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CSA Lecture1

The document provides an introduction to computer architecture, defining it as the end-to-end structure of a computer system that facilitates component interaction and execution of tasks. It covers key components such as input and output units, storage units, and the central processing unit (CPU), along with various types of computer architectures like Instruction Set Architecture and client-server architecture. Additionally, it discusses examples such as Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, along with relevant features and a book list for further reading.

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2 views28 pages

CSA Lecture1

The document provides an introduction to computer architecture, defining it as the end-to-end structure of a computer system that facilitates component interaction and execution of tasks. It covers key components such as input and output units, storage units, and the central processing unit (CPU), along with various types of computer architectures like Instruction Set Architecture and client-server architecture. Additionally, it discusses examples such as Von Neumann and Harvard architectures, along with relevant features and a book list for further reading.

Uploaded by

ridafo5839
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Architecture

Lecture 1: Introduction of Computer Architecture

Palash Hossen
Junior Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
BGC Trust University Bangladesh
What is Computer Architecture?
Definition: 1
❑End-to-end structure of a computer system
❑Determines process of components interaction
❑Assist in executing the machine’s purpose

Definition: 2
❑A framework for understanding computers work
❑How their components function to perform tasks
❑Comprises hardware, software, and communication
components
Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 2
What is Computer Architecture?

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 3


Components of Computer Architecture?

❑Input unit and associated peripherals


❑Output unit and associated peripherals
❑Storage unit/memory
i) Primary storage unit
ii) Secondary storage unit
❑ Central processing unit (CPU)

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 4


Input Unit and Output Unit

Input Unit:
❑ Provide external data sources
❑ Connect the external environment, receive information from input
devices
❑ Translate to machine language, insert within the computer system
❑ Keyboard, Mouse etc.

Output Unit:
❑ Deliver the computer process’s output to the user
❑ Majority of the output data comprises music, graphics, or video
❑ Display, printing unit, speakers, headphones etc.

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Input Unit and Output Unit

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 6


Storage Unit

Storage Unit:
❑ Contain numerous computer parts employed to store data
❑ Separated into primary storage and secondary storage

Primary storage unit:


❑ CPU has direct access to it
❑ Utilized for storing information and instructions (RAM, ROM)

Secondary storage unit:


❑ Inaccessible directly to the CPU, transferred to the main storage
❑ Permanently retains vast amounts of data (HDD, SSD, CD)

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 7


Storage Unit

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 8


Central Processing Unit (CPU)

❑ Interpret and execute assembly language instructions


❑ Interacts with all the other parts
❑ Make sense of the data and deliver the necessary output

❑ Sub-components of CPU:
▪ Registers: Information, commands, addresses, and intermediate
processing results
▪ Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): Additions, subtractions, multiplication,
division) and logical I/O (AND, OR)
▪ Control unit: Collaborates with the input and output devices
▪ Others: Bootloader, Operating system, Buses, Interrupts

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 9


Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 10


Types of Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture

Instruction Set Multicore


Architecture (ISA) Architecture
Client Server
Architecture

Single Inst. Multiple


Microarchitecture
Data (SIMD)

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Instruction Set Architecture

❑Translating high-level language into binary language


▪ Arithmetic/logic instructions: Execute various
mathematical, logical processing elements
▪ Data transfer instructions: Move commands from the
memory into the processor registers
▪ Branch and jump instructions: Interrupt the logical
sequence of instructions and jump to other destinations

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 12


Instruction Set Architecture

❑ CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)


▪ Execute various mathematical, logical processing elements
▪ More complex, variable-length instructions.
▪ Examples: x86, Intel's architecture.

❑ RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)


▪ Simple, fixed-length instructions.
▪ Fewer, more general-purpose instructions.
▪ Examples: ARM, MIPS.

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 13


Microarchitecture

❑Intentionally built logical arrangement, microprocessor’s


electrical components and data pathways
❑Optimum execution of instructions
❑Instructions executed at a lower level following
microprocessor’s structural design
❑Incorporates a processor, physically designed to execute
a certain instruction set without modifying the ISA

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 14


Microarchitecture

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 15


Client-server architecture

❑Multiple clients may request, get services from a single,


centralized server
❑Clients are located on desktops or laptops
❑Servers are typically located somewhere else on the
network
❑Efficient when the clients and the servers frequently
perform pre-defined responsibilities

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Client-server architecture

❑Client: A computer or software that requests services.


❑Server: A computer or software that provides services,
resources, or data to the clients.

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Others

Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) Architecture


❑ Process multiple data points concurrently
❑ Processors receive an identical command from the control unit
❑ Shared memory unit requires numerous modules to interact with all
CPUs concurrently

Multicore architecture
❑ Single physical processor has the logic of multiple processors
❑ Integrates numerous processing cores onto only one integrated circuit
❑ Develop a system capable of doing more tasks concurrently improving
overall system performance

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 18


Examples of Computer Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture
❑ Based on the stored-program computer concept
❑ Instruction data and program data stored in same memory

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Examples of Computer Architecture

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


❑ Electronic circuit responsible for executing the
instructions, microprocessor or processor
❑ Contain the ALU, CU and a variety of registers

Registers
❑ High speed storage areas, data must be stored in
a register before it can be processed

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 20


Examples of Computer Architecture
Bus
❑ Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another
❑ Connecting all major internal components to the CPU and
memory
❑ Comprises control bus, data bus and address bus

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 21


Examples of Computer Architecture
Memory Unit
❑ Consists of RAM, sometimes referred to as primary or main
memory
❑ Split into partitions, each partition consists of an address
and its contents
❑ Address will uniquely identify every location in the memory

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 22


Examples of Computer Architecture
Harvard Architecture
❑ Separate storage and separate buses for instruction and data
❑ Access instructions and read/write data parallel
❑ Overcome the bottleneck of Von Neumann’s Architecture

Buses (signal pathways)


Data Bus:
❑ Carries data among the main memory system, processor, and I/O
devices

Data Address Bus:


❑ Carries the address of data from the processor to the main memory

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 23


Examples of Computer Architecture

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 24


Examples of Computer Architecture
Instruction Bus:
Carries instructions among the main memory system, processor, and I/O
devices

Instruction Address Bus:


Carries the address of instructions from the processor to the main memory

Operational Registers:
Store addresses of different types of instructions
Memory Address Register
Memory Data Register

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 25


Examples of Computer Architecture
Program Counter:
❑ Locate the next instruction to be executed, passes this next address to
the memory address register
Arithmetic and Logic Unit:
❑ Operates all the calculations needed (addition, subtraction,
comparison, logical)
Control Unit:
❑ Operates all processor control signals, controls the input and output
devices, movement of instructions and data
Input/Output System:
❑ Input read data into main memory, CPU input instruction, computation
with output
Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 26
Examples of Computer Architecture

Features:
❑ Separate memory spaces
❑ Fixed instruction length
❑ Parallel instruction and data access
❑ More efficient memory usage
❑ Suitable for embedded systems
❑ Limited flexibility

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 27


Book List

I. “Computer Organization”, John Hennesy, David


Patterson (3rd edition)
II. "Computer Organization and Architecture designing for
performance", William Stallings (8th Edition)

Palash Hossen, Computer Architecture 28

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