝑥 𝑦+5 1−𝑧
line 3 = 4 = 2
2 Write the vector equation of the
x+2 2y+3 3z+6
  
r  2i  3 j  6k   3i  2 j  k   3 

r   2i  j  2k    3i  2 j  k
 2 

line 3 = 4 = −3
3. Express the equation of the line x−1 y+1 z+1 x−2 y−1
= = =
r   2i  j  4k     i  j  k  in 2 1 −4 1 −1
z+4
Cartesian form. =
−1
4 Find the coordinate of the point Any point on the given line is Any point on the
x+1 y+2 z+3 2k,3k,4k given line is 2𝑘 −
where the line 2 = 3 = 4
meets the plane Substitute the point in the plane 1,3𝑘 − 2, 4𝑘 − 3
to get k Substitute any
x + y + 4z = 6
point in the plane
2𝑘 − 1 + 3𝑘 − 2
+ 16𝑘 − 12 = 6
Or, 21𝑘 = 9
Or, 𝑘 = 3/7
Required point of
intersection (−1/
7, 2/7 , −9/7)
5 What is the value of ‘k’ so that the Problem of finding the point Substitute the point
x  3 y  k z 1 /wrongly written point leads to (3, -k, -1) in the
line   lies on
2 1 5 wrong answer. plane.
the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 7 = 0. To get the value of
k.
6 What is the equation of the plane x−3 y+1 z+2 𝑥−3+𝑦+1+
= =
passing through  3, 1, 2  and 1 1 1 𝑧+2=0
Or, Or,
parallel to 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1?
3(𝑥 − 1) − 1(𝑦 − 1) − 2(𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=0
− 1) = 0
7. Find the direction cosines of the <2, 3, -6> 2 3 −6
< 7,7, >
7
normal to the plane
2x+3y-6z+3 = 0.

Page 64 of 84
8 Find the equation of the plane Equation of a plane
through the points Mostly students commits mistake through (2, 1, -1) is
(2, 1, −1), (−1, 3, 4) and in cross multiplication method 𝑎(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑏(𝑦
perpendicular to the plane for finding the value of a, b and − 1) + 𝑐(𝑧 + 1)
𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 10 c. =0
−3𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 5𝑐
=0
𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4𝑐 = 0
By cross
multiplication
𝑎 = 18𝑘, 𝑏 =
17𝑘, 𝑐 = 4𝑘
9 Find the equation of the plane Unable to recall the way (2𝑥 + 𝑦 – 𝑧 −
through the line of intersection of (2𝑥 + 𝑦 – 𝑧 − 3) + 3) + 𝑘(5𝑥 – 3𝑦 +
the planes 2𝑥 + 𝑦 – 𝑧 = 3 and 𝑘(5𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 9) = 0 4𝑧 + 9) = 0
5𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 9 = 0 and Unable to apply the condition of 𝑥(2 + 5𝑘) + 𝑦(1
parallel to the line parallelism of plane and line. − 3𝑘) + 𝑧(4𝑘
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−5 − 1) + 9𝑘 − 3
= =
2 4 5 =0
To apply the
condition of
parallelism of line
and plane.
10 What is the distance between the 3−1 3−2
=14
1
√16+36+144
parallel planes 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 + √16 + 36 + 144
1 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 12𝑧 +
3 = 0.
11 Find the shortest distance between Confusion between d.rs and point Correct formula
the lines leads to wrong answer ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
×𝑏 )∙(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
| 1 |𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2 ×𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗2| 1 |
   
r  i  2 j  3k   2i  3 j  4k and Wrong formula
Calculation wrong
1 2

r   2i  4 j  5k     4i  6 j  8k  .
12 Find the vector and Cartesian Unable to use the concept of 𝑏1⃗⃗⃗⃗ =

 
equation of the line passing perpendicularity
through the point P(2, 1, -3) and is Unable to use cross 2i  2 j  k
perpendicular to the lines multiplication method ⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑏2
  
r  i  j  k   2i  2 j  k and
 
Unable to use cross product of
i  2 j  2k
   
direction ratios
r  2i  j  3k   i  2 j  2k .
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏2
Find 𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑏⃗
Using point P and 𝑏⃗
write the equation
of the line.

Page 65 of 84
13 Find the angle between the lines Confuse between which t- 3+5+8
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧+3 Cos 𝜃 =
= 5 = 4 and function to be used √50√6
3
Doubt in which one is the
𝑥+1 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= = direction ratios.
1 1 2
14 Equation of a plane containing
two lines
15 Intersection of two lines Unable to start /don’t know how Take any point on
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 to deal with the problem both lines
= 3 = 4 and
2
Equate them get 3
𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
= = equations in 2
1 2 4 unknowns
Solve by taking any
two to get the point
of intersection
Any point on first
line
𝑃(2𝛼 + 1, 3𝛼
+ 2, 4𝛼 + 3)
And
Any point on the
second line
Q(𝛽 − 2,2𝛽 +
3, 4𝛽 − 1)
Since the line
intersect, we need
to equate P and Q
and get the value
𝛼 ,𝛽

Page 66 of 84
 Chapter – 13 Probability
 Conditional Probability
 Multiplication theorem on probability
 Independent events
 Total probability
 Bayes’ theorem
 Random variable & its probability distribution

KEY CONCEPTS
i. The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is
given by
𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹)
P(E|F)= , P(F) ≠0.
𝑃(𝐹)
ii. 0 ≤ P (E | F) ≤ 1
iii. P (𝐸 ′ | F) = 1 – P(E | F)
iv. P ((E U F) |G) = P(E|G) + P(F|G) – P ((E ∩ F) |G)
v. P (E ∩ F) = P (E). P(F|E), P(E) ≠ 0
vi. P (E ∩ F) = P (F). P(E|F), P(F) ≠ 0
vii. If E and F are independent, then
(a) P (E ∩ F) = P(E). P(F)
(b) P (E|F) = P(E), P(F) ≠ 0
(c) P (F|E) = P(F), P(E) ≠ 0

viii. Theorem of total Probability

Let {𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 } be a partition of a sample space and suppose that each
of 𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 has non zero probability. Let A be any event associated
with S, then
P(A)= P(𝐸1 ).P(A|𝐸1 ) + P(𝐸2 ).(A|𝐸2 )+ ……….+P(𝐸𝑛 )P(𝐴|𝐸𝑛 )

ix. Bayes’ Theorem

If 𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 are events which constitute a partition of sample space S
, i.e. 𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 are pair wise disjoint and 𝐸1 U𝐸2 U𝐸3 U……..U𝐸𝑛 =S
and A be any event with non zero probability , then
P(𝐸𝑖 )P(𝐴|𝐸𝑖 )
P(𝐸𝑖 |A) = ∑𝑛
𝑗=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑗 ).𝑃(𝐴|𝐸𝑗 )
x. A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of
a random experiment.
xi. The probability distribution of a random variable X is the system of numbers.
X : 𝑥1 𝑥2 …… 𝑥𝑛
P(X) : 𝑃1 𝑃2 …… 𝑃𝑛
𝑛
Where 𝑃𝑖 > 0, ∑𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 = 1 , i=1,2,…..,n

Page 67 of 84
 LIST OF FORMULAS
I. The conditional probability of an event E, given the occurrence of the event F is
given by
𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹)
P(E|F)= , P(F) ≠0.
𝑃(𝐹)
II. P (𝐸 ′ | F) = 1 – P(E | F)
III. P ((E U F) |G) = P(E|G) + P(F|G) – P ((E ∩ F) |G)
IV. P (E ∩ F) = P (E). P(F|E), P(E) ≠ 0
V. P (E ∩ F) = P(F). P(E|F), P(F) ≠ 0
VI. If E and F are independent, then
P (E ∩ F) = P(E). P(F)
VII. Bayes’ theorem- If 𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 are events which constitute a partition of
sample space S , i.e 𝐸1 ,𝐸2 ,𝐸3 ,……..,𝐸𝑛 are pair wise disjoint and
𝐸1 U𝐸2 U𝐸3 U……..U𝐸𝑛 =S and A be any event with non zero probability , then
P(𝐸𝑖 )P(𝐴|𝐸𝑖 )
P(𝐸𝑖 |A) = ∑𝑛
𝑗=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑗 ).𝑃(𝐴|𝐸𝑗 )
Objective Type Questions (1 mark)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Question Questions
No.
1 1 1
P and Q are two friends; their chances of solving a problem correctly are and
3 4
1
respectively. If the probability of their making a common error is and they obtain the
20
same answer, then the probability of their answer to be correct is:
1
(A) 12
1
(B) 40
13
(C) 120
10
(D) 13
2 A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(A|B) =?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) not defined
3 Two bags A and B contains 2 white, 4 red; and 3 white, 3 red balls respectively. One of
the bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the selected ball is of white
colour, find the probability that it is drawn from bag A.
1
(A) 5
2
(B) 5
3
(C) 5
4
(D) 5

Page 68 of 84
4 A person speaks the truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is tossed. He reports that it was 5.
What is the probability that it was actually 5?
2
(A) 15
4
(B) 9
1
(C) 5
(D) none of these
5 1
If P(B) =2, P(A) =0, then P(B|A) is equal to_
(A) 0
1
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) not defined
6 3 1
If P(A)=5, P(B)=5 and A and B are independent events, then P(A ∩ B) =_
1
(A) 3
3
(B) 25
(C) 1
(D) none of these
7 If P(A|B)>P(A), then which of the following is correct?
(A) P(B|A) <P(B)
(B) P (A ∩ B) <P(A). P(B)
(C) P(B|A)>P(B)
(D) P(B|A) =P(B)
8 Find the probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair of dice is
rolled.
(A) 0
1
(B) 3
1
(C) 12
1
(D) 36
9 A bag contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls, and 2 blue balls. These balls are drawn at
random from the box without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green balls and
one blue ball is _
3
(A) 28
2
(B) 21
1
(C) 28
167
(D) 168
10 If A and B are events such that P(A|B) =P(B|A), then
(A) A ⊂ B but A ≠ B
(B) A = B
(C) A ∩ B = Ø
(D) P(A) = P(B)

Page 69 of 84
11 A can solve 90% of the problems given in a book and B can solve 70%. What is the
probability that at least one of them will solve a problem selected at random from the book?
(A) 0.67
(B) 0.53
(C) 0.97
(D) none of these
12 If P (Not A) = 0.7, P(B) =0.7 and P(B|A) = 0.5, then P(A|B) =_
3
(A) 14
17
(B) 20
5
(C) 14
(D) none of these
13 If P(A) = 0.4, P(B)=p, P (A ∪ B) = 0.6 and A and B are given to be independent events,
then the value of p is_
1
(A) 2
1
(B) 5
1
(C) 3
(D) none of these
14 Given two independent events A and B such that P(A)= 0.3, P(B)= 0.6, P (A and B) is
equal to _
(A) 0.5
(B) 0.3
(C) 0.18
(D) none of these
15 If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P(B) ≠ 0, then which of the following is
true?
𝑃(𝐵)
(A) P(A|B) = 𝑃(𝐴)
(B) P(A|B) < P(A)
(C) P(A|B) ≥ P(A)
(D) none of these

Fill in the blanks

1
1. If P(A)= 2 , P(B)=0, then P(A|B)= is _________.
2. If A and B are events such that P(A|𝐵)= P(B|A) , then P(A)=______.

3. The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die , when a pair of dice is
rolled is _____
4. Two events A and B will be independent ,if P(𝐴′ 𝐵′)= _____________________.

Page 70 of 84
 4
5. Probability that A speak truth is 5 . A coin is tossed . A reports that a head appears. The
probability that actually there was head is _________.
6. 6 5 4
Given P(A)= 11 , P(B)= 11, P(A|B)=5, then P(AUB) is _____________.
7. The probability that a leap year will have 53 Sundays or 53 Mondays is ______________.

8. 1 1
If A and B are two independent events with P(A) =3 and P(B)= 4 , then P(𝐵 ′ |𝐴) is equal to
__________.
9. 5 2
If 2P(A)=P(B)=13 and P(A|B)= 5 , then P(A U B) is equal to ________________.
3 1
10. If P(A)= 5 , P(B) = 5 and if A & B are independent events then P(A U B) is _____________.
One word Answer type Questions
1. 7 9 4
If P(A)= 13 , P(B)=13 and P(A ∩ B)=13 , evaluate P(A|𝐵).
2. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the
other without replacement. What is the probability that both drawn balls are black?
3. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.

4. An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are randomly drawn. Let X represent
the number of black balls. What are the possible values of X ?
7
5. If X and Y are independent events such that P(X)=15 , then Find P(X|Y).
6. Find the probability of getting a multiple of 2 if the dice are thrown and it is known that
the second die always shows a prime number.
7. Two cards are drawn at random one by one without replacement from a well shuffled pack
of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that one card is red and the other is black.
8. If P(not A)= 0.7, P(B)=0.7 and P(B|A) = 0.5 , then find P(A|B).

9. Find P(A|B) , if P(B)= 0.5 and P(A∩B)=0.32

3 3 1
10. If E and F are events with P(E)= 5 , P(F) = 10 and P(E ∩ 𝐹)= 5. Are E and F independent?
True/ False type Questions
1. If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a random experiment,
the conditional probability of the event E given that F has occurred. I.e. P(E|F) is given by

P (E U F)
P (E|F) = , provided P(F) ≠ 0.
𝑃( 𝐹)
2. If A and B are any two events of a sample space S and F is an event of S such that P(F) ≠
0, then

P((A ∪ B)|F)= P(A | F)+ P(B | F) - P((A ∩ B)| F).

3. P(E'|F)= 1+P(E|F)

4. If P(A)= 7 , P (B) = 9 and P (A ∩ B) = 4 , then P(A|B) = 4 .

13 13 13 9

5. If P (A) = 1 , P(B)=0, then P(A|B) is 0.

2

Page 71 of 84
 6. Two events E and F are said to be independent if

P(E|F) = P(E), provided P(F) ≠ 0

P(F|E)= P(F), provided P(E) ≠ 0.

7. Let E and F be two events associated with the same random experiment, then E and F are
said to be independent if

P (E ∩ F) ≠ P(E). P(F)
8. A die is thrown. If E is the event ' the number appearing is a multiple of 3' and F be the
event ' the number appearing is even' , then E and F are independent events.
9. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after the
5
other without replacement. Then the probability that both drawn balls are black is 7 .
10. A family has two children. The probability that both the children are boys given that at
1
least one of them is a boy is 3.

Short Answer type- I (2 marks)/ Short Answer type –II (3 marks)

1. Ten cards numbered from 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then
one card is drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more
than 3, what is the probability that it is an even number? [2]
2. In a school, there are 1000 students. Out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of
430, 10% of the girls, study in class XII. What is the probability that a student chosen
randomly studies in class XII given that the chosen student is a girl? [3]
3. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What
is the conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once? [3]
4. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and
8 red balls. Find the probability that first ball is black and second is red. [3]
5. A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to occur as tail. If the coin is
tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails. [3]
6. Two cards are drawn. What is the probability that an ace comes up given that a black
card came up? [2]
7. A bag contains 5 red, 7 green and 4 white balls. Three balls are drawn one after the
other without replacement. Find the probability that the ball drawn are white, green
and green respectively. [3]
8. A four-digit number is formed using the digits 1,2,3,5 with no repetition. Find the
probability that the number is divisible by 5. [2]
9. The probability of finding a green signal on a busy crossing X is 30%. What is the
probability of finding a green signal on X on two consecutive days out of three? [2]
10. An urn contains 5 red balls, 6 green balls and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn at random
from the urn. What is the probability that the ball drawn is either red or black? [2]

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Long Answer type- I (4 marks)/ Long Answer type –II (5 marks)/ Long Answer type-III
(6 marks)
1. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy True/False questions, 200
difficult True/ False questions, 500 easy multiple choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank,
what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple choice
question? [4]
2. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black
balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find
the probability that it was drawn from Bag II. [4]
3. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day
scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students
who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the
college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is a hostlier ?
[5]
1
4. A and B appear for an interview for two posts. The probability of A’s selection is 3
2
and that of B’s selection is 5. Find the probability that only one of them will be
selected. [6]
1 7 1
5. Events A and B are such that P(A)=2 , P(B)=12 and P(not A or not B)=4. State
whether A and B are independent. [4]
6. Deepak can find a solution of 60% of the problems given in Physics examination
paper and Sohan can find out 80% of it. What is the probability that at least one of
them will solve the problem that is selected at random? [4]
7. An insurance company insured 2000 Scooter drivers, 4000 Car drivers and 6000
Truck drivers. The probability of an accident are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively.
One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a
Scooter driver? [6]
8. If P (Not A) =0.7, P(B)=0.7 and P (B| A) =0.5, then find P(A|B) and P(AUB). [4]
9. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once. [4]
10. There are two bags I & II. Bag I contains 3 red and 5 black balls and Bag II contains 4
red and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred randomly from Bag I to Bag II and then a
ball is drawn randomly from Bag II. If the ball so drawn is found to be black in
colour, then find the probability that the transferred ball is also black. [5]
11. In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English newspaper
and 20% read both Hindi and English newspapers. A student is selected at random.
(a) Find the probability that she reads neither Hindi nor English newspapers.
(b) If she reads Hindi newspaper, find the probability that she reads English
newspapers.
(c) If she reads English newspapers, find the probability that she reads Hindi
newspapers. [6]
12. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively
25%, 35% and 40% of the bolts. Of their outputs 5,4 and 2 percent are respectively
defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the product and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it is manufactured by the machine B? [6]

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 13. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a
six. Find the probability that it is actually a six. [6]
14. In a school, there are three sections A, B and C. in A, 60% students believe in
honesty, while in B, 70% and in C, 80%. A student is selected at random from the
school and found that he is honest. Find the probability that the student belongs to
section B. [6]
15. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a six and wins the game. Find
their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts first. [6]
16. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 9 white and 7 black
balls. A ball is transferred from the first bag to second bag and then a ball is drawn at
random from the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white. [4]
17. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A
produces 1% of defective items, whereas the other two operators, B and C produces
5% and 7% defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on
the job 30% of the time and C on the job for 20% of the time. All the items are put
into one stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it was produced by A? [6]

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Q. CASE-1
No.
A family welfare officer submits his data about the family with two children. He
says both the children maybe either boys or, girls or, one boy and one girl. For
this information, a student of class 12 is interested to define the following events:
Let E1: both the children are boys,
E2:at least one of the children is a boy and
E3:the older child is a boy.
Further B1 and B2 are elder boy child and younger boy child respectively. Also,
G1 and G2 are elder girl child and younger girl child respectively. Based on the
above information, answer the following :
i) What is event E1∩ 𝐸3 ?
(A) {B1B2, B1G1}
(B) {B1B2, G1B2}
(C) {B1B2}
(D) {B1G2, G1B2}

ii) What is the probability for the event (E1∩ E2)?

3
(A) 4
1
(B) 4
1
(C) 2
(D) 1

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iii) What is the value of P (E1| E2)?
1
(A) 3
1
(B) 4
3
(C) 4
1
(D) 2

iv) What is the value of P (E1| E3)?

1
(A) 4
1
(B) 3
3
(C) 4
1
(D) 2

v) What is the value of P (E2| E3)?

(A)1
1
(B) 3
3
(C) 4
1
(D) 2

CASE-2
Read the passage given below and answer the following questions.
Monu and Sonu went into a Dussehera fair where number of games were organized.
Both of them went to a stall where one target is to be hitted then they would get a
1
beautiful gift. The probability of hitting a target by Monu was 3 and the probability
2
that Sonu hit the target is 5. If each of Monu and Sonu shoots at the target.

i) Find the probability of not hitting the target by Sonu?

2
(A) 5
3
(B) 5
4
(C) 5
1
(D)
5

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ii) Find the probability of none of them hit the target.
1
(A) 5
3
(B) 5
2
(C) 5
(D) 1

iii) Find the probability that target is hit.

3
(A) 5
(B) 0
4
(C)
5
(D) 1

iv) Find the probability that exactly one of them hit the target.
3
(A) 15
4
(B) 15
6
(C) 15
7
(D) 15

v) Find the probability of not hitting the target by Monu?

2
(A) 3
1
(B) 3
2
(C) 5
3
(D) 5

CASE-3
In an office three employees Aman, Aryan and Biswajit process incoming copies of
a certain form. Aman processes 50% of the forms, Aryan processes 20% and
Biswajit the remaining 30% of the forms. Aman has an error rate of 0.06, Aryan has
an error rate of 0.04 and Biswajit has an error rate of 0.03.

Based on the above information answer the following:

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 i) The conditional probability that an error is committed in processing given that
Aryan processed the form is:
(A) 0.0210
(B) 0.04
(C) 0.47
(D) 0.06
ii) The probability that Aryan processed the form and committed an error is:
(A) 0.005
(B) 0.006
(C) 0.008
(D) 0.68
iii) The total probability of committing an error in processing the form is:
(A) 0
(B) 0.047
(C) 0.234
(D) 1
iv) The manager of the company wants to do a quality check. During inspection he
selects a form at random from the days output of processed forms. If the form
selected at random has an error, the probability that the form is not processed by
Aman is:
(A) 1
30
(B) 47
20
(C) 47
17
(D) 47
v) Let A be the event of committing an error in processing the form and let E1, E2 and
E3 be the events that Aman, Aryan and Biswajit processed the form. The value of
∑3𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 |𝐴) is
(A) 0
(B) 0.03
(C) 0.06
(D) 1

COMMON ERROR
1. Missing cases- Type 1
For example: In a box of 12 pens, total 3 are defective. If a customer buys 2 pens
selected at random from the box. What is the probability that neither pen will be
defective.
Wrong method: Answer- P (neither pen will be defective)= 1- P(Both pens are
defective)
Here students are missing few cases.
Correct method: Answer-P (neither pens will be defective)=1-{P(Both the pens are
defective)+P(1 defective pen & 1 non defective pen)}

2. When to consider the arrangement- Type 2

There are 10 solid coloured balls in a box including 1 green ball and 1 yellow ball.
If 3 of the balls in the box are to be chosen at random without replacement, what is

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 the probability that three balls chosen will include the green ball but not the yellow
ball?
1 8 7
Wrong method: Answer- P(Selecting 1 green but not the yellow ball)= 10 x 9 x8 =
7
90
8 1 7
Correct method: Answer- P(Selecting 1 green but not the yellow ball)=3x10 x 9 x8
21
= 90

Steps to avoid common errors

 Write events wherever needed.

 Write proper formula for total probability & Bayes’ theorem.
 Do calculation tactfully.

QUESTIONS ASKED IN PREVIOUS YEAR CBSE PAPERS

1. A bag contains 5 red and 4 black balls, a second bag contains 3 red and 6 black balls.
One of the two bags is selected at random and two balls are drawn at random (without
replacement) both of which are found to be red. Find the probability that the balls are
drawn from the second bag. [6]
2. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin, another is a biased coin that comes up
heads 75% of the time and the third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen
at random and tossed. If it shows heads, what is the probability that it is the two-headed
coin? [6]
3. A black and a red die are rolled together. Find the conditional probability of obtaining
the sum 8, given that the red die resulted in a number less than 4. [2]
4. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
number of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a
‘head’ or ‘tail’, is obtained. If she obtained exactly one “tail7, what is the probability
that she threw 3, 4, 5 or 6 with the dice? [4]
5. Of the students in a school, it is known that 30% have 100% attendance and 70%
students are irregular. Previous year results report that 70% of all students who have
100% attendance attain A grade and 10% irregular students attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the
school and he was found to have an A grade. What is the probability that the student has
100% attendance ? Is regularity required only in school ? Justify your answer. [6]
6. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively
30%, 50% and 20% of the bolts. Of their outputs 3, 4 and 1 percent respectively are
defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the product and is found to be defective.
Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine B. [6]
7. There are three coins. One is a two-headed coin (having head on both faces), another is
a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the times and third is also a biased coin that
comes up tails 40% of the times. One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed,
and it shows heads. What is the probability that it was the two-headed coin ? [6]
8. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time
are 3/7 and 5/7 respectively.

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 Assuming that the events, A coming in time and B coming in time are independent. Find
the probability of only one of them coming to the school in time. Write at least one
advantages of coming to school in time. [4]
9. Given three identical boxes I, II and III each containing two coins. In box I, both coins
are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one
silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of
gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold ? [6]
10. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the probability
that it was drawn from Bag II. [6]
11. A card from a pack of 52 card is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards
are drawn at random and are found to be both clubs. Find the probability of the lost card
being of clubs. [6]
12. From a lot of 10 bulbs, which includes 3 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn at
random. Find the probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs.[4]
1 1
13. Probabilities of solving problems independently by A and B are 2 and 3 respectively. If
both try to solve the problem independently. Find the probability that (i) the problem is
solved. (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.[6]

KEY/ANSWER SHEET

Multiple choice questions

Q. No. Answer

1 (D)

2 (A)

3 (B)

4 (B)

5 (D)

6 (B)

7 (C)

8 (D)

9 (A)

10 (D)

11 (C)

12 (A)

Page 79 of 84
13 (C)

14 (C)

15 (C)

Fill in the blanks

1 Not defined

2 P (B)

3 1
36
4 [1-P(A)][1-P(B)]

5 4
5
6 7
11
7 3
7
8 3
4
9 11
26
10 3
25
One word Answer type Questions

1 4
9
2 3
7
3 7
8
4 X= 0,1,2

5 7
15
6 1
3

Page 80 of 84
7 26
51
8 3
14
9 16
25
10 E and F are not independent.

True false questions

1 False

2 True

3 False

4 True

5 False

6 True

7 False

8 True

9 False

10 True

Short Answer type Questions

1 4
7
2 0.1

3 2
5
4 20
81
5 X 0 1 2

P(X) 9/16 6/16 1/16

6 1
13

Page 81 of 84
7 1
20
8 1
4
9 63
500
10 3
5
Long Answer type Questions

1 5
9
2 35
68
3 9
13
4 7
15
5 A and B are not independent

6 23
25
7 1
52
8 3
, 0.85
14

9 7
8
10 20
29
11 1 1 1
,3,2
5

12 28
69
13 3
8
14 1
3

Page 82 of 84
15 6 5
,
11 11

16 85
153
17 5
34
Case study based Questions

1 i)C

ii )B

iii )A

iv )D

v )A

2 i )B

ii )C

iii )A

iv )D

v )A

3 i) B
ii) C
iii) B
iv) D
v) D

Questions asked in previous year CBSE paper

1 3
13
2 4
9
3 1
9
4 8
11

Page 83 of 84
5 45%, No, regularity is required in school as well as in life.

It helps to be disciplined in every aspect of life. Or, when you work regularly,
inspiration strikes regularly.

6 11
31
7 20
47
8 26
49

Students will not get punishment if he reach on time.

9 2
3
10 35
68
11 11
50
12 7
P (X = 0) = 15

7
P (X = 1) = 15

1
P (X = 2) = 15

13 (i) 0.66
(ii) 0.50

Page 84 of 84
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER LINKS
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassXII_2021_22/Maths-SQP_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassXII_2021_22/Maths-MS_Term2.pdf